Biology:Haplogroup Y
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Short description: Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
| Haplogroup Y | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Possible time of origin | 11,800 to 33,300 YBP |
| Possible place of origin | Northeast Asia |
| Ancestor | N9 |
| Descendants | Y1, Y2 |
| Defining mutations | 8392 10398 14178 14693 16126 16223 16231[1] |
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup Y is a descendant of haplogroup N9.[citation needed]
Distribution
Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the Sea of Okhotsk, including approximately 66% of Nivkhs, approximately 43% of Ulchs,[2] approximately 40% of Nanais, approximately 21% of Negidals, and approximately 20% of Ainus.[3][4][5][6][7] It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Koryaks, Itelmens) and among certain Austronesian peoples (especially groups closely related to Native Taiwanese).
The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the Malay Archipelago contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this clade in populations of continental Southeast Asia in a manner reminiscent of haplogroup E. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of Koreans[4] and in South Siberian and Central Asian populations with an average frequency of 1%.[8][9]
The Y2 subclade has been observed in 40% (176/440) of a large pool of samples from Nias people in western Indonesia, ranging from a low of 25% (3/12) among the Zalukhu subpopulation to a high of 52% (11/21) among the Ho subpopulation.[10]
Table of frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup Y
| Population | Frequency | Count | Source | Subtypes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) | 0.661 | 56 | Starikovskaya 2005 | Y1=37 |
| Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) | 0.658 | 38 | Duggan 2013 | Y1a=25 |
| Ulchi (Old Bulava, New Bulava, Bogorodskoe, and Nizhniy Gavan villages) | 0.431 | 160 | Sukernik 2012 | Y1a=69 |
| Hezhen (China) | 0.400 | 10 | HGDP ([1][2] Lippold 2014) | Y1a=4 |
| Indonesian (Nias) | 0.400 | 440 | [citation needed] | Y2=176 |
| Ulch (Old and New Bulava) | 0.379 | 87 | Starikovskaya 2005 | Y1=33 |
| Negidal | 0.212 | 33 | Starikovskaya 2005 | Y1=7 |
| Ainu | 0.196 | 51 | [5] | Y1=10 |
| Indonesian (Medan, Sumatra) | 0.167 | 42 | Hill 2006 | Y2=7 |
| Filipino (Palawan) | 0.150 | 20 | Scholes 2011 | Y2=3 |
| Even (Berezovka) | 0.133 | 15 | Duggan 2013 | Y1a=2 |
| Filipino | 0.129 | 62 | Hill 2007 | Y2=8 |
| Evenk (Taimyr) | 0.125 | 24 | Duggan 2013 | Y1a=3 |
| Koryak | 0.097 | 155 | Starikovskaya 2005 | Y=15 |
| Evenk (Buryatia) | 0.089 | 45 | Derenko 2007 | Y=4 |
| Udegey (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai) | 0.087 | 46 | Starikovskaya 2005 | Y1=4 |
| Filipino (Mindanao) | 0.071 | 70 | Tabbada 2010 | Y2=5 |
| Udegey (Gvasyugi, Khabarovsk Krai) | 0.065 | 31 | Duggan 2013 | Y1a=2 |
| Filipino | 0.063 | 64 | Tabbada 2010 | Y2=4 |
| Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Sumatra) | 0.058 | 52 | Hill 2006 | Y2=3 |
| Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | Comas 2004 | Y=1 |
| Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | Comas 2004 | Y=1 |
| Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | Comas 2004 | Y=1 |
| Orok (Sakhalin) | 0.049 | 61 | Bermisheva 2005 | Y=3 |
| Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky) | 0.048 | 105 | Fedorova 2013 | Y1a=5 |
| Filipino (Luzon) | 0.045 | 177 | Tabbada 2010 | Y2=8 |
| Itelmen | 0.043 | 47 | Starikovskaya 2005 | Y=2 |
| Batak (Palawan) | 0.032 | 31 | Scholes 2011 | Y2=1 |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.032 | 31 | Li 2007 | Y1=1 |
| Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.030 | 33 | Wen 2004 | Y=1 |
| Khamnigan (Buryatia) | 0.030 | 99 | Derenko 2007 | Y=3 |
| Korean | 0.029 | 346 | Maruyama 2003 | Y=10 |
| Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) | 0.027 | 73 | Derenko 2007 | Y=2 |
| Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) | 0.027 | 111 | Fedorova 2013 | Y1a=3 |
| Even (Kamchatka) | 0.026 | 39 | Duggan 2013 | Y1a=1 |
| Tajik (Tajikistan) | 0.023 | 44 | Derenko 2007 | Y=1 |
| Yakut (Central) | 0.023 | 88 | Duggan 2013 | Y1a=2 |
| Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) | 0.022 | 45 | Kong 2003 | Y1=1 |
| Han (Xinjiang) | 0.021 | 47 | Yao 2004 | Y1=1 |
| Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar) | 0.021 | 47 | Jin 2009 | Y1=1 |
| Kalmyk (Kalmykia) | 0.018 | 110 | Derenko 2007 | Y=2 |
| Kazakh (Kazakhstan) | 0.018 | 55 | Yao 2004 | Y1=1 |
| Japanese (Tōhoku) | 0.018 | 336 | Umetsu 2005 | Y=6 |
| Uzbek (Xinjiang) | 0.017 | 58 | Yao 2004 | Y1=1 |
| Indonesian (Sulawesi) | 0.017 | 237 | Hill 2007 | Y2=4 |
| Korean (South Korea ) | 0.015 | 203 | Umetsu 2005 | Y=3 |
| Taiwan aborigines | 0.014 | 640 | Peng 2011 | Y=9 |
| Buryat (Buryatia) | 0.014 | 295 | Derenko 2007 | Y=4 |
| Taiwanese | 0.013 | 152 | Maruyama 2003 | Y=2 |
| Indonesian (Adonara) | 0.013 | 77 | Mona 2009 | Y2=1 |
| Indonesian (Bali) | 0.012 | 82 | Hill 2007 | Y2=1 |
| Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk) | 0.012 | 164 | Fedorova 2013 | Y1a=2 |
| Chinese | 0.011 | 263 | Maruyama 2003 | Y=3 |
| Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) | 0.011 | 91 | Umetsu 2005 | Y=1 |
| Korean (South Korea ) | 0.011 | 185 | Jin 2009 | Y1=1, Y2=1 |
| Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic) | 0.010 | 98 | Derenko 2012 | Y1=1 |
| Japanese (Miyazaki) | 0.010 | 100 | Uchiyama 2007 | Y=1 |
| Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) | 0.010 | 103 | Wen 2005 | Y=1 |
| Korean (South Korea ) | 0.010 | 103 | Derenko 2007 | Y=1 |
| Buryat | 0.008 | 126 | Kong 2003 | Y1=1 |
| Tatar (Buinsk, Tatarstan) | 0.008 | 126 | Malyarchuk 2010 | Y1b=1 |
| Japanese (northern Kyūshū) | 0.008 | 256 | Umetsu 2005 | Y=2 |
| Barghut (Hulunbuir) | 0.007 | 149 | Derenko 2012 | Y1=1 |
| Okinawa | 0.006 | 326 | Umetsu 2005 | Y=2 |
| Japanese | 0.005 | 211 | Maruyama 2003 | Y=1 |
| Japanese (Hokkaidō) | 0.005 | 217 | Asari 2007 | Y=1 |
| Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm Oblast) | 0.005 | 221 | Bermisheva 2002 | Y=1 |
| Korean (South Korea ) | 0.004 | 261 | Kim 2008 | Y=1 |
| Han (southern California ) | 0.003 | 390 | Ji 2012 | Y=1 |
| Han (Taiwan) | 0.001 | 1117 | Ji 2012 | Y=1 |
| Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 10 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 11 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Chukchi (Anadyr) | 0.000 | 15 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 16 | Comas 2004 | - |
| Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 16 | Comas 2004 | - |
| Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma) | 0.000 | 18 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 19 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Comas 2004 | - |
| Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Comas 2004 | - |
| Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Comas 2004 | - |
| Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Comas 2004 | - |
| Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 20 | Li 2007 | - |
| Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky) | 0.000 | 22 | Fedorova 2013 | - |
| Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) | 0.000 | 24 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.000 | 24 | Fornarino 2009 | - |
| Nganasan | 0.000 | 24 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 25 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast) | 0.000 | 25 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Kubachi (Dagestan) | 0.000 | 25 | Marchani 2008 | - |
| Kurd (northwestern Iran) | 0.000 | 25 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Kumyk (Dagestan) | 0.000 | 26 | Marchani 2008 | - |
| Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 26 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 27 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Indonesian (Palembang, Sumatra) | 0.000 | 28 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Andhra Pradesh (tribal) | 0.000 | 29 | Fornarino 2009 | - |
| Batek (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 29 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 29 | Li 2007 | - |
| Cun (Hainan) | 0.000 | 30 | Peng 2011 | - |
| Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 30 | Wen 2004 | - |
| Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) | 0.000 | 30 | Wen 2004 | - |
| Lingao (Hainan) | 0.000 | 31 | Peng 2011 | - |
| Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 31 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 31 | Wen 2004 | - |
| Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka) | 0.000 | 32 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Mendriq (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 32 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 32 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 32 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Nogai (Dagestan) | 0.000 | 33 | Marchani 2008 | - |
| Temuan (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 33 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) | 0.000 | 35 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 35 | Wen 2004 | - |
| Aleut (Commander Islands) | 0.000 | 36 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 36 | Wen 2004 | - |
| Yakut (Yakutia) | 0.000 | 36 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Sireniki Eskimo | 0.000 | 37 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Ket | 0.000 | 38 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Eskimo (Naukan) | 0.000 | 39 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 39 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Nganasan | 0.000 | 39 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Han (Beijing) | 0.000 | 40 | Jin 2009 | - |
| Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 40 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Manchurian | 0.000 | 40 | Jin 2009 | - |
| Thai | 0.000 | 40 | Jin 2009 | - |
| Tharu (Morang, Nepal) | 0.000 | 40 | Fornarino 2009 | - |
| Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 40 | Comas 2004 | - |
| Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 40 | Wen 2004 | - |
| Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 41 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 42 | Wen 2005 | - |
| Vietnamese | 0.000 | 42 | Jin 2009 | - |
| Indonesian (Ambon) | 0.000 | 43 | Hill 2007 | - |
| Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) | 0.000 | 44 | Hill 2007 | - |
| Hui (Xinjiang) | 0.000 | 45 | Yao 2004 | - |
| Indonesian (Alor) | 0.000 | 45 | Hill 2007 | - |
| Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 45 | Wen 2004 | - |
| Tofalar | 0.000 | 46 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.000 | 47 | Kong 2003 | - |
| Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) | 0.000 | 47 | Yao 2004 | - |
| Mongolian (Ulan Bator) | 0.000 | 47 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Uyghur (Xinjiang) | 0.000 | 47 | Yao 2004 | - |
| Hindu (New Delhi) | 0.000 | 48 | Fornarino 2009 | - |
| Korean (Arun Banner) | 0.000 | 48 | Kong 2003 | - |
| Kyrgyz (Talas) | 0.000 | 48 | Yao 2004 | - |
| Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.000 | 48 | Kong 2003 | - |
| Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) | 0.000 | 49 | Yao 2004 | - |
| Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 50 | Wen 2004 | - |
| Eskimo (Chaplin) | 0.000 | 50 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) | 0.000 | 50 | Hill 2007 | - |
| Jahai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 51 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Korean (northern China) | 0.000 | 51 | Jin 2009 | - |
| Senoi (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 52 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Kazakh (Xinjiang) | 0.000 | 53 | Yao 2004 | - |
| Teleut (Kemerovo) | 0.000 | 53 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Chuvash (Morgaushsky, Chuvashia) | 0.000 | 55 | Bermisheva 2002 | - |
| Uyghur (Kazakhstan) | 0.000 | 55 | Yao 2004 | - |
| Tibetan (Qinghai) | 0.000 | 56 | Wen 2004 | - |
| Khakassian (Khakassia) | 0.000 | 57 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Semelai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 61 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky, Komi Republic) | 0.000 | 62 | Bermisheva 2002 | - |
| Mansi | 0.000 | 63 | Pimenoff 2008 | - |
| Tujia (western Hunan) | 0.000 | 64 | Wen 2004 | - |
| Chukchi | 0.000 | 66 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 68 | Wen 2004 | - |
| Saami (Finland) | 0.000 | 69 | Tambets 2004 | - |
| Tatar (Aznakayevo, Tatarstan) | 0.000 | 71 | Malyarchuk 2010 | - |
| Telenghit (Altai Republic) | 0.000 | 71 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Tubalar (Turochaksky & Choysky, Altai Republic) | 0.000 | 72 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug) | 0.000 | 74 | Bermisheva 2002 | - |
| Siberian Eskimo | 0.000 | 79 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Persian (eastern Iran) | 0.000 | 82 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Shor (Kemerovo) | 0.000 | 82 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka) | 0.000 | 82 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Altai Kizhi | 0.000 | 90 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Tuvan | 0.000 | 95 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Eskimo (Canada) | 0.000 | 96 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Mansi | 0.000 | 98 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Saami (Sweden) | 0.000 | 98 | Tambets 2004 | - |
| Udmurt (Malopurginsky, Udmurtia & Tatyshlinsky, Bashkortostan) | 0.000 | 101 | Bermisheva 2002 | - |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 102 | Liu 2011 | - |
| Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky, Mordovia) | 0.000 | 102 | Bermisheva 2002 | - |
| Tuvinian | 0.000 | 105 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Khanty | 0.000 | 106 | Pimenoff 2008 | - |
| Yakut | 0.000 | 117 | Kong 2003 | - |
| Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, & Zhigansky, Yakutia) | 0.000 | 125 | Fedorova 2013 | - |
| Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.000 | 133 | Fornarino 2009 | - |
| Mari (Zvenigovsky, Mari El) | 0.000 | 136 | Bermisheva 2002 | - |
| Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou) | 0.000 | 137 | Ji 2012 | - |
| Yakut (northern Yakutia) | 0.000 | 148 | Fedorova 2013 | - |
| Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka) | 0.000 | 154 | Fedorova 2013 | - |
| Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) | 0.000 | 160 | Umetsu 2005 | - |
| Aleut (Aleutian Islands) | 0.000 | 163 | Volodko 2008 | - |
| Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) | 0.000 | 168 | Peng 2010 | - |
| Tatar (Almetyevsky and Yelabuzhsky, Tatarstan) | 0.000 | 228 | Bermisheva 2002 | - |
| Saami (Norway) | 0.000 | 278 | Tambets 2004 | - |
| Japanese (Tōkai) | 0.000 | 282 | Umetsu 2005 | - |
| Tibetan (Tibet) | 0.000 | 289 | Ji 2012 | - |
| Li (Hainan) | 0.000 | 346 | Peng 2011 | - |
| Eskimo (Greenland) | 0.000 | 385 | Volodko 2008 | - |
Subclades
Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. In a study published in 2016, mtDNA haplogroup Y1a was observed in an Ulchi sampled in Nizhniy Gavan, Lower Amur, whereas mtDNA haplogroup Y2a1 was observed in an Igorot from Mountain Province, Luzon Island, Philippines (sampled in Singapore) and in a Hawaiian.[11]
Y1 predominates in the Northeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the Sea of Okhotsk. Y1* has been observed in two Uyghurs, a Minnan Han Chinese in Taiwan, and a Khamnigan. Y1a* has been observed in a Nivkh, in a Buryat in Zabaikal, in Mongolia, in a Daur and a Han Chinese in China, and in Tibet. Y1a with an additional T16189C mutation is common among the Nivkhs and among several Tungusic peoples (Hezhen in the PRC, Ulchi, Udegey, Even in the basins of the Kolyma and Indigirka rivers). Y1a1 has been observed in at least five Uyghurs, a Kyrgyz, a Buryat in Buryat Republic, a Hezhen in China, an Udegey, three Evenks in Taimyr, and two Yakuts in central Sakha Republic. Y1a2 has been observed in Koryaks and in an Even in Kamchatka. Y1a appears to be a relatively young haplogroup, with an age of 6,000 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 8,800) years estimated from 13 complete genomes (Ulchi x 6, Nivkh x 3, Koryak x 2, Even x 1, Mongolian x 1); however, this estimate may be relevant only for the TMRCA of Y1a2 and most Y1a* and Y1a-T16189C haplotypes, as it is not certain that any of the Y1a mtDNAs that have been analyzed belong to the Y1a1 clade.[2] (However, YFull has estimated the TMRCA of the entire Y1a clade, including all tabulated members of Y1a1 and Y1a* as well as Y1a+T16189C and Y1a2, to be 6,300 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 9,800] ybp,[12] so the addition of members of the Y1a1 subclade apparently does not significantly affect the estimate of the time to most recent common ancestor of the Y1a clade.) Y1b has been observed in a Tatar from Buinsk, Y1b1 has been observed in China, and Y1b1a has been observed in China and in Japan. The age of the entire Y1 clade has been estimated from 17 complete genomes (including the 13 aforementioned members of the Y1a clade plus one Japanese, one Chinese, and one Tatar member of the Y1b clade plus one Khamnigan member of Y1*) to be 12,400 (95% CI 5,900 <-> 19,100) ybp.[2]
Y2a predominates in the Southeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the Philippines and Sumatra. However, Y2b has been observed in Japan and in a Buryat, and Y2* has been observed in Chinese, Japanese, and Khamnigan samples.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Y subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.[citation needed]
- Y
- Y1
- Y1a
- Y1b
- Y2
- Y2a
- Y2b
- Y1
See also
|
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sukernik, Rem I.; Volodko, Natalia V.; Mazunin, Ilya O.; Eltsov, Nikolai P.; Dryomov, Stanislav V.; Starikovskaya, Elena B. (May 2012). "Mitochondrial genome diversity in the tubalar, even, and ulchi: Contribution to prehistory of native siberians and their affinities to native americans". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148 (1): 123–138. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22050. PMID 22487888.
- ↑ Bermisheva, M. A.; Kutuev, I. A.; Spitsyn, V. A.; Villems, R.; Batyrova, A. Z.; Korshunova, T. Yu.; Khusnutdinova, E. K. (January 2005). "Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA variation in the population of oroks". Russian Journal of Genetics 41 (1): 66–71. doi:10.1007/PL00022112. Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2005, pp. 78–84.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tanaka, Masashi; Cabrera, Vicente M.; González, Ana M. et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research 14 (10A): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMID 15466285.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Tajima, Atsushi; Hayami, Masanori; Tokunaga, Katsushi et al. (2004). "Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages". Journal of Human Genetics 49 (4): 187–193. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. PMID 14997363.
- ↑ Noboru Adachi, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Kazuo Umetsu, and Hirofumi Matsumura, "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Jomon Skeletons From the Funadomari Site, Hokkaido, and Its Implication for the Origins of Native American", American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138:255–265 (2009)
- ↑ Inoue et al. 2016
- ↑ Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia by Derenko1 et al., Annals of Human Genetics Volume 67 Issue 5 Page 391 - September 2003
- ↑ Yao, Y.-G.; Kong, QP; Wang, CY; Zhu, CL; Zhang, YP. (11 August 2004). "Different Matrilineal Contributions to Genetic Structure of Ethnic Groups in the Silk Road Region in China". Molecular Biology and Evolution 21 (12): 2265–2280. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh238. PMID 15317881.
- ↑ Mannis van Oven, Johannes M Hämmerle, Marja van Schoor et al., "Unexpected island effects at an extreme: reduced Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA diversity in Nias", Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msq300
- ↑ Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, et al., "The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations." Nature 538, 201–206 (13 October 2016) doi:10.1038/nature18964
- ↑ YFull MTree 1.02.8328 (as of 11 March 2021)
Works cited
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External links
- General
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup Y
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup Y
- YFull MTree's Haplogroup Y
- MITOMAP's Haplogroup Y
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