Biology:ATP phosphoribosyltransferase

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Short description: Class of enzymes
ATP phosphoribosyltransferase
4yb6.jpg
ATP phosphoribosyltransferase hexamer, Campylobacter jejuni
Identifiers
EC number2.4.2.17
CAS number9031-46-3
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO
ATP phosphoribosyltransferase
PDB 1h3d EBI.jpg
structure of the e.coli atp-phosphoribosyltransferase
Identifiers
SymbolHisG
PfamPF01634
Pfam clanCL0177
InterProIPR013820
PROSITEPDOC01020
SCOP21nh8 / SCOPe / SUPFAM
HisG, C-terminal domain
PDB 1nh8 EBI.jpg
atp phosphoribosyltransferase (atp-prtase) from mycobacterium tuberculosis in complex with amp and histidine
Identifiers
SymbolHisG_C
PfamPF08029
Pfam clanCL0089
InterProIPR013115

In enzymology, an ATP phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP + diphosphate [math]\displaystyle{ \rightleftharpoons }[/math] ATP + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP and diphosphate, whereas its two products are ATP and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP:diphosphate phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl-transferase. Other names in common use include phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphorylase, adenosine triphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate:pyrophosphate, phosphoribosyltransferase, phosphoribosyl ATP synthetase, phosphoribosyl ATP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, phosphoribosyl-ATP:pyrophosphate-phosphoribosyl phosphotransferase, phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate pyrophosphorylase, and phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate synthetase.

This enzyme catalyses the first step in the biosynthesis of histidine in bacteria, fungi and plants. It is a member of the larger phosphoribosyltransferase superfamily of enzymes which catalyse the condensation of 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate with nitrogenous bases in the presence of divalent metal ions.[1]

Histidine biosynthesis is an energetically expensive process and ATP phosphoribosyltransferase activity is subject to control at several levels. Transcriptional regulation is based primarily on nutrient conditions and determines the amount of enzyme present in the cell, while feedback inhibition rapidly modulates activity in response to cellular conditions. The enzyme has been shown to be inhibited by 1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP, histidine, ppGpp (a signal associated with adverse environmental conditions) and ADP and AMP (which reflect the overall energy status of the cell). As this pathway of histidine biosynthesis is present only in prokaryotes, plants and fungi, this enzyme is a promising target for the development of novel antimicrobial compounds and herbicides.

ATP phosphoribosyltransferase is found in two distinct forms: a long form containing two catalytic domains and a C-terminal regulatory domain, and a short form in which the regulatory domain is missing. The long form is catalytically competent, but in organisms with the short form, a histidyl-tRNA synthetase paralogue, HisZ, is required for enzyme activity.[2]

The structures of the long form enzymes from Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been determined.[3][4] Interconversion between the various forms is largely reversible and is influenced by the binding of the natural substrates and inhibitors of the enzyme. The two catalytic domains are linked by a two-stranded beta-sheet and together form a "periplasmic binding protein fold". A crevice between these domains contains the active site. The C-terminal domain is not directly involved in catalysis but appears to be involved the formation of hexamers, induced by the binding of inhibitors such as histidine to the enzyme, thus regulating activity.

Structural studies

As of late 2007, 10 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1H3D, 1NH7, 1NH8, 1O63, 1O64, 1Q1K, 1USY, 1VE4, 1Z7M, and 1Z7N.

References

  1. "The PRT protein family". Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 11 (6): 733–9. December 2001. doi:10.1016/S0959-440X(01)00274-3. PMID 11751055. 
  2. "An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase paralog with a catalytic role in histidine biosynthesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (16): 8985–90. August 1999. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.16.8985. PMID 10430882. Bibcode1999PNAS...96.8985S. 
  3. "The structure of Escherichia coli ATP-phosphoribosyltransferase: identification of substrate binding sites and mode of AMP inhibition". J. Mol. Biol. 336 (1): 131–44. February 2004. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2003.12.020. PMID 14741209. 
  4. "Crystal structure of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (10): 8333–9. March 2003. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212124200. PMID 12511575. 

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR013820
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR013115