Biology:Haplogroup F (mtDNA)

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Haplogroup F
Possible time of origin43,400 YBP[1]
Possible place of originAsia
AncestorR9
DescendantsF1, F2, F3, F4
Defining mutations249d, 6392, 10310[2]

Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] It has not been found among Native Americans.[19]

It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9.

Distribution

The F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%).[20] There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.[21][22][23]

Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands (<10%).[24] It is also found at low frequencies on The Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup F

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) 0.771 35 [9] F1a=18, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=9
Senoi (Malaysia) 0.442 52 [6] F1a1a=23
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) 0.433 30 [9] F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=6, F1a=4, F1c=2, F1b=1
Shor (Kemerovo) 0.415 82 [20] F1=33, F2a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan) 0.344 32 [9] F1a=10, F2a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.333 15 [9] F1a=3, F1b=1, F1c=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.313 32 [10] F3=2, F1b=2, F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1c=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) 0.300 20 [citation needed] F1b=4, F1a=2
Lingao (Hainan) 0.290 31 [citation needed] F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=2, F2=2, F1(xF1a)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1, F4=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.286 42 [10] F2a=4, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F3=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.273 11 [10] F1b=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.269 26 [10] F1a(xF1a1)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.263 19 [9] F1a=2, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.263 19 [10] F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Vietnamese 0.262 42 [citation needed] F1a=10, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1
Taiwan (aborigines) 0.253 640 [citation needed] F4=72, F3=54, F1a1(xF1a1a)=21, F1a(xF1a1)=14, F2=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 0.250 68 [9] F1a=6, F1c=4, F2a=4, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) 0.250 44 [6] F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a3=1, F1a4=1, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.250 16 [4] F=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.250 16 [9] F1b=2, F1a=1, F2a=1
Khakassian (Khakassia) 0.246 57 [20] F1=11, F2a=3
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.244 45 [9] F1a=8, F1b=2, F2a=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.240 25 [10] F1b=2, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1
Ket 0.237 38 [5] F=9
Han (Beijing) 0.225 40 [citation needed] F1a=4, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1b=2
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) 0.220 91 [citation needed] F=20
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou) 0.219 137 [citation needed] F1a=15, F2=8, F3=7
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.212 33 [9] F1a=6, F1b=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) 0.207 29 [citation needed] F1a=5, F1b=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) 0.207 29 [citation needed] F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a3=1, F2b=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 0.200 35 [10] F1b=3, F3=2, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) 0.200 50 [6] F1a4=3, F1a3=2, F1a1a=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3b=1
Manchurian 0.200 40 [citation needed] F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Thai 0.200 40 [citation needed] F1b=8
Li (Hainan) 0.197 346 [citation needed] F1a1(xF1a1a)=30, F2=20, F1(xF1a)=4, F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1a1a=3, F3=3, F4=3, F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=1
Han (Xinjiang) 0.191 47 [citation needed] F1a=2, F3=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F2a2=1, F2a3=1, F4=1
Thailand 0.190 105 [13] F1=18, F(xF1)=2
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.189 37 [9] F2a=4, F1b=2, F1a=1
Han (southern California ) 0.187 390 [citation needed] F=73
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) 0.184 49 [citation needed] F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=3, F1b=3, F1a=2, F2b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) 0.179 28 [citation needed] F1a=4, F1b=1
Han (Taiwan) 0.175 1117 [citation needed] F=196
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University) 0.174 121 [citation needed] F=21
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.167 18 [9] F1a=2, F1b=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.167 30 [9] F2a=5
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.161 31 [citation needed] F1a=3, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Nepal (Newar) 0.155 [3] F1c1a = 2.4%, F1d = 12%, F1g = 2.4%, F2b1 = 1.1%
CHD (Han from Denver) 0.151 73 [citation needed] F=11
Filipino (Palawan) 0.150 20 [citation needed] F3b2=3
Indonesian (52 Pekanbaru, 42 Medan, 34 Bangka, 28 Palembang, & 24 Padang) 0.150 180 [6] F1a1a=9, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=8, F1a5=3, F4=3, F1a3=2, F1a4=2
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.150 20 [4] F=3
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 0.150 40 [9] F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.149 47 [citation needed] F1a=3, F1b=3, F2a=1
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu) 0.146 157 [6] F3b=9, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=4, F1a3=3, F1a4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Bali) 0.146 82 [6] F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) 0.146 103 [10] F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=3, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=2, F3=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.140 50 [9] F1a=6, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Ambon) 0.140 43 [6] F1a3=3, F1a4=2, F1a1a=1
Cun (Hainan) 0.133 30 [citation needed] F4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Hui (Xinjiang) 0.133 45 [citation needed] F1b=2, F1c=2, F1a=1, F2a3=1
Batak (Palawan) 0.129 31 [citation needed] F1a3=3, F3b2=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.129 31 [9] F1b=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) 0.125 24 [10] F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1b=1, F3=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) 0.122 41 [10] F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.118 102 [citation needed] F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1b=3, F2(xF2a, F2b)=2, F3a=2, F3(xF3a)=1
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) 0.114 35 [citation needed] F=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) 0.114 44 [citation needed] F1a=2, F2=2, F1b=1
Filipino (Luzon) 0.113 177 [18] F1a3=6, F1a4=6, F3b=5, F4b=2, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Alor) 0.111 45 [6] F1a4=3, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1
Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu) 0.110 237 [6] F1a4=12, F1a3=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a1a=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a5=1, F1b=1
Tujia (western Hunan) 0.109 64 [9] F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) 0.107 168 [14] F1a1a=10, F1(xF1a)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.105 19 [citation needed] F=2
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.100 10 [10] F1a(xF1a1)=1
Filipino (Visayas) 0.098 112 [18] F1a4=7, F1a3=3, F3b=1
Korean (South Korea ) 0.097 185 [citation needed] F1a=8, F1b=8, F2(xF2a)=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) 0.096 633 [15] F=61
Filipino 0.094 64 [18] F1a3=3, F1a4=3
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) 0.094 32 [10] F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a1a=1
Tibetan (Tibet) 0.093 216 [citation needed] F1a=13, F1b=4, F2=3
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian) 0.091 55 [citation needed] F=5
Buryat 0.087 126 [citation needed] F1b=6, F1a=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2
Tofalar 0.087 46 [5] F1b=4
Uzbek (Xinjiang) 0.086 58 [citation needed] F2a3=2, F4=2, F1b=1
Tuvinian (Tuva) 0.086 105 [20] F1=8, F2a=1
Japanese (Tōhoku) 0.083 336 [citation needed] F=28
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) 0.083 48 [citation needed] F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 0.083 36 [9] F2a=2, F1b=1
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan) 0.083 24 [9] F1a=1, F1b=1
Korean (northern China) 0.078 51 [citation needed] F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1, F1a=1, F1b=1, F1c=1
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo) 0.076 118 [citation needed] F=9
Kazakh (Xinjiang) 0.075 53 [citation needed] F1b=3, F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) 0.075 160 [citation needed] F=12
Danga (Hainan) 0.075 40 [citation needed] F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F2=1, F3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) 0.074 256 [citation needed] F=19
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.074 54 [citation needed] F1a=2, F1b=2
Uyghur 0.073 55 [citation needed] F1b=2, F1a=1, F1c=1
Filipino (Mindanao) 0.071 70 [18] F3b=2, F1a4=2, F1a3=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea ) 0.069 261 [citation needed] F1=12, F(xF1)=6
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) 0.069 29 [citation needed] F1a=2
Semelai (Malaysia) 0.066 61 [6] F1a1a=4
Japanese (Hokkaidō) 0.065 217 Asari 2007 F=14
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.065 31 [10] F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3=1
Korean (South Korea ) 0.064 203 [citation needed] F=13
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.064 47 [20] F1=3
Uyghur (Xinjiang) 0.064 47 [citation needed] F1b=2, F1a=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm) 0.063 221 [21] F=14
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.063 16 [4] F=1
Japanese (Miyazaki) 0.060 100 [17] F1b=3, F1a=2, F2a=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.060 133 [22] F1c=7, F1(xF1c, F1d)=1
Japanese (Gifu) 0.059 1617 [15] F=96
Japanese (Tōkai) 0.057 282 [citation needed] F=16
Teleut (Kemerovo) 0.057 53 [20] F1=3
Altai Kizhi 0.056 90 [20] F1=3, F2a=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) 0.055 110 [20] F1=6
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.055 55 [citation needed] F1a=2, F2=1
Tibetan (Qinghai) 0.054 56 [9] F1c=2, F1a=1
Japanese 0.052 211 [12] F1b=9, F1a=2
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.051 39 [10] F1b=1, F3=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic) 0.051 98 [11] F1=5
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 [4] F=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) 0.050 40 [22] F1c=1, F1d=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 [4] F=1
Korean (South Korea ) 0.049 103 [20] F1=5
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) 0.045 44 [citation needed] F1b=2
Yakut 0.043 117 [citation needed] F2a=3, F1b=2
Tuvan 0.042 95 [5] F(xF1b)=3, F1b=1
Kyrgyz (Talas) 0.042 48 [citation needed] F1a=1, F1b=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.042 24 [citation needed] F=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia) 0.040 99 [20] F1=4
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.037 27 [10] F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Kazakh 0.036 55 [citation needed] F1b=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir) 0.034 149 [11] F1=4, F2=1
Buryat (Buryatia) 0.031 295 [20] F1=7, F2a=2
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) 0.029 35 [9] F2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) 0.025 40 [10] F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.025 40 [4] F=1
Okinawa 0.025 326 [citation needed] F=8
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) 0.021 47 [citation needed] F1c=1
Ainu 0.020 51 [citation needed] F1b=1
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan) 0.014 71 [5] F1b=1
Telenghit (Altai Republic) 0.014 71 [20] F1=1
Tubalar 0.014 72 [5] F1b=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) 0.014 73 [20] F1=1
Ulchi (Old & New Bulava, Ulchsky, Khabarovsk) 0.011 87 [5] F(xF1b)=1
Mansi 0.010 98 [5] F=1
Khanty 0.009 106 [23] F1=1
Chukchi (Anadyr) 0.000 15 [20] -
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 [4] -
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 [4] -
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 [4] -
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 [4] -
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 [4] -
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 24 [22] -
Nganasan 0.000 24 [5] -
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast) 0.000 25 [5] -
Kurd (northwestern Iran) 0.000 25 [20] -
Andhra Pradesh (tribal) 0.000 29 [22] -
Batek (Malaysia) 0.000 29 [6] -
Mendriq (Malaysia) 0.000 32 [6] -
Negidal 0.000 33 [5] -
Temuan (Malaysia) 0.000 33 [6] -
Yakut (Yakutia) 0.000 36 [20] -
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan) 0.000 40 [9] -
Tajik (Tajikistan) 0.000 44 [20] -
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) 0.000 45 [citation needed] -
Evenk (Buryatia) 0.000 45 [20] -
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk) 0.000 46 [5] -
Itelmen 0.000 47 [5] -
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) 0.000 47 [citation needed] -
Korean (Arun Banner) 0.000 48 [citation needed] -
Jahai (Malaysia) 0.000 51 [6] -
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) 0.000 56 [5] -
Mansi 0.000 63 [23] -
Chukchi 0.000 66 [citation needed] -
Siberian Eskimo 0.000 79 [5] -
Persian (eastern Iran) 0.000 82 [20] -
Koryak 0.000 155 [5] -

Subclades

F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.

F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island.[21][25]

F1d is the second most frequent sub-clade in Newar (Nepal). Haplogroup F1d reaches the greatest proportion in Newar (11.97%) of Nepal and Kshatriya (16%) of North India.[3]

F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan.[9] F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.

F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.

F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.

  • F
    • F* – China, Korea[26]
    • F1
      • F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province[27]), China, Korea,[26] Kazakhstan
        • F1a – China, Korea,[26] Uyghur, Thailand
          • F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province[27]), China (Ma'an site, Wuxi, Majiabang culture)
            • F1a1 – Japan, Korea,[26] China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
              • F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
                • F1a1a1 – Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Uyghur
              • F1a1b – Japan, Korea
              • F1a1c – Zhuang (Bama), Thailand, Tibet, Buryats (Inner Mongolia and Irkutsk Oblast), Japan
                • F1a1c1 – Moken
                • F1a1c2 – Japan, Xibo, China (Shanghai)
              • F1a1d – Thailand, China, Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Rukai), Philippines
                • F1a1d1 – Tao (Orchid Island)
            • F1a4
              • F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
                • F1a4a1 – Taiwan (Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Ivatan, Ibaloi, Abaknon, Bugkalot, Kalangoya, Dulag, etc.), Guam, Malaysia (Kelantan Malay), Sumatra, Vietnam (Dao), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province[27]), South Africa
              • F1a4b – China
          • F1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam (Hmong), China (Guizhou)
            • F1a2a – Thailand (Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Mon in Lopburi Province[27]), China (Han in Zhanjiang, Dong, etc.)
          • F1a3 – Thailand, Uyghur
            • F1a3a – Filipino (Lipa City), Indonesia
              • F1a3a1 – Japan
                • F1a3a1a – Japan, Korea
              • F1a3a2 – Philippines (Ivatan)
              • F1a3a3 – Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Makatao, Thao), Philippines (Ivatan)
        • F1c – Japan
          • F1c1 – Japan
            • F1c1a – Korea, Xinjiang, Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Khmu in Nan Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[27])
              • F1c1a1 – Russia, China (Qingdao, etc.), Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Oroqen, Zhuang (Bama), Taiwan (Minnan)
                • F1c1a1a – Tibet (Shannan, Sherpa, etc.), Yi
                • F1c1a1b – China
              • F1c1a2 – Tibet, Thailand, China (Chongqing), India
        • F1f – Thailand, China, Lahu, Myanmar, Tibet, Cambodia, Vietnam (Hmong)
      • F1b - Korea[26]
        • F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
          • F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
            • F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
              • F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)[28]
                • F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
                  • F1b1a1a1a – Japan
                • F1b1a1a2 – Japan, Korea
                • F1b1a1a3 – Japan
            • F1b1a2 – Japan, Korea
          • F1b1b – Yakut, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turk, Even (Sakkyryyr, Tompo), Korea
          • F1b1c – China, Yi, Buryat
          • F1b1d – Japan, Korea
          • F1b1e – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Buryat, Oroqen, Russian (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
            • F1b1e1 – Yakut
          • F1b1f – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Yakut (Namsky District), Evenk (Stony Tunguska River basin), Hungary (ancient Avars)
      • F1d – China (Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing, Liaoning, Korean from Antu County, Hezhen), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), Tibet (Lhasa, etc.), Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[27]), South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyz (Artux, Ak-Say), ancient Scythian
        • F1d1 – Tibet, Nepal (Tharu), Newar of Nepal (12%),[3] Myanmar, Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[27]), China, Japan, South Africa
      • F1e – Thailand
        • F1e1 – China (Han from Hunan)
          • F1e1a – Japan
        • F1e2 – China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • F1e3 – China (Shantou, etc.), Laos (Lao in Vientiane[27]), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province and Phichit Province[27]), Sumatra
      • F1g – Tibet, Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Sukhothai Province, and Phichit Province[27]), China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • F1g1 – China (Yunnan, etc.), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao), Nepal (Newar, 2.4%)[3]
    • F2
      • F2* – Laos (Lao in Vientiane[27]), China, Hong Kong, Uyghur (Artux)
      • F2a'b'g
        • F2a – China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Taiwan (Makatao), Korea,[26] Japan, Kazakhstan
          • F2a1 – China (Han from Shandong), Naxi, Bai, Nu, Tu (Monguor),[29] Yi, Tibetan
          • F2a2 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Miao (Guizhou), Kinh (Guangxi), Dai and Lisu (Yunnan)[29]
          • F2a3 – China (Han from Xinjiang, Yunnan, Qinghai, and Shandong), Tu, Hui, Mongols in Inner Mongolia[29]
        • F2b – China (Han from Qingdao), Taiwan (Hakka)
          • F2b1 – Thailand (Lao Isan in Roi Et Province and Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[27]), China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Yakut, Even (NE Sakha Republic),[30] Yukaghir (NE Sakha Republic),[30] Nepal (Newar, 1.1%)[3]
        • F2g – China, Ladakh
      • F2c – China
        • F2c1 – China (Shantou, etc.), Japan
        • F2c2 – China (Han from Beijing), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz)
      • F2d – China, Uyghur, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province[27]), Singapore, Japan, Kazakhstan
      • F2e – China, Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[27]), Vietnam (Dao)
        • F2e1 – China, Barghut (Hulun Buir)
      • F2f – Japan, Korea, China, Pakistan (Hazara), Azerbaijan (Astara),[citation needed] Bashkortostan (Bashkir), Poland
      • F2h'i – China
        • F2h – China, Tibet (Lhasa), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[27])
        • F2i – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Korea
    • F3 (formerly R9a)
      • F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
        • F3a1 – China (Han from Yunnan, Guizhou, Shantou, Lanzhou,[31] etc.), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province[27]), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
      • F3b – Thailand, Japan, Korea,[26] China (Han from Qijiang), Yi
        • F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
          • F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
            • F3b1a1 – Philippines (Bugkalot), Indonesia
            • F3b1a2 – Taiwan (Puyuma, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
          • F3b1b – Madagascar, Sumatra, Philippines (Batak from Palawan Island)
            • F3b1b1 – Philippines (Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Ifugao), Spain, Denmark
    • F4
      • F4a – Thailand/Laos, China, Taiwan, Korea[26]
        • F4a1
          • F4a1a – Japan, China (Han from Lanzhou,[31] She), Taiwan
          • F4a1b – China, Japan
        • F4a2 – China, Laos (Lao in Vientiane and Luang Prabang[27]), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Nyah Kur in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province[27])
      • F4b – China (Han from Beijing), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province[27])
        • F4b1 – China, Taiwan (Atayal, Bunun, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Ami, Makatao, etc.), Philippines, Madagascar

See also

References

  1. ↑ Soares, P; Ermini, L; Thomson, N; Mormina, M; Rito, T; Röhl, A; Salas, A; Oppenheimer, S et al. (2009). "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". American Journal of Human Genetics 84 (6): 740–59. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMID 19500773. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Basnet, Rajdip; Rai, Niraj; Tamang, Rakesh; Awasthi, Nagendra Prasad; Pradhan, Isha; Parajuli, Pawan; Kashyap, Deepak; Reddy, Alla Govardhan et al. (2022-10-15). "The matrilineal ancestry of Nepali populations" (in en). Human Genetics 142 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1007/s00439-022-02488-z. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 36242641. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00439-022-02488-z. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 Comas, DavidExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2004). "Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics 12 (6): 495–504. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201160. PMID 14872198. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 Starikovskaya, E. B.; Sukernik, R. I.; Derbeneva, O. A.; Volodko, N. V.; Ruiz-Pesini, E.; Torroni, A.; Brown, M. D.; Lott, M. T. et al. (2005). "Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups". Annals of Human Genetics 69 (Pt 1): 67–89. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x. PMID 15638829. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 Hill, CatherineExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (December 2006). "Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians". Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (12): 2480–2491. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124. PMID 16982817. 
  7. ↑ Hill, CatherineExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2007). "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1086/510412. PMID 17160892. 
  8. ↑ Asari, M (2007). "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population". Leg Med 9 (5): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007. PMID 17467322. 
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 Wen, BoExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2004). "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 856–865. doi:10.1086/386292. PMID 15042512. 
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 Wen, BoExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2005). "Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (3): 725–734. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi055. PMID 15548747. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Derenko, MExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2012). "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe". PLOS ONE 7 (2): e32179. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032179. PMID 22363811. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...732179D. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Maruyama, Sayaka; Minaguchi, Kiyoshi; Saitou, Naruya (2003). "Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population". Int J Legal Med 117 (4): 218–225. doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2. PMID 12845447. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Supannee Kaewsutthi, Nopasak Phasukkijwatana, Yutthana Joyjinda et al., "Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy", Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, June 2011, Vol. 52, No. 7
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Peng, Min-ShengExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2010). "Tracing the Austronesian Footprint in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Perspective from Mitochondrial DNA". Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 (10): 2417–2430. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq131. PMID 20513740. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Fuku, NoriyukiExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2007). "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (3): 407–415. doi:10.1086/512202. PMID 17273962. 
  16. ↑ Kim, WExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2008). "Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Analysis Reveals no Association between the Common Genetic Lineages and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population". PLOS ONE 3 (5): e2211. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002211. PMID 18493608. Bibcode: 2008PLoSO...3.2211K. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Uchiyama, TaketoExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture". Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology 12 (1): 83–96. doi:10.3408/jafst.12.83. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Tabbada, Kristina A.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2010). "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?". Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 (1): 21–31. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215. PMID 19755666. 
  19. ↑ Haplogroup F.
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 Derenko, Miroslava (2007). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics 81 (5): 1025–1041. doi:10.1086/522933. PMID 17924343. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 M. A. Bermisheva, K. Tambets, R. Villems, and E. K. Khusnutdinova, "Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region", Molecular Biology Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 802–812. Translated from Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 990–1001.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Fornarino, SimonaExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology 9 (1): 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMID 19573232. Bibcode: 2009BMCEE...9..154F. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Pimenoff, Ville NExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2008). "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers". European Journal of Human Genetics 16 (10): 1254–1264. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101. PMID 18506205. 
  24. ↑ Msaidie, Said (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean". European Journal of Human Genetics 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMID 20700146. PMC 3039498. http://z6.ifrm.com/4802/123/0/p1009613/Comoros.pdf. Retrieved 1 October 2016. 
  25. ↑ Tolk, Helle-ViiviExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2001). "The evidence of mtDNA haplogroup F in a European population and its ethnohistoric implications". European Journal of Human Genetics 9 (9): 717–723. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200709. PMID 11571562. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.
  27. ↑ 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 27.10 27.11 27.12 27.13 27.14 27.15 27.16 27.17 27.18 Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." Hum Genet 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.
  28. ↑ Rebecca S Just, Melissa K Scheible, Spence A Fast, et al., "Full mtGenome reference data: development and characterization of 588 forensic-quality haplotypes representing three U.S. populations." Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2015 Jan;14:141-55. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.09.021. Epub 2014 Oct 5.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Kong, Q.P., Yao, Y.G., Sun, C., Zhu, C.L., Zhong, L., Wang, C.Y., Cai, W.W., Xu, X.M., Xu, A.L. and Zhang, Y.P., 2004. Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup F2 in China reveals T12338C in the initiation codon of the ND5 gene not to be pathogenic. Journal of human genetics, 49(8), p.414.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Sardana A Fedorova, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, et al., "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia." BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:127. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/127
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, et al., "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.

External links

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T



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