Biology:Outline of Buddhism

Short description: Indian religion or philosophy based on the Buddha's teachings

Dharmacakra, symbol of the Dharma, the Buddha's teaching of the path to enlightenment

Buddhism (Pali and Sanskrit: बौद्ध धर्म Buddha Dharma) is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha, "the awakened one".

The following outline is provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, Buddhism.

The Buddha

Gautama Buddha

Tathāgata — meaning "Thus Come One" and "Thus Gone One" simultaneously, the epithet the Buddha uses most often to refer to himself; occasionally it is used as a general designation for a person who has reached the highest attainment
Buddha's Birthday
The Four Sights — observations that affected Prince Siddhartha deeply and made him realize the sufferings of all beings, and compelled him to begin his spiritual journey
- An old man
- A sick man
- A dead man
- An ascetic/Monk
Qualities of the Buddha
- Abandonment of all defilements (kilesa — principally greed, hatred and delusion) together with their residual impressions (vasana)
  - All defilements have been abandoned totally – all defilements have been destroyed with none remaining
  - All defilements have been abandoned completely – each defilement has been destroyed at the root, without residue
  - All defilements have been abandoned finally – no defilement can ever arise again in the future
- Acquisition of all virtues
  - Great Wisdom (Mahapaññā)
    - Extensiveness of range – understanding the totality of existent phenomena
    - Profundity of view – understanding the precise mode of existence of each phenomenon
  - Great Compassion (Maha-karuṇā)
Physical characteristics of the Buddha
Buddha footprint
Buddha statue (Buddharupa)
Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand
Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film
Miracles of Gautama Buddha
List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed
Colours of Buddha's aura (prabashvara)
- Sapphire blue (nila)
- Golden yellow (pita)
- Crimson (lohita)
- White (odata)
- Scarlet (manjesta)
Family of Gautama Buddha
- Śuddhodana (father)
- Māyā (mother)
- Yasodharā (wife)
- Rāhula (son)
- Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī (foster mother)
- Nanda (half-brother)
- Ānanda (cousin)
- Anuruddha (cousin)
- Devadatta (cousin)
Teachers of the Bodhisatta Gotama
- Āḷāra Kālāma — taught Gautama the Jhanic Stage of nothingness
- Uddaka Rāmaputta — taught Gautama the Jhanic Stage of neither perception nor non-perception
Gautama Buddha in world religions
- Gautama Buddha in Hinduism

Branches of Buddhism

Schools of Buddhism

Theravāda

Theravada — literally, "the Teaching of the Elders" or "the Ancient Teaching", it is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It was founded in India. It is relatively conservative, and generally closer to early Buddhism,^[1] and for many centuries has been the predominant religion of Sri Lanka (now about 70% of the population^[2]) and most of continental Southeast Asia.

Bangladesh:
- Sangharaj Nikaya
- Mahasthabir Nikaya
Burma:
- Thudhamma Nikaya
  - Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw
- Shwekyin Nikaya
- Dvaya Nikaya or Dvara Nikaya
Cambodia
Laos
Sri Lanka:
- Siam Nikaya
- Amarapura Nikaya
- Ramañña Nikaya
Thailand:
- Maha Nikaya
  - Dhammakaya Movement
- Thammayut Nikaya
  - Thai Forest Tradition
    - Tradition of Ajahn Chah

Mahāyāna

Mahayana — literally the "Great Vehicle", it is the largest school of Buddhism, and originated in India. The term is also used for classification of Buddhist philosophies and practice. According to the teachings of Mahāyāna traditions, "Mahāyāna" also refers to the path of seeking complete enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient beings, also called "Bodhisattvayāna", or the "Bodhisattva Vehicle."^[3]^[4]

Madhyamaka
- Prāsangika
- Svatantrika
- Sanlun (Three Treatise school)
  - Sanron
- Maha-Madhyamaka (Jonangpa)
Yogācāra
- Cittamatra in Tibet
- Wei-Shi (Consciousness-only school) or Faxiang (Dharma-character school)
  - Beopsang
  - Hossō
Tathagatagarbha
- Daśabhūmikā (absorbed into Huayan)
- Huayan (Avataṃsaka)
  - Hwaeom
  - Kegon
Chán / Zen / Seon / Thien
- Caodong
  - Sōtō
    - Keizan line
    - Jakuen line
    - Giin line
- Linji
  - Rinzai
  - Ōbaku
  - Fuke
  - Won Buddhism: Korean Reformed Buddhism
Pure Land (Amidism)
- Jodo Shu
- Jodo Shinshu
Tiantai (Lotus Sutra School)
- Cheontae
- Tendai (also contains Vajrayana elements)
Nichiren
- Nichiren Shū
- Nichiren Shōshū
- Nipponzan Myōhōji
- Soka Gakkai

Vajrayāna

Vajrayana

The vajra, a distinct symbol of Vajrayana

Tibetan Buddhism
- Nyingma
- New Bön (synthesis of Yungdrung Bön and Nyingmapa)
- Kadam
- Sakya
  - Ngor-pa
  - Tsar-pa
- Jonang
- Gelug
- Kagyu:
  - Shangpa Kagyu
  - Marpa Kagyu:
    - Rechung Kagyu
    - Dagpo Kagyu:
      - Karma Kagyu (or Kamtshang Kagyu)
      - Tsalpa Kagyu
      - Baram Kagyu
      - Pagtru Kagyu (or Phagmo Drugpa Kagyu):
        Taglung Kagyu
        
        Trophu Kagyu
        
        Drukpa Kagyu
        
        Martsang Kagyu
        
        Yerpa Kagyu
        
        Yazang Kagyu
        
        Shugseb Kagyu
        
        Drikung Kagyu
- Rime movement (ecumenical movement)
Japanese Mikkyo
- Shingon
- Tendai (derived from Tiantai but added tantric practices)

Early Buddhist schools

Mahāsaṃghika
- Ekavyahārikas (during Aśoka)
  - Lokottaravāda
- Golulaka (during Aśoka)
  - Bahuśrutīya (late third century BCE)
  - Prajñaptivāda (late third century BCE)
- Caitika (mid-first century BCE)
  - Apara Śaila
  - Uttara Śaila
- Cetiyavāda
Sthaviravāda
- Pudgalavāda ('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE)
  - Vatsīputrīya (during Aśoka) later name: Saṃmitīya
  - Dharmottarīya
  - Bhadrayānīya
  - Sannāgarika
- Vibhajjavāda (prior to 240 BCE; during Aśoka)
  - Theravāda (c. 240 BCE)
  - Mahīśāsaka (after 232 BCE)
    - Dharmaguptaka (after 232 BCE)
- Sarvāstivāda (c. 237 BCE)
  - Kāśyapīya (after 232 BCE)
  - Sautrāntika (between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE)
  - Mūlasarvāstivāda (3rd and 4th centuries)
  - Vaibhashika

Buddhist modernism

Humanistic Buddhism
Sōka Gakkai
Vipassana movement
New Kadampa Tradition
Friends of the Western Buddhist Order
Fo Guang Shan

Buddhism worldwide

Buddhism by country

Percentage of formal/practicing Buddhists by the numbers of registered adherents (according to the least estimates).

Percentage of cultural/nominal adherents of combined Buddhism with its related religions (according to the highest estimates).

Buddhism by country
Buddhism in the East
- - Tamil Buddhism
- Buddhism in Central Asia
- Buddhism in Southeast Asia
- East Asian Buddhism
Buddhism in the Middle East
Buddhism in the West
- Buddhism in the Americas
  - Buddhism in Central America
- Buddhism in Australia
- Buddhism in Europe
Buddhism in Africa

Buddhist scriptures and texts

Buddhist texts

Theravada texts

Pali literature

A collection of the Pali canon.

Pāli Canon (Tipitaka)
- Vinaya Pitaka — Basket of Discipline
  - Suttavibhanga
    - Patimokkha — Buddhist Monastic Code
  - Khandhaka
    - Mahāvagga
    - Cullavagga
  - Parivara
- Sutta Pitaka — Basket of Discourses
  - Digha Nikaya — the Long Discourses
    - Brahmajala Sutta — Discourse on the Net of Perfect Wisdom
    - Samaññaphala Sutta — The Fruit of Contemplative Life Discourse
    - Kevatta Sutta
    - Mahaparinibbana Sutta — The Last Days of the Buddha
    - Mahasatipatthana Sutta — The Great Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness
    - Aggañña Sutta
    - Sigalovada Sutta
  - Majjhima Nikaya — the Middle-length Discourses
    - Sammaditthi Sutta — Discourse on Right View
    - Satipatthana Sutta — The Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness
    - Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta
    - Anapanasati Sutta — Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing
  - Samyutta Nikaya — the Connected Discourses
    - Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta — Setting Rolling the Wheel of Truth (Buddha's first discourse)
    - Anattalakkhana Sutta — The Nonself Characteristic (Buddha's second discourse)
    - Fire Sermon — Buddha's third discourse
  - Anguttara Nikaya — the Numerical Discourses
    - Dighajanu Sutta
    - Dona Sutta
    - Kalama Sutta
    - Upajjhatthana Sutta — Subjects for Contemplation
  - Khuddaka Nikaya — the Minor Collection
    - Khuddakapatha
      - Mangala Sutta
      - Ratana Sutta
      - Karaṇīya Mettā Sutta — The Hymn of Universal Love
    - Dhammapada — The Path of Truth
    - Udana — Inspired utterances
    - Itivuttaka
    - Suttanipata
      - Uraga Vagga
        Rhinoceros Horn Sutra
        
        Metta Sutta
      - Cula Vagga
        Ratana Sutta
        
        Mangala Sutta
        
        Dhammika Sutta
      - Maha Vagga
      - Atthaka Vagga
      - Parayana Vagga
    - Vimanavatthu
    - Petavatthu
    - Theragatha — Verses of the Elder Monks
    - Therigatha — Verses of the Elder Nuns
    - Jataka tales — Buddha's former lives
    - Niddesa
    - Patisambhidamagga — Path of discrimination
    - Apadana
    - Buddhavamsa
    - Cariyapitaka
    - Nettipakarana
    - Petakopadesa
    - Milindapanha
- Abhidhamma Pitaka — Basket of Ultimate Doctrine
  - Dhammasangani
  - Vibhanga
  - Dhatukatha
  - Puggalapannatti
  - Kathavatthu
  - Yamaka
  - Patthana
Anupitaka — non-canonical or extra-canonical Pāli literature
- Paracanonical texts
Commentaries — commentaries on the Tipitaka
- Subcommentaries — commentaries on the commentaries on the Tipitaka
- Visuddhimagga — The Path of Purification, considered the most important Theravada text outside of the Tipitaka canon of scriptures
- Vimuttimagga — The Path of Freedom, manual of meditation
- Abhidhammattha Sangaha — A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma

Mahayana texts

The Tripitaka Koreana in storage at Haeinsa.

Mahayana sutras
- Angulimaliya Sutra
- Brahmajala Sutra
- Innumerable Meanings Sutra
- Lalitavistara Sutra
- Lankavatara Sutra
- Lotus Sutra
- Perfection of Wisdom sutras (Prajñāpāramitā)
  - Diamond Sutra
  - Heart Sutra
- Ten Stages Sutra
- Vimalakirti-nirdesa Sutra
- Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment
- Platform Sutra
- Amitabha Sutra
- Avatamsaka Sutra
- Contemplation Sutra
- Infinite Life Sutra
- Mahaparinirvana Sutra
- Mahasamnipata Sutra
- Sanghata Sutra
- Shurangama Sutra
- Sutra of Forty-Two Sections
- Sutra of Golden Light
Sutra of The Great Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva
- Ullambana Sutra
Āgamas
Chinese Buddhist canon
- Tripitaka Koreana

Vajrayana texts

Buddhist Tantras
- Guhyasamāja Tantra
- Mahavairocana Tantra
- Vajrasekhara Sutra
- Hevajra Tantra
- Cakrasaṃvara Tantra
- Guhyagarbha tantra
- Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa
- Shurangama Sutra
- Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti
- Kalachakra Tantra
Nyingma Gyubum
- Guhyagarbha tantra
- Kulayarāja Tantra
- Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen
- Vima Nyingtik
- Longchen Nyingthig
Tibetan Buddhist canon
- Kangyur
- Tengyur
Terma (hidden treasure) literature
- Bardo Thodol

History of Buddhism

Timeline of Buddhism
Pre-sectarian Buddhism
Buddhist councils
- First Buddhist council
- Second Buddhist council
- Third Buddhist council
- Fourth Buddhist council
- Fifth Buddhist council
- Sixth Buddhist council
World Buddhist Forum, 2006
Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
History of Buddhism in India
- Decline of Buddhism in India
Greco-Buddhism
Buddhism and the Roman world
Buddhist crisis

Doctrines of Buddhism

Core Buddhist concepts and their relationships

The relationship between the major concepts in Buddhism

Three Jewels (Tiratana • Triratna)

The triratna, a symbol of the Three Jewels

Three Jewels

Buddha — Gautama Buddha, the Blessed One, the Awakened One, the Teacher
- Accomplished (arahaṃ • arhat)
- Fully enlightened (sammā-sambuddho • samyak-saṃbuddha)
- Perfect in true knowledge and conduct (vijjā-caraṇa sampanno • vidyā-caraṇa-saṃpanna)
- Sublime (sugato • sugata)
- Knower of the worlds (lokavidū • loka-vid)
- Incomparable leader of persons to be tamed (anuttaro purisa-damma-sārathi • puruṣa-damya-sārathi)
- Teacher of devas and humans (satthā deva-manussānaṃ • śāsta deva-manuṣyāṇaṃ)
- The Enlightened One (buddho)
- The Blessed One (bhagavā • bhagavat)
Dhamma (Dharma) — the cosmic principle of truth, lawfulness, and virtue discovered, fathomed, and taught by the Buddha; the Buddha's teaching as an expression of that principle; the teaching that leads to enlightenment and liberation
- Well expounded by the Blessed One (svākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo • svākhyāta)
- Directly visible (sandiṭṭhiko • sāṃdṛṣṭika)
- Immediate (akāliko • akālika)
- Inviting one to come and see (ehi-passiko • ehipaśyika)
- Worthy of application (opanayiko • avapraṇayika)
- To be personally experienced by the wise (paccattaṃ veditabbo viññūhi • pratyātmaṃ veditavyo vijñaiḥ)
Saṅgha (Saṃgha) — the spiritual community, which is twofold (1) the monastic Saṅgha, the order of monks and nuns; and (2) the noble Saṅgha, the spiritual community of noble disciples who have reached the stages of world-transcending realization
- Practicing the good way (supaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho)
- Practicing the straight way (ujupaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho)
- Practicing the true way (ñāyapaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho)
- Practicing the proper way (sāmīcipaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho)
- Worthy of gifts (āhuṇeyyo)
- Worthy of hospitality (pāhuṇeyyo)
- Worthy of offerings (dakkhiṇeyyo)
- Worthy of reverential salutation (añjalikaraṇīyo)
- The unsurpassed field of merit for the world (anuttaraṃ puññākkhettaṃ lokassā)

Four Noble Truths (Cattāri ariyasaccāni • Catvāri āryasatyāni)

Four Noble Truths

1. The Noble Truth of Suffering (Dukkha ariya sacca)

Suffering (dukkha • duḥkha) — to be fully understood (pariññeyya)
- Dukkha as intrinsic suffering, as bodily or mental pain (dukkha-dukkha)
  - birth (jāti)
  - old age (jarā)
  - illness (byādhi)
  - death (maraṇa)
  - sorrow (soka)
  - lamentation (parideva)
  - pain (dukkha)
  - grief (domanassa)
  - despair (upāyāsā)
- Dukkha due to change (vipariṇāma-dukkha)
  - Association with the unpleasant (appiyehi sampayogo)
  - Separation from the pleasant (piyehi vippayogo)
  - Not to get what one wants (yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi)
- Dukkha of conditioned formations (saṅkhāra-dukkha)
  - Five aggregates of clinging (pañcupādānakkhandha)
    - material form (rūpa)
    - feeling (vedanā)
    - perception (saññā • samjñā)
    - mental formations (saṅkhāra • samskāra)
    - consciousness (viññāṇa • vijñāna)

2. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering (Dukkha samudaya ariya sacca)

Craving (taṇhā • tṛṣṇā) (samudaya) — to be abandoned (pahātabba)
- Craving for sensual pleasures (kāma taṇhā)
- Craving for existence (bhava taṇhā)
- Craving for non-existence (vibhava taṇhā)

3. The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering (Dukkha nirodha ariya sacca)

Nirvana (Nibbāna • Nirvāṇa) (nirodha) — to be realized (sacchikātabba)
- Nibbāna element with residue remaining (sa-upādisesa nibbānadhātu • sopadhiśeṣa-nirvāṇa)
- Nibbāna element with no residue remaining (anupādisesa nibbānadhātu • nir-upadhiśeṣa-nirvāṇa) — Parinirvana (parinibbāna • parinirvāṇa)

4. The Noble Truth of the Path of Practice leading to the Cessation of Suffering (Dukkha nirodha gāminī paṭipadā ariya sacca)

Noble Eightfold Path (Ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo • Ārya 'ṣṭāṅga mārgaḥ) — to be developed (bhāvetabba)
- Right view
- Right intention
- Right speech
- Right action
- Right livelihood
- Right effort
- Right mindfulness
- Right concentration

Three Characteristics of Existence (Tilakkhaṇa • Trilakṣaṇa)

Three marks of existence

Impermanence (anicca • anitya)
Suffering (dukkha • duḥkha)
Nonself (anattā • anātman)

Five Aggregates (Pañca khandha • Pañca-skandha)

Skandha

Matter (Form) (rūpa)
- Four Great Elements (mahābhūta)
  - Earth element (paṭhavī-dhātu)
  - Water (or liquid) element (āpo-dhātu)
  - Fire (or heat) element (tejo-dhātu)
  - Air (or wind) element (vāyo-dhātu)
Feeling (vedanā)
- Pleasant feeling (sukha)
- Painful feeling (dukkha • duḥkha)
- Neither-painful-nor-pleasant (neutral) feeling (adukkham-asukhā)
Perception (saññā • samjñā)
Mental formations (saṅkhāra • samskāra) — see below
Consciousness (viññāṇa • vijñāna)

Dependent Origination (Paticcasamuppāda • Pratītyasamutpāda)

Main page: Philosophy:Pratītyasamutpāda

This/that Conditionality (Idappaccayatā)

Main page: Philosophy:Idappaccayatā

Describing the causal nature of everything in the universe, as expressed in the following formula:

When this is, that is.
From the arising of this comes the arising of that.
When this isn't, that isn't.
From the cessation of this comes the cessation of that.

Imasmiṃ sati, idaṃ hoti.
Imass’ uppādā, idaṃ uppajjati.
Imasmiṃ asati, idaṃ na hoti.
Imassa nirodhā, idhaṃ nirujjhati.

Twelve Links (Nidāna)

Describes how suffering arises.

Ignorance (avijjā • avidyā)
- Not knowing suffering
- Not knowing the origin of suffering
- Not knowing the cessation of suffering
- Not knowing the way leading to the cessation of suffering
Volitional formations (saṅkhāra • saṃskāra)
- Bodily formation
- Verbal formation
- Mental formation
Consciousness (viññāṇa • vijñāna)
- Eye-consciousness
- Ear-consciousness
- Nose-consciousness
- Tongue-consciousness
- Body-consciousness
- Mind-consciousness
Mind and body (nāmarūpa)
- Mind (nāma)
  - Feeling (vedanā)
  - Perception (saññā • samjñā)
  - Volition (cetanā)
  - Contact (phassa)
  - Attention (manasikāra)
- Body/materiality/form (rūpa)
  - Four Great Elements
    - Earth — solidity
    - Water — fluidity
    - Fire — heat
    - Wind — oscillation
Six sense bases (saḷāyatana • ṣaḍāyatana)
- Eye-base
- Ear-base
- Nose-base
- Tongue-base
- Body-base
- Mind-base
Contact (phassa • sparśa)
- Eye-contact
- Ear-contact
- Nose-contact
- Tongue-contact
- Body-contact
- Mind-contact
Feeling (vedanā)
- Feeling born of eye-contact
- Feeling born of ear-contact
- Feeling born of nose-contact
- Feeling born of tongue-contact
- Feeling born of body-contact
- Feeling born of mind-contact
Craving (taṇhā • tṛṣṇā)
- Craving for forms
- Craving for sounds
- Craving for odors
- Craving for flavors
- Craving for tangibles
- Craving for mind-objects
Clinging (upādāna)
- Clinging to sensual pleasures (kāmupādāna)
- Clinging to views (diṭṭhupādāna)
- Clinging to rituals and observances (sīlabbatupādāna)
- Clinging to a doctrine of self (attavādupādāna)
Being (bhava)
- Sense-sphere being
- Fine-material being
- Immaterial being
Birth (jāti)
Old age and death (jarāmaraṇa)

Transcendental Dependent Origination

Describes the path out of suffering.

Suffering (dukkha • duḥkha)
Faith (saddhā • śraddhā)
Joy (pāmojja)
Rapture (pīti • prīti)
Tranquillity (passaddhi)
Happiness (sukha)
Concentration (samādhi)
Knowledge and vision of things as they really are (yathābhūta-ñāna-dassana)
Disenchantment with worldly life (nibbidā)
Dispassion (virāga)
Freedom (vimutti)
Knowledge of destruction of the taints (āsava-khaye-ñāna)

Karma (Kamma)

Karma in Buddhism

Definition — volitional action, considered particularly as a moral force capable of producing, for the agent, results that correspond to the ethical quality of the action; thus good karma produces happiness, and bad karma produces suffering
Result of karma (vipāka)
Intention (cetanā)
- Wholesome intention (kusala)
- Unwholesome intention (akusala)
Three doors of action (kammadvara)
- Body — Bodily acts
- Speech — Verbal acts
- Mind — Mental acts
Roots (mula)
- Unwholesome
  - Greed (lobha • raga)
  - Hatred (dosa • dvesha)
  - Delusion (moha)
- Wholesome
  - Nongreed (alobha) — renunciation, detachment, generosity
  - Nonhatred (adosa) — loving-kindness, sympathy, gentleness
  - Nondelusion (amoha) — wisdom
Courses of action (kammapatha)
- Unwholesome
  - Bodily
    - Destroying life
    - Taking what is not given
    - Wrong conduct in regard to sense pleasures
  - Verbal
    - False speech
    - Slanderous speech
    - Harsh speech
    - Idle chatter
  - Mental
    - Covetousness
    - Ill will
    - Wrong view
- Wholesome
  - Bodily
    - Abstaining from destroying life
    - Abstaining from taking what is not given
    - Abstaining from wrong conduct in regard to sense pleasures
  - Verbal
    - Abstaining from false speech
    - Abstaining from slanderous speech
    - Abstaining from harsh speech
    - Abstaining from idle chatter
  - Mental
    - Being free from covetousness
    - Being free from ill will
    - Holding right view
Function
- Reproductive kamma (janaka kamma) — that which produces mental aggregates and material aggregates at the moment of conception
- Supportive kamma (upatthambhaka kamma) — that which comes near the Reproductive Kamma and supports it
- Obstructive kamma (upapiḍaka kamma) — that which tends to weaken, interrupt and retard the fruition of the Reproductive Kamma
- Destructive kamma (upaghātaka kamma) — that which not only obstructs but also destroys the whole force of the Reproductive Kamma
Order to take effect
- Weighty kamma (garuka kamma) — that which produces its results in this life or in the next for certain
  - Five heinous crimes, causing rebirth in hell immediately after death (ānantarika-kamma)
    - Intentionally killing one's father (patricide)
    - Intentionally killing one's mother (matricide)
    - Intentionally killing an arahant
    - Maliciously causing blood to flow from the body of a Buddha
    - Creating a schism in the sangha
- Proximate kamma (āsanna kamma) — that which one does or remembers immediately before the dying moment
- Habitual kamma (āciṇṇa kamma) — that which one habitually performs and recollects and for which one has a great liking
- Reserve kamma (kaṭattā kamma) — refers to all actions that are done once and soon forgotten
Time of taking effect
- Immediately effective kamma (diţţhadhammavedaniya kamma)
- Subsequently, effective kamma (upapajjavedaniya kamma)
- Indefinitely effective kamma (aṗarāpariyavedaniya kamma)
- Defunct kamma (ahosi kamma)
Place of taking effect
- Immoral (akusala) kamma pertaining to the sense-sphere (kamavacara)
- Moral (kusala) kamma pertaining to the sense-sphere (kamavacara)
- Moral kamma pertaining to the form-sphere (rupavacara)
- Moral kamma pertaining to the formless-sphere (arupavacara)
Niyama Dhammas
- Utu Niyama — Physical Inorganic Order (seasonal changes and climate), the natural law pertaining to physical objects and changes in the natural environment, such as the weather; the way flowers bloom in the day and fold up at night; the way soil, water and nutrients help a tree to grow; and the way things disintegrate and decompose. This perspective emphasizes the changes brought about by heat or temperature
- Bīja Niyama — Physical Organic Order (laws of heredity), the natural law pertaining to heredity, which is best described in the adage, "as the seed, so the fruit”
- Citta Niyama — Order of Mind and Psychic Law (will of mind), the natural law pertaining to the workings of the mind, the process of cognition of sense objects and the mental reactions to them
- Kamma Niyama — Order of Acts and Results (consequences of one's actions), the natural law pertaining to human behavior, the process of the generation of action and its results. In essence, this is summarized in the words, "good deeds bring good results, bad deeds bring bad results”
- Dhamma Niyama — Order of the Norm (nature's tendency to produce a perfect type), the natural law governing the relationship and interdependence of all things: the way all things arise, exist and then cease. All conditions are subject to change, are in a state of affliction and are not self: this is the Norm

Rebirth (Punabbhava • Punarbhava)

Main page: Philosophy:Rebirth (Buddhism)

Saṃsāra — Lit., the "wandering," the round of rebirths without discoverable beginning, sustained by ignorance and craving

Buddhist cosmology

The bhavachakra, a symbolic depiction of the six realms.

Six realms
- Heaven (sagga)
  - Tusita — one of the six deva-worlds of the kāmadhātu
  - Tāvatiṃsa — the fifth of the heavens of the kāmadhātu, and the highest of the heavens that maintains a physical connection with the rest of the world
  - Four Heavenly Kings
- Demigod realm (asura)
- Human realm (mānusatta)
- Hungry Ghost realm (peta • preta)
- Animal realm
- Hell (niraya • naraka)
  - Avīci — the lowest level of the hell realm
Three planes of existence (tiloka • triloka)
- World of desire (kāmaloka)
- World of form (rūpaloka)
- World of formlessness (arūpaloka)
Ten spiritual realms
- Buddhahood
- Bodhisattva — Bodhisattvahood
- Pratyekabuddha — Realization
- Sāvakabuddha — Learning
- Deva — Heaven
- Asura — Paranoid jealousy
- Human beings in Buddhism — Humanity
- Animals in Buddhism — Animality
- Preta — Hunger
- Naraka — Hell

Sense bases (Āyatana)

Ayatana

Six sense bases (saḷāyatana • ṣaḍāyatana)
- eye (cakkhu) and Forms
- Ear (sota) and Sounds
- nose (ghāṇa) and Odors
- Tongue (jivhā) and Flavors
- Body (kāya) and Tactile objects
- Mind (mano) and Phenomena

Six Great Elements (Dhātu)

Earth element (paṭhavī-dhātu)
Water (or liquid) element (āpo-dhātu)
Fire element (tejo-dhātu)
Air (or wind) element (vāyo-dhātu)
Space element (ākāsa-dhātu)
Consciousness element (viññāṇa-dhātu)

Faculties (Indriya)

Indriya

Six sensory faculties
- Eye/vision faculty (cakkh-undriya)
- Ear/hearing faculty (sot-indriya)
- Nose/smell faculty (ghān-indriya)
- Tongue/taste faculty (jivh-indriya)
- Body/sensibility faculty (kāy-indriya)
- Mind faculty (man-indriya)
Three physical faculties
- Femininity (itth-indriya)
- Masculinity (puris-indriya)
- Life or vitality (jīvit-indriya)
Five feeling faculties
- Physical pleasure (sukh-indriya)
- Physical pain (dukkh-indriya)
- Mental joy (somanasa-indriya)
- Mental grief (domanass-indriya)
- Indifference (upekh-indriya)
Five spiritual faculties
- Faith (saddh-indriya)
- Energy (viriy-indriya)
- Mindfulness (sat-indriya)
- Concentration (samādhi-indriya)
- Wisdom (paññ-indriya)
Three final-knowledge faculties
- Thinking "I shall know the unknown" (anaññāta-ñassāmīt-indriya)
- Gnosis (aññ-indriya)
- One who knows (aññātā-vindriya)

Formations (Saṅkhāra • Saṃskāra)

Main page: Philosophy:Saṅkhāra

Mental Factors (Cetasika • Caitasika )

Main page: Philosophy:Mental factors (Buddhism)

Theravāda abhidhamma

Seven universal mental factors common to all; ethically variable mental factors common to all consciousnesses (sabbacittasādhāraṇa cetasikas)
- Contact (phassa)
- Feeling (vedanā)
- Perception (saññā)
- Volition (cetanā)
- One-pointedness (ekaggatā)
- Life Faculty (jīvitindriya)
- Attention (manasikāra)
Six occasional or particular mental factors; ethically variable mental factors found only in certain consciousnesses (pakiṇṇaka cetasikas)
- Application of thought (vitakka)
- Examining (vicāra)
- Decision (adhimokkha)
- Energy (viriya)
- Rapture (pīti)
- Wholesome desire (chanda)
Fourteen unwholesome mental factors (akusala cetasikas)
- Four universal unwholesome mental factors (akusalasādhāraṇa):
  - Delusion (moha)
  - Lack of shame (ahirika)
  - Disregard for consequence (anottappa)
  - Restlessness (uddhacca)
- Three mental factors of the greed-group (lobha):
  - Greed (lobha)
  - Wrong view (diṭṭhi)
  - Conceit (māna)
- Four mental factors of the hatred-group (dosa)
  - Hatred (dosa)
  - Envy (issā)
  - Miserliness (macchariya)
  - Regret (kukkucca)
- Other unwholesome mental factors
  - Sloth (thīna)
  - Torpor (middha)
  - Doubt (vicikicchā)
Twenty-five beautiful mental factors (sobhana cetasikas)
- Nineteen universal beautiful mental factors (sobhanasādhāraṇa):
  - Faith (saddhā)
  - Mindfulness (sati)
  - Shame at doing evil (hiri)
  - Regard for consequence (ottappa)
  - Lack of greed (alobha)
  - Lack of hatred (adosa)
  - Balance, neutrality of mind (tatramajjhattatā)
  - Tranquillity of mental body (kāyapassaddhi)
  - Tranquillity of consciousness (cittapassaddhi)
  - Lightness of mental body (kāyalahutā)
  - Lightness of consciousness (cittalahutā)
  - Softness/malleability of mental body (kāyamudutā)
  - Softness/malleability of consciousness (cittamudutā)
  - Readiness/wieldiness of mental body (kāyakammaññatā)
  - Readiness/wieldiness of consciousness (cittakammaññatā)
  - Proficiency of mental body (kāyapāguññatā)
  - Proficiency of consciousness (cittapāguññatā)
  - Straightness/rectitude of mental body (kāyujukatā)
  - Straightness/rectitude of consciousness (cittujukatā)
- Three Abstinences (virati):
  - Right speech (sammāvācā)
  - Right action (sammākammanta)
  - Right livelihood (sammā-ājīva)
- Two Illimitables (appamañña):
  - Compassion (karuṇā)
  - Sympathetic joy (muditā)
- One Faculty of wisdom (paññindriya):
  - Wisdom (paññā • prajñā)

Mahayana abhidharma

Five universal mental factors (sarvatraga) common to all:

Sparśa — contact, contacting awareness, sense impression, touch
Vedanā — feeling, sensation
Saṃjñā — perception
Cetanā — volition
Manasikara — attention

Five determining mental factors (viṣayaniyata):

Chanda — desire (to act), intention, interest
Adhimoksha — decision, interest, firm conviction
Smṛti — mindfulness
Prajñā — wisdom
Samādhi — concentration

Eleven virtuous (kuśala) mental factors

Sraddhā — faith
Hrī — self-respect, conscientiousness, sense of shame
Apatrāpya — decorum, regard for consequence
Alobha — non-attachment
Adveṣa — non-aggression, equanimity, lack of hatred
Amoha — non-bewilderment
Vīrya — diligence, effort
Praśrabdhi — pliancy
Apramāda — conscientiousness
Upekṣa — equanimity
Ahiṃsā — nonharmfulness

Six root mental defilements (mūlakleśa):

Raga — attachment
Pratigha — anger
Avidya — ignorance
Māna — pride, conceit
Vicikitsa — doubt
Dṛiṣṭi — wrong view

Twenty secondary defilement (upakleśa):

Krodha — rage, fury
Upanāha — resentment
Mrakśa — concealment, slyness-concealment
Pradāśa — spitefulness
Irshya — envy, jealousy
Mātsarya — stinginess, avarice, miserliness
Māyā — pretense, deceit
Śāṭhya — hypocrisy, dishonesty
Mada — self-infatuation, mental inflation, self-satisfaction
Vihiṃsā — malice, hostility, cruelty, intention to harm
Āhrīkya — lack of shame, lack of conscious, shamelessness
Anapatrāpya — lack of propriety, disregard, shamelessness
Styāna — lethargy, gloominess
Auddhatya — excitement, ebullience
Āśraddhya — lack of faith, lack of trust
Kausīdya — laziness, slothfulness
Pramāda — heedlessness, carelessness, unconcern
Muṣitasmṛtitā — forgetfulness
Asaṃprajanya — non-alertness, inattentiveness
Vikṣepa — distraction, desultoriness

Four changeable mental factors (aniyata):

Kaukṛitya — regret, worry,
Middha — sleep, drowsiness
Vitarka — conception, selectiveness, examination
Vicāra — discernment, discursiveness, analysis

Mind and Consciousness

Citta — Mind, mindset, or state of mind
Cetasika — Mental factors
Manas — Mind, general thinking faculty
Consciousness (viññāṇa)
Mindstream (citta-saṃtāna) — the moment-to-moment continuity of consciousness
Bhavanga — the most fundamental aspect of mind in Theravada
Luminous mind (pabhassara citta)
Consciousness-only (vijñapti-mātratā)
Eight Consciousnesses (aṣṭavijñāna)
- Eye-consciousness – seeing apprehended by the visual sense organs
- Ear-consciousness – hearing apprehended by the auditory sense organs
- Nose-consciousness – smelling apprehended through the olfactory organs
- Tongue-consciousness – tasting perceived through the gustatory organs
- Ideation-consciousness – the aspect of mind known in Sanskrit as the "mind monkey"; the consciousness of ideation
- Body-consciousness – tactile feeling apprehended through skin contact, touch
- The manas consciousness – obscuration-consciousness – a consciousness which through apprehension, gathers the hindrances, the poisons, the karmic formations
- Store-house consciousness (ālāyavijñāna) — the seed consciousness, the consciousness which is the basis of the other seven
Mental proliferation (papañca • prapañca) — the deluded conceptualization of the world through the use of ever-expanding language and concepts
Monkey mind — unsettled, restless mind

Obstacles to Enlightenment

Taints (āsava)
- Sensual desire (kāmāsava)
- Becoming (bhavāsava)
- Wrong view (diṭṭhāsava)
- Ignorance (avijjāsava)
Defilements (kilesa • kleśā)
- Three defilements
  - Greed (lobha • rāga)
  - Hatred (aversion) (dosa • dvesha)
  - Delusion (moha)
- Round of defilements (kilesa-vaṭṭa)
  - Ignorance (avijjā • avidyā)
  - Craving (taṇhā • tṛṣṇā)
  - Clinging (upādāna)
Four perversions of view, thought and perception (vipallasa)
- Taking what is impermanent (anicca • anitya) to be permanent (nicca • nitya)
- Taking what is suffering (dukkha • duḥkha) to be happiness (sukha)
- Taking what is nonself (anattā • anātman) to be self (attā • ātman)
- Taking what is not beautiful (asubha) to be beautiful (subha)
Five hindrances (pañca nīvaraṇā) — the main inner impediments to the development of concentration and insight
- Sensual desire (kāmacchanda) — craving for pleasure to the senses
- Ill-will (vyāpāda) — feelings of malice directed toward others
- Sloth and torpor (thīna-middha) — half-hearted action with little or no energy
- Restlessness and remorse (uddhacca-kukkucca) — the inability to calm the mind
- Doubt (vicikicchā) — lack of conviction or trust
Latent tendencies (anusaya)
- Sensual passion (kāma-rāga)
- Resistance (patigha)
- Views (diṭṭhi)
- Doubt (vicikicchā)
- Conceit (māna)
- Craving for continued existence (bhavarāga)
- Ignorance (avijjā • avidyā)
Ten Fetters (saṃyojana)
- Identity view (sakkāyadiṭṭhi) — the view of a truly existent self either as identical with the five aggregates, or as existing in some relation to them
  - Eternity-belief (sassata-diṭṭhi)
  - Annihilation-belief (uccheda-diṭṭhi)
- Doubt (vicikicchā) — doubt about the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Saṅgha, or the training
- Wrong grasp of rules and observances (sīlabbata-parāmāsa) — the belief that mere external observances, particularly religious rituals and ascetic practices, can lead to liberation
- Sensual lust (kāmacchando)
- Ill will (vyāpādo)
- Desire for existence in the form realm (rūparāgo)
- Desire for existence in the formless realm (arūparāgo)
- Conceit (māna)
- Restlessness (uddhacca)
- Ignorance (avijjā • avidyā)

Two Kinds of Happiness (Sukha)

Bodily pleasure (kayasukha)
Mental happiness (cittasukha)

Two Kinds of Bhava

Kamma Bhava — kammas caused by four Upadanas
Upapatti Bhava — rebirth bhava

Two Guardians of the World (Sukka lokapala)

Shame at doing evil (hiri)
Fear of the results of wrongdoing (ottappa)

Three Conceits

"I am better"
"I am equal"
"I am worse"

Three Standpoints

Gratification (assāda)
Danger (ādinava)
Escape (nissaraṇa)

Three Primary Aims

Welfare and happiness directly visible in this present life, attained by fulfilling one's moral commitments and social responsibilities (diṭṭha-dhamma-hitasukha)
Welfare and happiness pertaining to the next life, attained by engaging in meritorious deeds (samparāyika-hitasukha)
The ultimate good or supreme goal, Nibbāna, final release from the cycle of rebirths, attained by developing the Noble Eightfold Path (paramattha)

Three Divisions of the Dharma

Study (pariyatti)
Practice (paṭipatti)
Realization (pativedha)

Four Kinds of Nutriment

Physical food [either gross or subtle] (kabalinkaro)
Contact (phasso dutiyo)
Mental volition (manosancetana)
Consciousness (viññāṇa • vijñāna)

Four Kinds of Acquisitions (Upadhi)

The Five Aggregates (khandha • skandha)
Defilements (kilesa • kleśā)
Volitional formations (saṅkhāra • saṃskāra)
Sensual pleasures (kāmacchanda)

Eight Worldly Conditions

The "Eight Worldly Winds" referenced in discussions of Equanimity (upekkhā, upekṣhā)

Pleasure and pain
Praise and blame
Honour and dishonour
Gain and loss

Truth (Sacca • Satya)

Main pages: Philosophy:Sacca and Philosophy:Satya

Four Noble Truths (cattāri ariyasaccāni • catvāri āryasatyāni)
- Suffering (dukkha • duḥkha)
- Cause of suffering (samudaya)
- Cessation of suffering (nirodha)
- Path leading to the cessation of suffering (magga • marga)
Two truths doctrine
- Conventional truth (sammutisacca • saṃvṛtisatya)
- Ultimate truth (paramatthasacca • paramārthasatya)

Higher Knowledge (Abhiññā • Abhijñā)

Abhijñā

Six types of higher knowledges (chalabhiñña)
- Supernormal powers (iddhi)
  - Multiplying the body into many and into one again
  - Appearing and vanishing at will
  - Passing through solid objects as if space
  - Ability to rise and sink in the ground as if in water
  - Walking on water as if land
  - Flying through the skies
  - Touching anything at any distance (even the moon or sun)
  - Traveling to other worlds (like the world of Brahma) with or without the body
- Divine ear (dibba-sota), that is, clairaudience
- Mind-penetrating knowledge (ceto-pariya-ñāṇa), that is, telepathy
- Remembering one's former abodes (pubbe-nivāsanussati), that is, recalling one's own past lives
- Divine eye (dibba-cakkhu), that is, knowing others' karmic destinations
- Extinction of mental intoxicants (āsavakkhaya), upon which arahantship follows
Three knowledges (tevijja)
- Remembering one's former abodes (pubbe-nivāsanussati)
- Divine eye (dibba-cakkhu)
- Extinction of mental intoxicants (āsavakkhaya)

Great fruits of the contemplative life (Maha-Phala)

Phala

Equanimity (upekkhā, upekṣhā)
Fearlessness (nibbhaya)
Freedom from unhappiness & suffering (asukhacaadukkha)
Meditative Absorption (samādhi)
Out-of-body experience (manomaya)
Clairaudience (dibba-sota)
Intuition and mental telepathy (ceto-pariya-ñána)
Recollection of past lives (patisandhi)
Clairvoyance (dibba-cakkhu)
The Ending of Mental Fermentations (samatha)

Concepts unique to Mahayana and Vajrayana

White A – Symbol Dzogchen

Bardo — Intermediate state
- Shinay bardo – the Bardo of This Life
- Milam bardo – the Bardo of Dream
- Samten bardo – the Bardo of Meditation
- Chikkhai bardo – the Bardo of Dying
- Chönyid bardo – the Bardo of Dharmata
- Sidpai bardo – the Bardo of Existence
Bodhicitta — the wish to attain Buddhahood
Bodhisattva — name given to anyone who has generated bodhicitta
Buddha-nature — immortal potency or element within the purest depths of the mind, present in all sentient beings, for awakening and becoming a Buddha
Dzogchen — the natural, primordial state or natural condition of every sentient being
Eternal Buddha
Lung (Tibetan Buddhism)
Pure land
Rainbow body — a body not made of flesh, but consists of pure light, an astral body
Svabhava — Intrinsic nature
Tathātā/Dharmatā — Thusness
- Dharmadhatu — Realm of Truth
  - Four Dharmadhātu
Terma
Three Roots
- Lama
- Iṣṭha-deva(tā) — Yidam
- Dakini/Dharmapala
Trikaya
- Nirmanakaya
- Sambhogakaya
- Dharmakāya
Upāya — Skillful means
- Five Wisdoms

Other concepts

Emptiness (suññatā • śūnyatā)
Middle Way (majjhimā paṭipadā • madhyamā-pratipad) — the Buddhist path of non-extremism
- Avoiding the extreme of sensual indulgence (kāmesu kāma-sukha-allika)
- Avoiding the extreme of self-mortification (atta-kilamatha)
Sentient beings (satta • sattva)

Buddhist practices

Buddhist devotion

Buddhists making offerings at Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep

Buddhist devotion

Taking refuge in the Triple Gem
- Buddha
- Dharma
- Sangha
Worship (pūjā) — see also: Abhisheka
- Offerings
- Prostration (panipāta • namas-kara)
- Chanting
  - Mantra
    - Om mani padme hum
    - Namo Amituofo
    - Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō
    - Buddho
    - Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa — Homage to the Blessed One, the Worthy One, the Fully Self-enlightened One

Moral discipline and precepts (Sīla • Śīla)

Five Precepts (pañca-sīlāni • pañca-śīlāni)
- Abstaining from taking life (pāṇātipātā veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from taking what is not given (adinnādānā veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from sexual misconduct (kāmesu micchācāra veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from false speech (musāvāda veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from drinks and drugs that cause heedlessness (surā-meraya-majja-pamādaṭṭhānā veramaṇī)
Eight Precepts (aṭṭhasīla)
- Abstaining from taking life (both human and non-human)
- Abstaining from taking what is not given (stealing)
- Abstaining from all sexual activity
- Abstaining from telling lies
- Abstaining from using intoxicating drinks and drugs which lead to carelessness
- Abstaining from eating at the wrong time (the right time is eating once, after sunrise, before noon)
- Abstaining from singing, dancing, playing music, attending entertainment performances, wearing perfume, and using cosmetics and garlands (decorative accessories)
- Abstaining from luxurious places for sitting or sleeping
Ten Precepts (dasasīla)
- Abstaining from killing living things
- Abstaining from stealing
- Abstaining from un-chastity (sensuality, sexuality, lust)
- Abstaining from lying
- Abstaining from taking intoxicants
- Abstaining from taking food at inappropriate times (after noon)
- Abstaining from singing, dancing, playing music or attending entertainment programs (performances)
- Abstaining from wearing perfume, cosmetics and garland (decorative accessories)
- Abstaining from sitting on high chairs and sleeping on luxurious, soft beds
- Abstaining from accepting money
Sixteen Precepts
- Three Treasures
  - Taking refuge in the Buddha
  - Taking refuge in the Dharma
  - Taking refuge in the Sangha
- Three Pure Precepts
  - Not Creating Evil
  - Practicing Good
  - Actualizing Good For Others
- Ten Grave Precepts
  - Affirm life; Do not kill
  - Be giving; Do not steal
  - Honor the body; Do not misuse sexuality
  - Manifest truth; Do not lie
  - Proceed clearly; Do not cloud the mind
  - See the perfection; Do not speak of others errors and faults
  - Realize self and other as one; Do not elevate the self and blame others
  - Give generously; Do not be withholding
  - Actualize harmony; Do not be angry
  - Experience the intimacy of things; Do not defile the Three Treasures
Vinaya
- Pātimokkha (Pratimoksha) — the code of monastic rules binding on members of the Buddhist monastic order
  - Parajika (defeats) — four rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life
    - Sexual intercourse, that is, any voluntary sexual interaction between a bhikkhu and a living being, except for mouth-to-mouth intercourse which falls under the sanghadisesa
    - Stealing, that is, the robbery of anything worth more than 1/24 troy ounce of gold (as determined by local law.)
    - Intentionally bringing about the death of a human being, even if it is still an embryo — whether by killing the person, arranging for an assassin to kill the person, inciting the person to die, or describing the advantages of death
    - Deliberately lying to another person that one has attained a superior human state, such as claiming to be an arahant when one knows one is not, or claiming to have attained one of the jhanas when one knows one hasn't
  - Sanghadisesa — thirteen rules requiring an initial and subsequent meeting of the sangha (communal meetings)
  - Aniyata — two indefinite rules where a monk is accused of having committed an offence with a woman in a screened (enclosed) or private place by a lay person
  - Nissaggiya pacittiya — thirty rules entailing "confession with forfeiture"
  - Pacittiya — ninety-two rules entailing confession
  - Patidesaniya — four violations which must be verbally acknowledged
  - Sekhiyavatta — seventy-five rules of training, which are mainly about the deportment of a monk
    - Sāruppa — proper behavior
    - Bhojanapatisamyutta — food
    - Dhammadesanāpatisamyutta — teaching dhamma
    - Pakinnaka — miscellaneous
  - Adhikarana-samatha — seven rules for settlement of legal processes that concern monks only
Bodhisattva vows
Samaya — a set of vows or precepts given to initiates of an esoteric Vajrayana Buddhist order
Ascetic practices (dhutanga) — a group of thirteen austerities, or ascetic practices, most commonly observed by Forest Monastics of the Theravada Tradition of Buddhism

Three Resolutions

To abstain from all evil (sabbapāpassa akaraṇaṃ)
To cultivate the good (kusalassa upasampadā)
To purify one's mind (sacittapariyodapanaṃ)

Three Pillars of Dharma

Generosity (dāna)
Morality (sīla • śīla)
Meditation (bhāvanā)

Threefold Training (Sikkhā)

Threefold Training

The training in the higher moral discipline (adhisīla-sikkhā) — morality (sīla • śīla)
The training in the higher mind (adhicitta-sikkhā) — concentration (samādhi)
The training in the higher wisdom (adhipaññā-sikkhā) — wisdom (paññā • prajñā)

Five Qualities

Faith (saddhā • śraddhā)
Morality (sīla • śīla)
Learning (suta)
Generosity (cāga)
Wisdom (paññā • prajñā)

Five Powers of a Trainee

Faith (saddhā • śraddhā)
Conscience (hiri) — an innate sense of shame over moral transgression
Fear of wrong-doing (ottappa) — moral dread, fear of the results of wrongdoing
Energy (viriya • vīrya)
Wisdom (paññā • prajñā)

Five Things that lead to Enlightenment

Admirable friendship (kalyāṇa-mittatā • kalyāṇa-mitratā)
Morality (sīla • śīla)
Hearing the Dhamma
Exertion (viriya • vīrya)
Awareness of impermanence (anicca-ñāṇa)

Five Subjects for Contemplation

Upajjhatthana Sutta

I am subject to ageing, I am not exempt from ageing
I am subject to illness, I am not exempt from illness
I am subject to death, I am not exempt from death
There will be change and separation from all that I hold dear and near to me
I am the owner of my actions, heir to my actions, I am born of my actions, I am related to my actions and I have my actions as refuge; whatever I do, good or evil, of that I will be the heir

Gradual training (Anupubbikathā)

Main pages: Philosophy:Gradual training and Philosophy:Anupubbikathā

Generosity (dāna)
Virtue (sīla • śīla)
Heaven (sagga)
Danger of sensual pleasure (kāmānaṃ ādīnava)
Renunciation (nekkhamma)
The Four Noble Truths (cattāri ariyasaccāni • catvāri āryasatyāni)

Seven Good Qualities (Satta saddhammā)

Faith (saddhā • śraddhā)
Conscience (hiri)
Moral dread (ottappa)
Learning (suta)
Energy (viriya • vīrya)
Mindfulness (sati • smṛti)
Wisdom (paññā • prajñā)

Ten Meritorious Deeds (Dasa Punnakiriya vatthu)

Generosity (dāna)
Morality (sīla • śīla)
Meditation (bhāvanā)
Paying due respect to those who are worthy of it (apacayana)
Helping others perform good deeds (veyyavacca)
Sharing of merit after doing some good deed (anumodana)
Rejoicing in the merits of others (pattanumodana)
Teaching the Dhamma (dhammadesana)
Listening to the Dhamma (dhammassavana)
Straightening one's own views (ditthujukamma)

Perfections (Pāramī • Pāramitā)

Main page: Philosophy:Pāramitā

Ten Theravada Pāramīs (Dasa pāramiyo)

Generosity (dāna)
Morality (sīla)
Renunciation (nekkhamma)
Wisdom (paññā)
Energy (viriya)
Patience (khanti)
Truthfulness (sacca)
Determination (adhiṭṭhāna)
Loving-kindness (mettā)
Equanimity (upekkhā)

Six Mahayana Pāramitās

Generosity (dāna)
Morality (śīla)
Patience (kṣanti)
Energy (vīrya)
Concentration (dhyāna)
Wisdom (prajñā)

States Pertaining to Enlightenment (Bodhipakkhiyādhammā • Bodhipakṣa dharma)

Main page: Philosophy:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā

Four Foundations of Mindfulness (Cattāro satipaṭṭhānā • Smṛtyupasthāna)

Satipatthana

Mindfulness of the body (kāyagatāsati • kāyasmṛti)
- Mindfulness of breathing (ānāpānasati • ānāpānasmṛti)
  - Mindfulness of the body (kāyanupassana) — first tetrad
    - Breathing a long breath
    - Breathing a short breath
    - Experiencing the whole (breath-) body (awareness of the beginning, middle, and end of the breath)
    - Tranquilizing the bodily formation
  - Mindfulness of feelings (vedanānupassana) — second tetrad
    - Experiencing rapture
    - Experiencing bliss
    - Experiencing the mental formation
    - Tranquilizing the mental formation
  - Mindfulness of the mind (cittanupassana) — third tetrad
    - Experiencing the mind
    - Gladdening the mind
    - Concentrating the mind
    - Liberating the mind
  - Mindfulness of Dhammas (dhammānupassana) — fourth tetrad
    - Contemplating impermanence (aniccānupassī)
    - Contemplating fading away (virāgānupassī)
    - Contemplating cessation (nirodhānupassī)
    - Contemplating relinquishment (paṭinissaggānupassī)
- Postures
  - Walking
  - Standing
  - Sitting
  - Lying down
- Clear comprehension (sampajañña • samprajaña)
  - Clear comprehension of the purpose of one's action (sātthaka)
  - Clear comprehension of the suitability of one's means to the achievement of one's purpose (sappāya)
  - Clear comprehension of the domain, that is, not abandoning the subject of meditation during one's daily routine (gocara)
  - Clear comprehension of reality, the awareness that behind one's activities there is no abiding self (asammoha)
- Reflections on repulsiveness of the body, meditation on the thirty-two body parts (patikulamanasikara)
  - head hairs
  - body hairs
  - nails
  - teeth
  - skin
  - flesh
  - tendons
  - bones
  - bone marrow
  - kidneys
  - heart
  - liver
  - pleura (or diaphragm)
  - spleen
  - lungs
  - intestines
  - mesentery
  - stomach
  - feces
  - bile
  - phlegm
  - pus
  - blood
  - sweat
  - fat
  - tears
  - skin-oil
  - saliva
  - mucus
  - synovial fluid
  - urine
  - brain
- Reflections on the material elements (mahābhūta)
  - Earth
  - Water
  - Fire
  - Wind
- Cemetery contemplations (asubha)
  - Swollen or bloated corpse
  - Corpse brownish black or purplish blue with decay
  - Festering or suppurated corpse
  - Corpse splattered half or fissured from decay
  - Corpse gnawed by animals such as wild dogs and foxes
  - Corpse scattered in parts, hands, legs, head and body being dispersed
  - Corpse cut and thrown away in parts after killing
  - Bleeding corpse, i.e. with red blood oozing out
  - Corpse infested with and eaten by worms
  - Remains of a corpse in a heap of bones, i.e. skeleton
Mindfulness of feelings (vedanāsati • vedanāsmṛti)
- Pleasant feeling
  - Worldly pleasant feeling
  - Spiritual pleasant feeling
- Painful feeling
  - Worldly painful feeling
  - Spiritual painful feeling
- Neither-pleasant-nor-painful (neutral) feeling
  - Worldly neutral feeling
  - Spiritual neutral feeling
Mindfulness of the mind (cittasati • cittasmṛti)
- With lust (sarāgaṃ) or without lust (vītarāgaṃ)
- With hate (sadosaṃ) or without hate (vītadosaṃ)
- With delusion (samohaṃ) or without delusion (vītamohaṃ)
- Contracted (saṅkhittaṃ) or scattered (vikkhittaṃ)
- Lofty (mahaggataṃ) or not lofty (amahaggataṃ)
- Surpassable (sa-uttaraṃ) or unsurpassed (anuttaraṃ)
- Quieted (samāhitaṃ) or not quieted (asamāhitaṃ)
- Released (vimuttaṃ) or not released (avimuttaṃ)
Mindfulness of mental phenomena (dhammāsati • dharmasmṛti)
- Hindrances
- Aggregates of clinging
- Sense bases and their fetters
- Seven factors of enlightenment
- Four Noble Truths

Four Right Efforts (Cattārimāni sammappadhānāni • Samyak-pradhāna)

Four Right Exertions

The effort to prevent the arising of unarisen unwholesome mental states (anuppādāya)
The effort to abandon arisen unwholesome mental states (pahānāya)
The effort to generate unarisen wholesome mental states (uppādāya)
The effort to maintain and perfect arisen wholesome mental states (ṭhitiyā)

Four Roads to Mental Power (Iddhipāda • Ṛddhipāda)

Iddhipada

Concentration due to desire (chanda)
Concentration due to energy (viriya • vīrya)
Concentration due to mind (citta)
Concentration due to investigation (vīmaṃsā)

Five Spiritual Faculties (Pañca indriya)

Indriya

Faith (saddhā • śraddhā) — faith in the Buddha's awakening
Energy (viriya • vīrya) — exertion towards the Four Right Efforts
Mindfulness (sati • smṛti) — focusing on the four satipatthana
Concentration (samādhi) — achieving the four jhānas
Wisdom (paññā • prajñā) — discerning the Four Noble Truths

Five Powers (Pañca bala)

Five Strengths

Faith (saddhā • śraddhā) — controls doubt
Energy (viriya • vīrya) — controls laziness
Mindfulness (sati • smṛti) — controls heedlessness
Concentration (samādhi) — controls distraction
Wisdom (paññā • prajñā) — controls ignorance

Seven Factors of Enlightenment (Satta sambojjhaṅgā • Sapta bodhyanga)

Seven Factors of Enlightenment

Neutral

Mindfulness (sati • smṛti)

Arousing

Investigation of doctrine (dhamma vicaya • dharma-vicaya)
Energy (viriya • vīrya)
Rapture (pīti • prīti)

Calming

Tranquillity (passaddhi)
Concentration (samādhi)
Equanimity (upekkhā • upekṣā)

Noble Eightfold Path (Ariya aṭṭhaṅgika magga • Ārya 'ṣṭāṅga mārgaḥ)

Noble Eightfold Path

Wisdom (Paññākkhandha)

Dharmachakra, symbol of the Noble Eightfold Path, the Buddha's teaching of the path to enlightenment

Right view (sammā-diṭṭhi • samyag-dṛṣṭi)
- Mundane right view
  - Karma
- Supramundane right view
  - Right view that accords with the Four Noble Truths (saccanulomika sammā-diṭṭhi)
    - Study
    - Contemplation
    - Meditation
  - Right view that penetrates the Four Noble Truths (saccapativedha sammā-diṭṭhi)
Right intention (sammā-saṅkappa • samyak-saṃkalpa)
- The intention of renunciation (nekkhamma-sankappa)
- The intention of non-ill will (abyapada-sankappa)
- The intention of harmlessness (avihimsa-sankappa)

Moral discipline (Sīlakkhandha)

Right speech (sammā-vācā • samyag-vāc)
- Abstaining from false speech (musāvāda veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from slanderous speech (pisunaya vacaya veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from harsh speech (pharusaya vacaya veramaṇī)
  - Abstaining from verbal abuse
  - Abstaining from insults
  - Abstaining from sarcasm
- Abstaining from idle chatter (samphappalāpa veramaṇī)
Right action (sammā-kammanta • samyak-karmānta)
- Abstaining from the taking of life (pāṇātipātā veramaṇī)
  - Abstaining from homicide
  - Abstaining from animal slaughter
    - Abstaining from hunting
    - Abstaining from fishing
    - Abstaining from killing insects
  - Abstaining from deliberately harming or torturing another being
- Abstaining from taking what is not given (adinnādānā veramaṇī)
  - Abstaining from stealing
  - Abstaining from robbery
  - Abstaining from snatching
  - Abstaining from fraudulence
  - Abstaining from deceitfulness
- Abstaining from sexual misconduct (kāmesu micchācāra veramaṇī)
  - Abstaining from adultery
  - Abstaining from sexual harassment
  - Abstaining from rape
Right livelihood (sammā-ājīva • samyag-ājīva)
- Abstaining from dealing in weapons
- Abstaining from dealing in living beings (including raising animals for slaughter as well as slave trade and prostitution)
- Abstaining from dealing in meat production and butchery
- Abstaining from dealing in poisons
- Abstaining from dealing in intoxicants
- Abstaining from deceit
- Abstaining from treachery
- Abstaining from soothsaying
- Abstaining from trickery
- Abstaining from usury

Concentration (Samādhikkhandha)

Right effort (sammā-vāyāma • samyag-vyāyāma)
- The effort to prevent the arising of unarisen unwholesome states of mind (samvarappadhana)
  - Wise attention (yoniso manasikara)
  - Restraint of the sense faculties (indriya-samvara)
- The effort to abandon unwholesome states of mind that have already arisen (pahanappadhana)
  - Overcoming the Five hindrances
- The effort to generate wholesome states of mind that have not yet arisen (bhavanappadhana)
  - Seven Factors of Enlightenment (satta sambojjhaṅgā • sapta bodhyanga)
    - Mindfulness (sati)
    - Investigation of doctrine (dhamma vicaya)
    - Energy (viriya • vīrya)
    - Rapture (pīti)
    - Tranquillity (passaddhi)
    - Concentration (samādhi)
    - Equanimity (upekkha)
- The effort to maintain and perfect wholesome states of mind already arisen (anurakkhanappadhana)
Right mindfulness (sammā-sati • samyak-smṛti)
- Contemplation of the body (kāyanupassana)
- Contemplation of feeling (vedanānupassana)
- Contemplation of states of mind (cittanupassana)
- Contemplation of phenomena (dhammānupassana)
Right concentration (sammā-samādhi • samyak-samādhi)
- Four jhānas
  - First jhāna (pathamajjhana)
  - Second jhāna (dutiyajjhana)
  - Third jhāna (tatiyajjhana)
  - Fourth jhāna (catutthajjhana)

Acquired factors

Right knowledge (sammā-ñāṇa)
Right liberation (sammā-vimutti)

Buddhist meditation

Main pages: Religion:Buddhist meditation and Philosophy:Bhavana

Theravada meditation practices

Tranquillity/Serenity/Calm (Samatha • Śamatha)

Samatha

A Buddhist monk meditating

Place of work (kammaṭṭhāna)
- Ten Kasinas
  - Earth kasina (pathavikasinam)
  - Water kasina (apokasinam)
  - Fire kasina (tejokasinam)
  - Wind kasina (vayokasinam)
  - Brownish or deep purplish blue kasina (nilakasinam)
  - Yellow kasina (pitakasinam)
  - Red kasina (lohitakasinam)
  - White kasina (odatakasinam)
  - Light kasina (alokakasinam)
  - Open air-space, sky kasina (akasakasinam)
- Ten reflections on repulsiveness (asubas)
  - A swollen or bloated corpse (uddhumatakam)
  - A corpse brownish black or purplish blue with decay (vinilakam)
  - A festering or suppurated corpse (vipubbakam)
  - A corpse splattered half or fissured from decay (vicchiddakam)
  - A corpse gnawed by animals such as wild dogs and foxes (vikkhayittakam)
  - A corpse scattered in parts, hands, legs, head and body being dispersed (vikkhitakam)
  - A corpse cut and thrown away in parts after killing (hatavikkhittakam)
  - A bleeding corpse, i.e. with red blood oozing out (lohitakam)
  - A corpse infested with and eaten by worms (puluvakam)
  - Remains of a corpse in a heap of bones, i.e. skeleton (atthikam)
- Ten Recollections (anussati • anusmriti)
  - Buddhānussati (Buddhanusmrti) — Recollection of the Buddha — fixing the mind with attentiveness and reflecting repeatedly on the glorious virtues and attributes of Buddha
  - Dhammānussati (Dharmanusmrti) — Recollection of the Dhamma — reflecting with serious attentiveness repeatedly on the virtues and qualities of Buddha's teachings and his doctrine
  - Saṅghānussati (Sanghanusmrti) — Recollection of the Saṅgha — fixing the mind strongly and repeatedly upon the rare attributes and sanctity of the Sangha
  - Sīlānussati — Recollection of virtue — reflecting seriously and repeatedly on the purification of one's own morality or sīla
  - Cāgānussati — Recollection of generosity — reflecting repeatedly on the mind's purity in the noble act of one's own dāna, charitableness and liberality
  - Devatānussati — Recollection of deities — reflecting with serious and repeated attention on one's own complete possession of the qualities of absolute faith (saddhā), morality (sīla), learning (suta), liberality (cāga) and wisdom (paññā) just as the devas have, to enable one to be reborn in the world of devas
  - Maraṇānussati — Mindfulness of death — reflecting repeatedly on the inevitability of death
  - Kāyagatāsati — Mindfulness of the body — reflecting earnestly and repeatedly on the impurity of the body which is composed of the detestable 32 constituents such as hair, body hair, nails, teeth, skin, etc.
  - Ānāpānasati — Mindfulness of breathing — repeated reflection on the inhaled and exhaled breath
  - Upasamānussati — Recollection of peace — reflecting repeatedly with serious attentiveness on the supreme spiritual blissful state of Nirvana
- Four Divine Abidings (brahmavihāra)
  - Loving-kindness (mettā • maitrī)
  - Compassion (karuṇā)
  - Sympathetic joy (muditā)
  - Equanimity (upekkhā • upekṣā)
- Four formless jhānas (arūpajhāna)
  - Base of the infinity of space (ākāsānañcāyatana)
  - Base of the infinity of consciousness (viññāṇañcāyatana)
  - Base of nothingness (ākiñcaññāyatana)
  - Base of neither-perception-nor-nonperception (nevasaññānāsaññāyatana)
- Perception of disgust of food (aharepatikulasanna)
- Four Great Elements (mahābhūta)
  - Earth element (paṭhavī-dhātu)
  - Water (or liquid) element (āpo-dhātu)
  - Fire element (tejo-dhātu)
  - Air (or wind) element (vāyo-dhātu)

Concentration (Samādhi)

Sign (nimitta)
- Learning sign (uggahanimitta)
- Counterpart sign (paṭibhāganimitta)
Momentary concentration (khaṇikasamādhi)
Preliminary concentration (parikammasamādhi)
Neighbourhood concentration (upacārasamādhi)
Nine attainments (samāpatti)
- Attainment concentration (appanāsamādhi)
  - Jhāna (Dhyāna) — states of deep meditative concentration marked by the one-pointed fixation of the mind upon its object
    - Four form jhānas (rūpajhāna)
      - First jhāna (pathamajjhana)
        initial application (vittaka)
        
        sustained application (vicāra)
        
        rapture (pīti)
        
        bliss (sukha)
        
        one-pointedness (ekaggata)
      - Second jhāna (dutiyajjhana)
        rapture (pīti)
        
        bliss (sukha)
        
        one-pointedness (ekaggata)
      - Third jhāna (tatiyajjhana)
        bliss (sukha)
        
        one-pointedness (ekaggata)
      - Fourth jhāna (catutthajjhana)
        one-pointedness (ekaggata)
        
        equanimity (upekkhā • upekṣā)
    - Four formless jhānas (arūpajhāna)
      - Base of the infinity of space (ākāsānañcāyatana)
      - Base of the infinity of consciousness (viññāṇañcāyatana)
      - Base of nothingness (ākiñcaññāyatana)
      - Base of neither-perception-nor-nonperception (nevasaññānāsaññāyatana)
- Cessation of perception and feeling (nirodha-samāpatti)

Insight meditation (Vipassanā • Vipaśyanā)

Main page: Philosophy:Vipassanā

Insight knowledge (vipassanā-ñāṇa)
- Vipassana jhanas
- Eighteen kinds of insight
  - Contemplation on impermanence (aniccanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of permanence
  - Contemplation on unsatisfactoriness (dukkhanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of real happiness
  - Contemplation on non-self (anattanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of self
  - Contemplation on disenchantment (revulsion) (nibbidanupassana) overcomes affection
  - Contemplation on dispassion (fading away) (viraganupassana) overcomes greed
  - Contemplation on cessation (nirodhanupassana) overcomes the arising
  - Contemplation on giving up (patinissagganupassana) overcomes attachment
  - Contemplation on dissolution (khayanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of something compact
  - Contemplation on disappearance (vayanupassana) overcomes kamma-accumulation
  - Contemplation on changeableness (viparinamanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of something immutable
  - Contemplation on the signless (animittanupassana) overcomes the conditions of rebirth
  - Contemplation on the desireless (appanihitanupassana) overcomes longing
  - Contemplation on emptiness (suññatanupassana) overcomes clinging
  - Higher wisdom and insight (adhipaññadhamma vipassana) overcomes the wrong idea of something substantial
  - True eye of knowledge (yathabhuta ñanadassana) overcomes clinging to delusion
  - Contemplation on misery (adinavanupassana) overcomes clinging to desire
  - Reflecting contemplation (patisankhanupassana) overcomes thoughtlessness
  - Contemplation on the standstill of existence (vivattanupassana) overcomes being entangled in fetters
- Sixteen Stages of Vipassanā Knowledge
  - Knowledge to distinguish mental and physical states (namarupa pariccheda ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge of the cause-and-effect relationship between mental and physical states (paccaya pariggaha ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge of mental and physical processes as impermanent, unsatisfactory and nonself (sammasana ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge of arising and passing away (udayabbaya ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge of the dissolution of formations (bhanga ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge of the fearful nature of mental and physical states (bhaya ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge of mental and physical states as unsatisfactory (adinava ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge of disenchantment (nibbida ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge of the desire to abandon the worldly state (muncitukamayata ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge which investigates the path to deliverance and instills a decision to practice further (patisankha ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge which regards mental and physical states with equanimity (sankharupekha ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge which conforms to the Four Noble Truths (anuloma ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge of deliverance from the worldly condition (gotrabhu ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge by which defilements are abandoned and are overcome by destruction (magga ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge which realizes the fruit of the path and has nibbana as object (phala ñāṇa)
  - Knowledge which reviews the defilements still remaining (paccavekkhana ñāṇa)

Zen meditation practices

Zazen
- Concentration
- Kōan — a story, dialogue, question, or statement in Zen, containing aspects that are inaccessible to rational understanding, yet may be accessible to intuition
- Shikantaza — just sitting

Vajrayana meditation practices

Tonglen
Tantra
- Anuttarayoga Tantra
  - Generation stage
  - Completion stage
Margaphala
Ngöndro — Four thoughts which turn the mind towards Dharma
- The freedoms and advantages of precious human rebirth
- The truth of impermanence and change
- The workings of karma
- The suffering of living beings within Samsara

Other practices

Ahimsa — Non-violence
Appamada — Heedfulness
Chöd — advanced spiritual practice and discipline arising from confluences of Bonpo, Mahasidda, Nyingmapa traditions and now practiced throughout the schools of Tibetan Buddhism
Merit
Paritta — Protection
Samvega and pasada
Simran

Attainment of Enlightenment

Enlightenment in Buddhism

General

Nirvana (Nibbāna • Nirvāṇa) — the final goal of the Buddha's teaching; the unconditioned state beyond the round of rebirths, to be attained by the destruction of the defilements; Full Enlightenment or Awakening, the cessation of suffering; saupādisesa-nibbāna-dhātu – Nibbāna with residue remaining
- Parinirvana (Parinibbāna • Parinirvāṇa) — final passing away of an enlightened person, final Nibbāna, Nibbāna at death; anupādisesa-nibbāna-dhātu – Nibbāna without residue remaining
Bodhi — the awakening attained by the Buddha and his accomplished disciples, referring to insight into the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path
Types of Buddha
- Sammāsambuddha (Samyak-saṃbuddha) — one who, by his own efforts, attains Nirvana, having rediscovered the Noble Eightfold Path after it has been lost to humanity, and makes this Path known to others
- Paccekabuddha (Pratyekabuddha) — "a lone Buddha", a self-awakened Buddha, but one who lacks the ability to spread the Dhamma to others
- Sāvakabuddha (Śrāvakabuddha) — enlightened 'disciple of a Buddha'. Usual being named Arhat

Theravada

Four stages of enlightenment (see also: Ariya-puggala – Noble Ones)
- Sotāpanna — Stream-enterer (first stage of enlightenment) — one who has "opened the eye of the Dhamma", and is guaranteed enlightenment after no more than seven successive rebirths, having eradicated the first three fetters
  - The four factors leading to stream-entry
    - Association with superior persons
    - Hearing the true Dhamma
    - Careful attention
    - Practice in accordance with the Dhamma
  - The four factors of a stream-enterer
    - Possessing confirmed confidence in the Buddha
    - Possessing confirmed confidence in the Dhamma
    - Possessing confirmed confidence in the Sangha
    - Possessing moral virtues dear to the noble ones
- Sakadagami — Once-returner (second stage of enlightenment) — will be reborn into the human world once more, before attaining enlightenment, having eradicated the first three fetters and attenuated greed, hatred, and delusion
- Anāgāmi — Non-returner (third stage of enlightenment) — does not come back into human existence, or any lower world, after death, but is reborn in the "Pure Abodes", where he will attain Nirvāṇa, having eradicated the first five fetters
- Arahant — "Worthy One", (see also: Arhat), a fully enlightened human being who has abandoned all ten fetters, and who upon decease (Parinibbāna) will not be reborn in any world, having wholly abandoned saṃsāra

Mahayana

Bodhisattva — one who has generated bodhicitta, the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood
- Bodhisattva Bhumis — stages of enlightenment through which a bodhisattva passes

Zen

Satori — a Japanese Buddhist term for "enlightenment", which translates as a flash of sudden awareness, or individual enlightenment
Kensho — "Seeing one's nature"

Buddhist monasticism and laity

Buddhist monks on daily alms round.

Buddhist monasticism

Disciple 声闻弟子ShengWenDiZi (sāvaka • śrāvaka)
Male lay follower (忧婆塞 YouPoSai) (upāsaka) and Female lay follower (忧婆夷 YouPoYi) (upāsikā)
- Householder 在家弟子ZaiJiaDiZi
- Dhammacārī — lay devotees who have seriously committed themselves to Buddhist practice for several years
- Anāgārika — lay attendant of a monk
- 近侍Jisha (Japan), JinShi (chinese) — personal attendant of a monastery's abbot or teacher in Chan/Zen Buddhism
- Ngagpa — non-monastic male practitioners of such disciplines as Vajrayana, shamanism, Tibetan medicine, Tantra and Dzogchen
- Thilashin — Burmese Buddhist female lay renunciant
- Mae ji — Buddhist laywomen in Thailand occupying a position somewhere between that of an ordinary lay follower and an ordained monk
Lower ordination (pabbajja • pravrajya)
- Novice monk (sāmaṇera • śrāmaṇera)
- Novice nun (samaṇerī • śrāmaṇerī)
Higher ordination (upasampadā)
- Monk (bhikkhu • bhikṣu)
- Nun (bhikkhunī • bhikṣuṇī)
Titles for Buddhist teachers
- General
  - Acariya (Ācārya) — teacher
  - Upajjhaya (Upādhyāya) — preceptor
  - Pandita — a learned master, scholar or professor in Buddhist philosophy
  - Bhante — Venerable Sir
- in Theravada
  - in Southeast Asia
    - Ayya — commonly used as a veneration in addressing or referring to an ordained Buddhist nun
  - in Thailand
    - Ajahn — Thai term which translates as teacher
    - Luang Por — means "venerable father" and is used as a title for respected senior Buddhist monastics
  - in Burma
    - Sayādaw — a Burmese senior monk of a monastery
  - in China
    - 和尚，Heshang — high-ranking or highly virtuous Buddhist monk; respectful designation for Buddhist monks in general
    - 僧侣，SengLv — Monk
    - 住持，ZhuChi — Abbot
    - 禅师，ChanShi — Chan/Zen Master
    - 法师，FaShi — Dharma Master
    - 律师，LvShi — Vinaya Master, teacher who focuses on the discipline and precepts
    - 开山祖师，KaiShanZuShi — founder of a school of Buddhism or the founding abbot of a Zen monastery
    - 比丘，BiQiu — transliteration of Bhikkhu
    - 比丘尼，BiQiuNi — transliteration of Bhikkhuni
    - 沙弥，ShaMi — transliteration of Samanera
    - 沙弥尼，ShaMiNi — transliteration of Samaneri
    - 尼姑，NiGu — Nun
    - 论师，LunShi — Abhidharma Master, one who is well versed in the psychology, thesis and higher teachings of Buddhism
    - 师兄，ShiXiong — dharma brothers, used by laity to address each other, note that all male or female lay disciples are called 'Dharma Brothers'
- in Japan
  - Ajari — a Japanese term that is used in various schools of Buddhism in Japan, specifically Tendai and Shingon, in reference to a "senior monk who teaches students
  - 和尚 Oshō — high-ranking or highly virtuous Buddhist monk; respectful designation for Buddhist monks in general
- in Zen
  - in Japan
    - 开山 Kaisan — founder of a school of Buddhism or the founding abbot of a Zen monastery
    - 老师 Roshi — a Japanese honorific title used in Zen Buddhism that literally means "old teacher" or "elder master" and usually denotes the person who gives spiritual guidance to a Zen sangha
    - 先生 Sensei — ordained teacher below the rank of roshi
    - Zen master — individual who teaches Zen Buddhism to others
  - in Korea
    - Sunim — Korean title for a Buddhist monk or Buddhist nun
- in Tibetan Buddhism
  - Geshe — Tibetan Buddhist academic degree for monks
  - Guru
  - Khenpo — academic degree similar to that of a doctorate or Geshe. Khenpos often are made abbots of centers and monasteries
  - Khenchen — academic degree similar in depth to post doctorate work. Senior most scholars often manage many Khenpos
  - Lama — Tibetan teacher of the Dharma
  - Rinpoche — an honorific which literally means "precious one"
  - Tulku — an enlightened Tibetan Buddhist lama who has, through phowa and siddhi, consciously determined to take birth, often many times, to continue his or her Bodhisattva vow

Major figures of Buddhism

List of Buddhists

Founder

Gautama Buddha — The Buddha, Siddhattha Gotama (Pali), Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit), Śākyamuni (Sage of the Sakya clan), The Awakened One, The Enlightened One, The Blessed One, Tathāgata (Thus Come One, Thus Gone One)

Buddha's disciples and early Buddhists

Chief Disciples

Sāriputta — Chief disciple, "General of the Dhamma", foremost in wisdom
Mahamoggallāna — Second chief disciple, foremost in psychic powers

Great Disciples

Monks

Ānanda — Buddha's cousin and personal attendant
Maha Kassapa — Convener of First Buddhist Council
Anuruddha — Half-cousin of the Buddha
Mahakaccana — Foremost in teaching
Nanda — Half-brother of the Buddha
Subhuti
Punna
Upali — Master of the Vinaya

Nuns

Mahapajapati Gotami — Eldest nun, half-mother of Buddha
Khema — First great female disciple in power
Uppalavanna — Second great female disciple
Patacara — Foremost exponent of the Vinaya, the rules of monastic discipline

Laymen

Anathapindika — Chief lay disciple, foremost disciple in generosity
Hatthaka of Alavi
Jivaka
Citta — the foremost householder for explaining the Teaching
Cunda

Laywomen

Khujjuttara
Velukandakiya
Visakha
Rohini
Sujata

First five disciples of the Buddha

Kondañña — the first Arahant
Assaji — converted Sāriputta and Mahamoggallāna
Bhaddiya
Vappa
Mahanama

Two seven-year-old Arahants

Samanera Sumana
Samanera Pandita

Other disciples

Channa — royal servant and head charioteer of Prince Siddhartha
Angulimala — mass murderer turned saint
Kisa Gotami

Later Indian Buddhists (after Gotama Buddha)

Ashoka – emperor of the Indian subcontinent emperor from 268 to 232 BCE and a convert who facilitated the spread of Buddhism across Asia
Sanghamitta — daughter of Emperor Ashoka
Mahinda — son of Emperor Ashoka
Nagarjuna — founder of the Madhyamaka school
Aryadeva — disciple of Nagarjuna
Asanga — exponent of the yogācāra school
Vasubandhu
Buddhaghosa — 5th-century Indian Theravadin Buddhist commentator and scholar, author of the Visuddhimagga
Buddhapālita — commentator on the works of Nagarjuna and Aryadeva
Candrakīrti
Dharmakirti
Atisha
B. R. Ambedkar – a Father of modern India, Polymath, Revivalist of Buddhism

Indo-Greek Buddhists

Dharmaraksita
Nagasena

Chinese Buddhists

Bodhidharma
Dajian Huineng
Ingen

Tibetan Buddhists

The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, a renowned Tibetan lama.

Je Tsongkhapa
Milarepa
Longchenpa
Marpa Lotsawa
Padmasambhava
Drogmi — founder of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism
Sakya Pandita
Panchen Lama
Karmapa
Dalai Lama
- 1st Dalai Lama
- 2nd Dalai Lama
- 3rd Dalai Lama
- 4th Dalai Lama
- 5th Dalai Lama
- 6th Dalai Lama
- 7th Dalai Lama
- 8th Dalai Lama
- 9th Dalai Lama
- 10th Dalai Lama
- 11th Dalai Lama
- 12th Dalai Lama
- 13th Dalai Lama
- 14th Dalai Lama

Japanese Buddhists

Saichō
Kūkai
Hōnen
Shinran
Dōgen
Eisai
Nichiren

Vietnamese Buddhists

Trần Thái Tông
Trần Thánh Tông
Trần Nhân Tông
Trần Anh Tông
Trần Minh Tông
Trần Hiến Tông
Trần Dụ Tông
Trần Nghệ Tông
Trần Duệ Tông
Trần Hưng Đạo
Trần Thuận Tông
Trần Thiếu Đế
Lý Thái Tổ
Lý Thái Tông
Lý Thường Kiệt
Lý Long Tường
Thich Quang Duc
Thích Trí Quang
Thích Nhất Hạnh
Thich Thiên Ân
Thích Quảng Độ
Thích Thanh Từ
Thích Nhật Từ
Thich Chan Khong

Burmese Buddhists

Ledi Sayadaw
Mahāsī Sayādaw
Mother Sayamagyi
S. N. Goenka
U Ba Khin
U Nārada
U Pandita
Webu Sayadaw

Thai Buddhists

Ajahn Buddhadasa
Ajahn Chah
Ajahn Lee
Ajahn Maha Bua
Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta
Ajahn Thate

Sri Lankan Buddhists

Balangoda Ananda Maitreya
Henepola Gunaratana
K. Sri Dhammananda
Piyadassi Maha Thera
Walpola Rahula

American Buddhists

Ajahn Sumedho
Bhikkhu Bodhi
Thanissaro Bhikkhu

Brazilian Buddhists

Ajahn Mudito
Monja Coen
Lama Michel Rinpoche

British Buddhists

Ajahn Amaro
Ajahn Brahm
Ajahn Khemadhammo
Houn Jiyu-Kennett
Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu
Ñāṇavīra Thera
Arthur Lillie

German Buddhists

Ayya Khema
Bhikkhu Analayo
Muho Noelke
Nyanatiloka
Nyanaponika Thera

Irish Buddhists

U Dhammaloka

Buddhist philosophy

Golden statue of Nagarjuna at Samye Ling Monastery.

Abhidharma (Abhidhamma)
Buddhist anarchism
Buddhist atomism
Buddhism and the body
Buddhology
Engaged Buddhism
Buddhist economics
Buddhist eschatology
Buddhist ethics
- Buddhism and abortion
- Buddhism and euthanasia
- Buddhism and sexuality
  - Buddhist views on masturbation
  - LGBT topics and Buddhism
Buddhism and evolution
Four imponderables
Fourteen unanswerable questions
- Questions referring to the world: concerning the existence of the world in time
  - Is the world eternal?
  - or not?
  - or both?
  - or neither?
- Questions referring to the world: concerning the existence of the world in space
  - Is the world finite?
  - or not?
  - or both?
  - or neither?
- Questions referring to personal experience
  - Is the self identical with the body?
  - or is it different from the body?
- Questions referring to life after death
  - Does the Tathagata exist after death?
  - or not?
  - or both?
  - or neither?
God in Buddhism
Humanistic Buddhism
Buddhist logic
Buddhist mythology
Reality in Buddhism
Buddhist socialism

Buddhist culture

Vesak celebration in Singapore.

Imitation currency burned for ancestors, during the Ghost Festival

Mala, Buddhist prayer beads.

Alms
Ango — three-month-long period of intense training for students of Zen Buddhism
Buddhist architecture
- Vihara — Buddhist monastery
- Wat — monastery temple in Cambodia, Thailand, Lanna or Laos
- Thai temple art and architecture
- Stupa — mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics
- Pagoda — tiered tower with multiple eaves common in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and other parts of Asia
- Zendo — meditation hall in Zen Buddhism
- Butsudan — shrine
Buddhist art
- Greco-Buddhist art
  - Standing Buddha
- Buddhist poetry
- Buddhist music
- Buddha statue
  - Colossal Buddha statues
    - Tian Tan Buddha
    - Kamakura Great Buddha
    - Grand Buddha at Ling Shan
    - Leshan Giant Buddha
    - Gifu Great Buddha
    - Great Buddha
Buddhist calendar
Buddhist clothes
- Tricivara — Monastic robe
  - Antaravasaka — Lower robe
  - Uttarasanga — Upper robe
  - Sangati — Outer robe
Buddhist cuisine
- Buddhist vegetarianism
Dharani
Drubchen — traditional form of meditation retreat in Tibetan Buddhism
Funeral (Buddhism)
Buddhist holidays
- Vesak — birth, enlightenment (Nirvana), and passing away (Parinirvana) of Gautama Buddha
- Asalha Puja
- Magha Puja
- Uposatha — the Buddhist observance days, falling on the days of the full moon and new moon, when the monks gather to recite the Pātimokkha and lay people often visit monasteries and temples to undertake the eight precepts
- Kathina — festival which comes at the end of Vassa
Kaicho
Kīla — three-sided peg, stake, knife, or nail like ritual implement traditionally associated with Indo-Tibetan Buddhism
Mandala — concentric diagram having spiritual and ritual significance
- Sand mandala
Buddhist prayer beads — Mala
Mantra
- Om mani padme hum
- Namo Amituofo
- Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō
- Om tare tuttare ture svaha
- Buddho
- Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammāsambuddhassa
Buddhist view of marriage
Mudra — Symbolic or ritual gesture
- Añjali Mudrā — greeting gesture which consists of putting the palms together in front of the chest
Buddhist music
Prayer wheel
Sarira — Buddhist relics
Sesshin — period of intensive meditation (zazen) in a Zen monastery
Buddhist symbolism
- Dharmacakra — Wheel of Dhamma
- Bhavacakra — Wheel of Becoming
- Buddhist flag
- Ensō — Symbol in Zen symbolizing enlightenment, strength, elegance, the Universe, and the void
- Thangka
  - Tree of physiology
- Ashtamangala
Vajra — short metal weapon that has the symbolic nature of a diamond
Vassa — Rains retreat

Buddhist pilgrimage

Mahabodhi Temple in India, a common site of pilgrimage.

The Four Main Sites
- Lumbini — Buddha's birthplace
  - Maya Devi Temple
- Bodh Gaya — Buddha's place of Enlightenment
  - Mahabodhi Temple
    - Bodhi Tree
- Sarnath — Place of Buddha's first discourse
- Kushinagar — Place of Buddha's final passing away
Four Additional Sites
- Sravasti
- Rajgir
- Sankassa
- Vaishali
Other Sites
- Patna
- Gaya
- Kosambi
- Mathura
- Kapilavastu
- Devadaha
- Kesariya
- Pava
- Nalanda
- Varanasi
Later Sites
- Sanchi
- Ratnagiri
- Ellora
- Ajantha
- Bharhut

Comparative Buddhism

From a 12th-century Greek manuscript: Saint Josaphat preaches the Gospel.

Buddhism and science
- Buddhism and psychology
Buddhism and Theosophy
Buddhism and other religions
- Buddhism and Eastern religions
  - Buddhism and Hinduism
  - Buddhism and Jainism
- Buddhism and Christianity
  - Buddhist-Christian Studies
  - Parallels between Buddha and Jesus
- Buddhism and Gnosticism
- Gautama Buddha in world religions

Lists

Glossary of Buddhism
Index of Buddhism-related articles
List of Buddhas
- List of the twenty-eight Buddhas
List of Buddha claimants
List of bodhisattvas
List of Buddhists
List of modern scholars in Buddhist studies
List of suttas
- in Theravada
  - List of Digha Nikaya suttas
  - List of Majjhima Nikaya suttas
  - List of Samyutta Nikaya suttas
  - List of Anguttara Nikaya suttas
  - List of Khuddaka Nikaya suttas
- in Mahayana
  - Mahayana sutras
List of Buddhist temples
- Buddhist temples in Japan
  - List of Buddhist temples in Kyoto
- Korean Buddhist temples
- List of Buddhist Architecture in China
- List of Buddhist temples in Thailand
List of writers on Buddhism
Buddha games list

Charts

Dhamma chart in English
Dhamma chart in the Pali language

Notes

References

↑ Gethin, Rupert. The Foundations of Buddhism, p1. Oxford University Press, 1998.
↑ "The World Factbook: Sri Lanka". CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/. .
↑ Keown, Damien (2003), A Dictionary of Buddhism: p. 38
↑ "The Mahayana, 'Great Vehicle' or 'Great Carriage' (for carrying all beings to nirvana), is also, and perhaps more correctly and accurately, known as the Bodhisattvayana, the bodhisattva's vehicle." – Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999). Indian Buddhism: p.338
↑ "SuttaCentral AN 8.53". https://suttacentral.net/an8.53/en/sujato.

External links

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline of Buddhism. Read more

[1] Gethin, Rupert. The Foundations of Buddhism, p1. Oxford University Press, 1998.

[2] "The World Factbook: Sri Lanka". CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/. .

[autogenerated38-3] Keown, Damien (2003), A Dictionary of Buddhism: p. 38

[4] "The Mahayana, 'Great Vehicle' or 'Great Carriage' (for carrying all beings to nirvana), is also, and perhaps more correctly and accurately, known as the Bodhisattvayana, the bodhisattva's vehicle." – Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999). Indian Buddhism: p.338

[5] "SuttaCentral AN 8.53". https://suttacentral.net/an8.53/en/sujato.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

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Biology:Outline of Buddhism

The Buddha

Branches of Buddhism

Schools of Buddhism

Theravāda

Mahāyāna

Vajrayāna

Early Buddhist schools

Buddhist modernism

Buddhism worldwide

Buddhist scriptures and texts

Theravada texts

Mahayana texts

Vajrayana texts

History of Buddhism

Doctrines of Buddhism

Three Jewels (Tiratana • Triratna)

Four Noble Truths (Cattāri ariyasaccāni • Catvāri āryasatyāni)

1. The Noble Truth of Suffering (Dukkha ariya sacca)

2. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering (Dukkha samudaya ariya sacca)

3. The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering (Dukkha nirodha ariya sacca)

4. The Noble Truth of the Path of Practice leading to the Cessation of Suffering (Dukkha nirodha gāminī paṭipadā ariya sacca)

Three Characteristics of Existence (Tilakkhaṇa • Trilakṣaṇa)

Five Aggregates (Pañca khandha • Pañca-skandha)

Dependent Origination (Paticcasamuppāda • Pratītyasamutpāda)

This/that Conditionality (Idappaccayatā)

Twelve Links (Nidāna)

Transcendental Dependent Origination

Karma (Kamma)

Rebirth (Punabbhava • Punarbhava)

Buddhist cosmology

Sense bases (Āyatana)

Six Great Elements (Dhātu)

Faculties (Indriya)

Formations (Saṅkhāra • Saṃskāra)

Mental Factors (Cetasika • Caitasika )

Theravāda abhidhamma

Mahayana abhidharma

Mind and Consciousness

Obstacles to Enlightenment

Two Kinds of Happiness (Sukha)

Two Kinds of Bhava

Two Guardians of the World (Sukka lokapala)

Three Conceits

Three Standpoints

Three Primary Aims

Three Divisions of the Dharma

Four Kinds of Nutriment

Four Kinds of Acquisitions (Upadhi)

Eight Worldly Conditions

Truth (Sacca • Satya)

Higher Knowledge (Abhiññā • Abhijñā)

Great fruits of the contemplative life (Maha-Phala)

Concepts unique to Mahayana and Vajrayana

Other concepts

Buddhist practices

Buddhist devotion

Moral discipline and precepts (Sīla • Śīla)

Three Resolutions

Three Pillars of Dharma

Threefold Training (Sikkhā)

Five Qualities

Five Powers of a Trainee

Five Things that lead to Enlightenment

Five Subjects for Contemplation

Gradual training (Anupubbikathā)

Seven Good Qualities (Satta saddhammā)

Ten Meritorious Deeds (Dasa Punnakiriya vatthu)

Perfections (Pāramī • Pāramitā)

Ten Theravada Pāramīs (Dasa pāramiyo)

Six Mahayana Pāramitās

States Pertaining to Enlightenment (Bodhipakkhiyādhammā • Bodhipakṣa dharma)

Four Foundations of Mindfulness (Cattāro satipaṭṭhānā • Smṛtyupasthāna)

Four Right Efforts (Cattārimāni sammappadhānāni • Samyak-pradhāna)

Four Roads to Mental Power (Iddhipāda • Ṛddhipāda)

Five Spiritual Faculties (Pañca indriya)

Five Powers (Pañca bala)

Seven Factors of Enlightenment (Satta sambojjhaṅgā • Sapta bodhyanga)