Biology:Bacillati
Bacillati,[1] is a kingdom containing approximately two-thirds of prokaryote species, including those in the gram positive phyla (Actinomycetota and Bacillota) as well as the phyla Cyanobacteriota and Chloroflexota. It was originally proposed under the name "Terrabacteria", referring to the commonalities of its members: the possession of important adaptations to life on land such as resistance to environmental hazards (e.g., desiccation, ultraviolet radiation, and high salinity) and oxygenic photosynthesis.[2][3]
The unique properties of the cell wall in gram-positive taxa, which likely evolved in response to terrestrial conditions, have also contributed toward pathogenicity in many species.[3] This suggests that terrestrial adaptations may have played a larger role in prokaryote evolution than currently understood.[2][3]
The closest relatives of the Bacillati are the Pseudomonadati ("Hydrobacteria"),[4] originally named in reference to the moist environment inferred for the common ancestor of those species.[3] Bacillati and Pseudomonadati were inferred to have diverged approximately 3 billion years ago, suggesting that land (continents) had been colonized by prokaryotes at that time.[3] Together, Bacillati and Pseudomonadati form a large clade containing 97% of prokaryotes and 99% of all species of Bacteria known by 2009.[5]
Taxonomic history
"Terrabacteria" (syn. Bacillati) was proposed in 2004 for Actinomycetota, Cyanobacteria, and Deinococcota[2] and was expanded later to include Bacillota and Chloroflexota.[3] Other phylogenetic analyses[6][7][8] have supported the close relationships of these phyla. Most species of prokaryotes not placed in "Terrabacteria" were assigned to the taxon "Hydrobacteria".[3] Some molecular phylogenetic analyses[9][10] have not supported this dichotomy of Bacillati and Pseudomonadati, but the most recent genomic analyses,[7][8] including those that have focused on rooting the tree,[7] have found these two groups to be monophyletic.[7]
In 2022, new rules were introduced for kingdom-level taxa of prokaryotes, and the same two authors who proposed those new rules, proposed new names in 2024.[1] They concluded that “the taxonomically preferable solution for bacterial kingdoms seems to be to accept the subdivision apparent in the study by Battistuzzi and Hedges,” with refinement.[3] The new (and only valid) name is kingdom Bacillati.[1]
Other related proposals
The clade formed by Pseudomonadati and Bacillati has been named "Selabacteria", in allusion to their phototrophic abilities (σέλας "light" in Greek).[5] Currently, the bacterial phyla that are outside of Bacillati + Pseudomonadati, and thus justifying the taxon "Selabacteria", are debated and may or may not include Fusobacteria.[3][7]
Cavalier-Smith's "Glidobacteria"[11] included some members of Bacillati but excluded the large gram positive groups, Bacillota and Actinomycetota, and is not supported by molecular phylogenetic data.[2][3][6][9][10][7][8] Moreover, the article naming Glidobacteria[11] did not include a molecular phylogeny or statistical analyses and did not follow the widely accepted three-domain system. For example, it claimed that eukaryotes split from Archaea very recently (~900 Mya), which is contradicted by the fossil record,[12] and that lineage of eukaryotes + Archaea was nested within Bacteria as a close relative of Actinomycetota.
Phylogeny
| Molecular clock calibrated phylogeny of Battistuzzi and Hedges 2009.[2][3] | 120 marker proteins based GTDB 11-RS232[13][14][15] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
|
Recent molecular analyses have found roughly the following relationships including other phyla, whose relationships were uncertain.[16][17][18][19][20][21]
| Bacillati |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
On the other hand, Coleman et al.[7] named the clade composed of Thermotogota, Deinococcota, Synergistota and related as DST and furthermore the analysis suggests that ultra-small bacteria (CPR group) may belong to Bacillati being more closely related to Chloroflexota. According to this study the phylum Aquificota sometimes included belongs to Pseudomonadati and that the phylum Fusobacteriota can belong to both Bacillati and Pseudomonadati. The result was the following:[7]
| Bacillati |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Göker, Markus; Oren, Aharon (2024-01-22). "Valid publication of names of two domains and seven kingdoms of prokaryotes" (in en). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 74 (1). doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006242. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 38252124.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land". BMC Evolutionary Biology 4. November 2004. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44. PMID 15535883.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 "A major clade of prokaryotes with ancient adaptations to life on land". Molecular Biology and Evolution 26 (2): 335–343. February 2009. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn247. PMID 18988685.
- ↑ "Kingdom: Pseudomonadati". https://lpsn.dsmz.de/kingdom/pseudomonadati.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Eubacteria". The Timetree of Life. New York: Oxford University Press. 2009. pp. 106–115. http://www.timetree.org/book.php.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Automatic selection of representative proteins for bacterial phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary Biology 5 (1). May 2005. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-34. PMID 15927057.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 "A rooted phylogeny resolves early bacterial evolution". Science 372 (6542). May 2021. doi:10.1126/science.abe0511. PMID 33958449. https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/51e9e402-36b7-47a6-91de-32b8cf7320d2.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Was the Last Bacterial Common Ancestor a Monoderm after All?". Genes 13 (2): 376. February 2022. doi:10.3390/genes13020376. PMID 35205421.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "A new view of the tree of life". Nature Microbiology 1 (5). April 2016. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.48. PMID 27572647.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Phylogenomics of 10,575 genomes reveals evolutionary proximity between domains Bacteria and Archaea". Nature Communications 10 (1). December 2019. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13443-4. PMID 31792218. Bibcode: 2019NatCo..10.5477Z.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses". Biology Direct 1 (1): 19. July 2006. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-19. PMID 16834776.
- ↑ Life on a Young Planet : The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth - Updated Edition. Princeton University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-691-00978-3. OCLC 1303471348.
- ↑ "GTDB release 11-RS232". https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C.
- ↑ "bac120_r232.sp_label". https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release232/232.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r232.sp_labels.tree.
- ↑ "Taxon History". https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/.
- ↑ "Thousands of microbial genomes shed light on interconnected biogeochemical processes in an aquifer system". Nature Communications 7. October 2016. doi:10.1038/ncomms13219. PMID 27774985. Bibcode: 2016NatCo...713219A.
- ↑ "Hydrogen-based metabolism as an ancestral trait in lineages sibling to the Cyanobacteria". Nature Communications 10 (1). January 2019. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08246-y. PMID 30692531. Bibcode: 2019NatCo..10..463M.
- ↑ "Atmospheric trace gases support primary production in Antarctic desert surface soil". Nature 552 (7685): 400–403. December 2017. doi:10.1038/nature25014. PMID 29211716. Bibcode: 2017Natur.552..400J.
- ↑ "Abditibacterium utsteinense sp. nov., the first cultivated member of candidate phylum FBP, isolated from ice-free Antarctic soil samples". Systematic and Applied Microbiology 41 (4): 279–290. July 2018. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2018.01.009. PMID 29475572. Bibcode: 2018SyApM..41..279T.
- ↑ "Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter". Nature 499 (7459): 431–437. July 2013. doi:10.1038/nature12352. PMID 23851394. Bibcode: 2013Natur.499..431R.
- ↑ "Global metagenomic survey reveals a new bacterial candidate phylum in geothermal springs". Nature Communications 7. January 2016. doi:10.1038/ncomms10476. PMID 26814032. Bibcode: 2016NatCo...710476E.
Wikidata ☰ Q873914 entry
 |  |
