Social:Central Tibetan
Central Tibetan | |
---|---|
Ü-Tsang | |
དབུས་སྐད་, Dbus skad / Ükä དབུས་གཙང་སྐད་, Dbus-gtsang skad / Ü-tsang kä | |
The name of the language written in the Tibetan script | |
Pronunciation | [wýkɛʔ, wýʔtsáŋ kɛʔ] |
Native to | India , Nepal, China (Tibet Autonomous Region) |
Region | Tibet Autonomous Region |
Native speakers | (1.2 million cited 1990–2014)e26 |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Standard forms | Lasetian
|
Tibetan script | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:bod – Lhasa Tibetandre – Dolpohut – Humla, Limilhm – Lhomi (Shing Saapa)muk – Mugom (Mugu)kte – Nubriola – Walungge (Gola)loy – Lowa/Loke (Mustang)tcn – Tichurong |
Glottolog | tibe1272 Tibetan[1]sout3216 South-Western Tibetic (partial match)[2]basu1243 Basum[3] |
Shingsaba is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |
Central Tibetan, also known as Dbus, Ü or Ü-Tsang, is the most widely spoken Tibetic language and the basis of Standard Tibetan.
Dbus and Ü are forms of the same name. Dbus is a transliteration of the name in Tibetan script, དབུས་, whereas Ü is the pronunciation of the same in Lhasa dialect, [wy˧˥˧ʔ] (or [y˧˥˧ʔ]). That is, in Tibetan, the name is spelled Dbus and pronounced Ü. All of these names are frequently applied specifically to the prestige dialect of Lhasa.
Languages or dialects
There are many mutually intelligible Central Tibetan languages besides that of Lhasa, with particular diversity along the border and in Nepal:
- Limi (Limirong), Mugum, Dolpo (Dolkha), Mustang (Lowa, Lokä), Humla, Nubri, Lhomi, Dhrogpai Gola, Walungchung Gola (Walungge/Halungge), Tseku
- Basum (most divergent, possibly a separate language)
Ethnologue reports that Walungge is highly intelligible with Thudam.
Glottolog reports these South-Western Tibetic languages as forming a separate subgroup of languages within Central Tibetan languages, but that Thudam is not a distinct variety. On the opposite, Glottolog does not classify Basum within Central Tibetan but leaves it unclassified within Tibetic languages.
Tournadre (2013) classifies Tseku with Khams.[4]
Central Tibetan has 70% lexical similarity with Amdo Tibetan and 80% lexical similarity with Khams Tibetan.[5]
Qu & Jing (2017), a comparative survey of Central Tibetan lects, documents the Lhasa 拉萨, Shigatse 日喀则, Gar 噶尔, Sherpa 夏尔巴, Basum 巴松, Gertse 改则, and Nagqu 那曲 varieties.[6]
Consonants
|
|
- འ isn't commonly transliterated to Roman, in the Wade–Giles system ' is used.
Vowels
ཨ(◌)
ཨ། | ཨའུ། | ཨག། ཨགས། |
ཨང༌། ཨངས། |
ཨབ། ཨབས། |
ཨམ། ཨམས། |
ཨར། | ཨལ། ཨའི། |
ཨད། ཨས། |
ཨན། |
a | au | ag | aŋ | ab | am | ar | ai/ä | ai/ä | ain/än |
ཨི། ཨིལ། ཨའི། |
ཨིའུ། ཨེའུ། |
ཨིག། ཨིགས། |
ཨིང༌། ཨིངས། |
ཨིབ། ཨིབས། |
ཨིམ། ཨིམས། |
ཨིར། | ཨིད། ཨིས། |
ཨིན། | |
i | iu | ig | iŋ | ib | im | ir | i | in | |
ཨུ། | ཨུག། ཨུགས། |
ཨུང༌། ཨུངས། |
ཨུབ། ཨུབས། |
ཨུམ། ཨུམས། |
ཨུར། | ཨུལ། ཨུའི།[VOW 1] |
ཨུད། ཨུས། |
ཨུན། | |
u | ug | uŋ | ub | um | ur | ü | ü | ün | |
ཨེ། ཨེལ། ཨེའི། |
ཨེག། ཨེགས། |
ཨེང༌། ཨེངས། |
ཨེབ། ཨེབས། |
ཨེམ། ཨེམས། |
ཨེར། | ཨེད། ཨེས། |
ཨེན། | ||
ê | êg | êŋ | êb | êm | êr | ê | ên | ||
ཨོ། | ཨོག། ཨོགས། |
ཨོང༌། ཨོངས། |
ཨོབ། ཨོབས། |
ཨོམ། ཨོམས། |
ཨོར། | ཨོལ། ཨོའི། |
ཨོད། ཨོས། |
ཨོན། | |
o | og | oŋ | ob | om | or | oi/ö | oi/ö | oin/ön |
- ↑ 特殊
Pronunciation
IPA | Wade–Giles | Tibetan Pinyin | IPA | Wade–Giles | Tibetan Pinyin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[a] | a | a | |||
[ɛ] | al, a'i | ai/ä | [ɛ̃] | an | ain/än |
[i] | i, il, i'i | i | [ĩ] | in | in |
[u] | u | u | |||
[y] | ul, u'i | ü | [ỹ] | un | ün |
[e] | e, el, e'i | ê | [ẽ] | en | ên |
[o] | o | o | |||
[ø] | ol, o'i | oi/ö | [ø̃] | on | oin/ön |
一"ai, ain, oi, oin" is also written to "ä, än, ö, ön".
Conjunct vowels
IPA | Wade–Giles | Tibetan Pinyin |
---|---|---|
[au] | a'u | au |
[iu] | i'u, e'u | iu |
Last consonant
IPA | Wade–Giles | Tibetan Pinyin |
---|---|---|
[ʔ] | d, s | none |
[n] | n | |
[k/ʔ] | g, gs | g |
[ŋ] | ng, ngs | ng |
[p] | b, bs | b |
[m] | m, ms | m |
[r] | r | r |
See also
- Lhasa Tibetan
- Amdo Tibetan
- Ladakhi language
- Balti language
- Ü-Tsang
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Tibetan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tibe1272.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "South-Western Tibetic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sout3216.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Basum". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/basu1243.
- ↑ N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes." Lalies, 2005, n°25, p. 7–56 [1]
- ↑ "China". 2016. http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/languages.
- ↑ Qu, Aitang 瞿霭堂; Jing, Song 劲松. 2017. Zangyu Weizang fangyan yanjiu 藏语卫藏方言研究. Beijing: Zhongguo Zangxue chubanshe 中国藏学出版社. ISBN:9787802534230.
Central Tibetan edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central Tibetan.
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