Biology:GDF3
 Generic protein structure example |
Growth differentiation factor-3 (GDF3), also known as Vg-related gene 2 (Vgr-2) is protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF3 gene.[1] GDF3 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It has high similarity to other TGF-β superfamily members including Vg1 (found in frogs) and GDF1.[1]
Tissue distribution
Expression of GDF3 occurs in ossifying bone during embryonic development and in the brain, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and adipose tissue of adults.[2][3]
Function
GDF3 is a bi-functional protein that has some intrinsic activity and also modulate other TGF-β superfamily members, e.g. potentiates the activity of NODAL. It may also inhibit other TGF-β superfamily members (i.e. BMPs), thus regulating the balance between different modes of TGF-beta signaling.[4] It has been shown to negatively and positively control differentiation of embryonic stem cells in mice and humans.[5] This molecule plays a role in mesoderm and definitive endoderm formation during the pre-gastrulation stages of development.[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Human growth-differentiation factor 3 (hGDF3): developmental regulation in human teratocarcinoma cell lines and expression in primary testicular germ cell tumours". Oncogene 16 (1): 95–103. January 1998. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201515. PMID 9467948.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The Vg1-related protein Gdf3 acts in a Nodal signaling pathway in the pre-gastrulation mouse embryo". Development 133 (2): 319–29. January 2006. doi:10.1242/dev.02210. PMID 16368929.
- ↑ "Expression pattern of growth/differentiation factor 3 in human and murine cerebral cortex, hippocampus as well as cerebellum". Neurosci. Lett. 389 (2): 83–7. December 2005. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.071. PMID 16126341.
- ↑ "GDF3 at the crossroads of TGF-beta signaling". Cell Cycle 5 (10): 1069–73. 2006. doi:10.4161/cc.5.10.2771. PMID 16721050.
- ↑ "GDF3, a BMP inhibitor, regulates cell fate in stem cells and early embryos". Development 133 (2): 209–16. 2006. doi:10.1242/dev.02192. PMID 16339188.
Further reading
- "New genetic associations detected in a host response study to hepatitis B vaccine.". Genes Immun. 11 (3): 232–8. 2010. doi:10.1038/gene.2010.1. PMID 20237496.
- "GDF-3 and GDF-9: two new members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily containing a novel pattern of cysteines.". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (5): 3444–9. 1993. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53714-5. PMID 8429021.
- "GDF3, a BMP inhibitor, regulates cell fate in stem cells and early embryos.". Development 133 (2): 209–16. 2006. doi:10.1242/dev.02192. PMID 16339188.
- "Mutation of the bone morphogenetic protein GDF3 causes ocular and skeletal anomalies.". Hum. Mol. Genet. 19 (2): 287–98. 2010. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp496. PMID 19864492.
- "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. 2004. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMID 15489334.
- "The family of bone morphogenetic proteins.". Kidney Int. 57 (6): 2207–14. 2000. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00081.x. PMID 10844590.
- "Testicular mixed germ cell tumors: a morphological and immunohistochemical study using stem cell markers, OCT3/4, SOX2 and GDF3, with emphasis on morphologically difficult-to-classify areas.". Mod. Pathol. 22 (8): 1066–74. 2009. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2009.66. PMID 19396148.
- "The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment.". Genome Res. 13 (10): 2265–70. 2003. doi:10.1101/gr.1293003. PMID 12975309.
- "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. 2002. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...9916899M.
- "Growth/differentiation factor 3 signals through ALK7 and regulates accumulation of adipose tissue and diet-induced obesity.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (20): 7252–6. 2008. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800272105. PMID 18480259. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..105.7252A.
- "GDF3 is a BMP inhibitor that can activate Nodal signaling only at very high doses.". Dev. Biol. 325 (1): 43–8. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.09.006. PMID 18823971.
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