Astronomy:Eskimo Nebula: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Planetary nebula in the constellation Gemini}}
{{short description|Planetary nebula in the constellation Gemini}}
{{ Planetary nebula
{{ Planetary nebula
| image = [[Image:Ngc2392.jpg|250px]]
| image = 250px
| caption = NGC 2392, the Eskimo Nebula by [[Astronomy:Hubble Space Telescope|HST]] in 1999.
| caption = NGC 2392, the Eskimo Nebula by [[Astronomy:Hubble Space Telescope|HST]] in 1999.
| credit = [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]/ESA/STScI
| credit = [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]/ESA/STScI
Line 25: Line 26:
| doi-access=free}}</ref>
| doi-access=free}}</ref>
| constellation = [[Astronomy:Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]]
| constellation = [[Astronomy:Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]]
| radius_ly = ≥0.34 ly{{Ref_label|A|a|none}}
| radius_ly = ≥0.34 ly{{Ref label|A|a|none}}
| absmag_v = ≤0.4 {{Ref_label|B|b|none}}
| absmag_v = ≤0.4{{Ref label|B|b|none}}
| notes = –
| notes = –
| names = [[Astronomy:New General Catalogue|NGC]] 2392,<ref name="simbad" /> [[Astronomy:Caldwell catalogue|Caldwell]] 39, PN G197.8+17.3<BR>[[Astronomy:Planetary nebula#Central stars|Central Star]]: [[Astronomy:Hipparcos#Published catalogues|HIP]] 36369, HD 59088, [[Astronomy:Tycho-2 Catalogue|TYC]] 1372-1287-1
| names = [[Astronomy:New General Catalogue|NGC]] 2392,<ref name="simbad" /> [[Astronomy:Caldwell catalogue|Caldwell]] 39, PN G197.8+17.3<br />[[Astronomy:Planetary nebula#Central stars|Central Star]]: [[Astronomy:Hipparcos#Published catalogues|HIP]] 36369, HD 59088, [[Astronomy:Tycho-2 Catalogue|TYC]] 1372-1287-1
}}
}}


The '''Eskimo Nebula''' ('''NGC 2392'''), also known as the '''Clown-faced Nebula''', '''Lion Nebula''',<ref>Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects, 2nd Edition, Stephen James O'Meara, 2016, p.181</ref> or '''Caldwell 39''', is a [[Astronomy:Bipolar nebula|bipolar]]<ref name="ODelletal2003">{{cite conference | author=O'dell, C. R. | display-authors=4 | author2=Balick, B. | author3=Hajian, A. R. | author4=Henney, W. J. | author5=Burkert, A. | title=Knots in Planetary Nebulae | conference=Winds, Bubbles, and Explosions: a conference to honor John Dyson, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México, September 9–13, 2002 | editor=S. J. Arthur & W. J. Henney | book-title=[[Astronomy:Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica|Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica]] (Serie de Conferencias) | url=http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/~rmaa/ | date=2003 | volume=15 | pages=29–33 | bibcode=2003RMxAC..15...29O | access-date=2007-01-04 | archive-date=2018-05-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501131545/http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/~rmaa/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> double-shell<ref name="Guerreroetal2005">{{cite journal
The '''Eskimo Nebula''' ('''NGC 2392'''), also known as the '''Clown Face Nebula''', '''Lion Nebula''',<ref>Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects, 2nd Edition, Stephen James O'Meara, 2016, p.181</ref> or '''Caldwell 39''', is a [[Astronomy:Bipolar nebula|bipolar]]<ref name="ODelletal2003">{{cite conference | author=O'dell, C. R. | display-authors=4 | author2=Balick, B. | author3=Hajian, A. R. | author4=Henney, W. J. | author5=Burkert, A. | title=Knots in Planetary Nebulae | conference=Winds, Bubbles, and Explosions: a conference to honor John Dyson, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México, September 9–13, 2002 | editor=S. J. Arthur & W. J. Henney | book-title=[[Astronomy:Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica|Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica]] (Serie de Conferencias) | url=http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/~rmaa/ | date=2003 | volume=15 | pages=29–33 | bibcode=2003RMxAC..15...29O | access-date=2007-01-04 | archive-date=2018-05-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501131545/http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/~rmaa/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> double-shell<ref name="Guerreroetal2005">{{cite journal
   | author=Guerrero, M. A. | author2=Chu, Y.-H. | author3=Gruendl, R. A. | author4=Meixner, M.
   | author=Guerrero, M. A. | author2=Chu, Y.-H. | author3=Gruendl, R. A. | author4=Meixner, M.
   | title=XMM-Newton detection of hot gas in the Eskimo Nebula: Shocked stellar wind or collimated outflows?
   | title=XMM-Newton detection of hot gas in the Eskimo Nebula: Shocked stellar wind or collimated outflows?
Line 41: Line 42:
   | bibcode=2005A&A...430L..69G
   | bibcode=2005A&A...430L..69G
   | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200400131
   | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200400131
|arxiv = astro-ph/0412540 | s2cid=6518963 }}</ref> [[Astronomy:Planetary nebula|planetary nebula]] (PN). It was discovered by [[Astronomy:Astronomer|astronomer]] William Herschel in 1787. The formation resembles a person's head surrounded by a parka hood. It is surrounded by gas that composed the outer layers of a [[Astronomy:Sun|Sun-like star]]. The visible inner filaments are ejected by a strong wind of particles from the central star. The outer disk contains unusual, light-year-long filaments.
| arxiv = astro-ph/0412540 | s2cid=6518963 }}</ref> [[Astronomy:Planetary nebula|planetary nebula]] (PN). It was discovered by [[Astronomy:Astronomer|astronomer]] William Herschel in 1787. The formation resembles a person's head surrounded by a parka hood. It is surrounded by gas that composed the outer layers of a [[Astronomy:Sun|Sun]]-like star. The visible inner filaments are ejected by a strong wind of particles from the central star. The outer disk contains unusual, light-year-long filaments.


NGC 2392 lies about 6500 light-years away, and is visible with a small [[Astronomy:Telescope|telescope]] in the constellation of [[Astronomy:Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]].
NGC 2392 lies about 6500 light-years away, and is visible with a small [[Astronomy:Telescope|telescope]] in the constellation of [[Astronomy:Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]].


At the center of NGC 2392, there is an [[Astronomy:O-type star|O-type star]] with a spectral type of O(H)6f.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202141916|title=Planetary nebulae in Gaia EDR3: Central star identification, properties, and binarity|year=2021|last1=González-Santamaría|first1=I.|last2=Manteiga|first2=M.|last3=Manchado|first3=A.|last4=Ulla|first4=A.|last5=Dafonte|first5=C.|last6=López Varela|first6=P.|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=656|pages=A51|arxiv=2109.12114|bibcode=2021A&A...656A..51G|s2cid=237940344}}</ref>
At the center of NGC 2392, there is an [[Astronomy:O-type star|O-type star]] (designated [[Astronomy:Henry Draper Catalogue|HD]] 59088<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=1996IBVS.4283....1H|date=2 January 1996|title=Three New Variable Planetary Nebula Central Stars: M 2-54, M 4-18 and NGC 2392|last=Handler|first=G.|journal=Information Bulletin on Variable Stars|volume=4283 |issue=4283|page=1 |publisher=[[Organization:International Astronomical Union|International Astronomical Union]]|location=Konkoly Observatory, [[Place:Budapest|Budapest]]}}</ref>) with a spectral type of O(H)6f.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202141916|title=Planetary nebulae in Gaia EDR3: Central star identification, properties, and binarity|year=2021|last1=González-Santamaría|first1=I.|last2=Manteiga|first2=M.|last3=Manchado|first3=A.|last4=Ulla|first4=A.|last5=Dafonte|first5=C.|last6=López Varela|first6=P.|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=656|pages=A51|arxiv=2109.12114|bibcode=2021A&A...656A..51G|s2cid=237940344}}</ref>
 
== Historic data ==


==Historic data==
[[File:NGC 2392, Eskimo Nebula.jpg|left|thumb|NGC 2392 in 32 inch telescope]]
The nebula was discovered by William Herschel on January 17, 1787, in Slough, England. He described it as "A star 9th magnitude with a pretty bright middle, nebulosity equally dispersed all around. A very remarkable phenomenon."<ref>''The Scientific Papers of Sir William Herschel'' by J. L. E. Dreyer, Royal Society, London 1912</ref> NGC 2392 WH IV-45 is included in the [[Organization:Astronomical League|Astronomical League]]'s Herschel 400 observing program.
The nebula was discovered by William Herschel on January 17, 1787, in Slough, England. He described it as "A star 9th magnitude with a pretty bright middle, nebulosity equally dispersed all around. A very remarkable phenomenon."<ref>''The Scientific Papers of Sir William Herschel'' by J. L. E. Dreyer, Royal Society, London 1912</ref> NGC 2392 WH IV-45 is included in the [[Organization:Astronomical League|Astronomical League]]'s Herschel 400 observing program.
On 9 January 1982 it was occulted by the [[Astronomy:Moon|Moon]] during a Total Lunar Eclipse (the January 1982 lunar eclipse) over [[Place:Greenland|Greenland]], the [[Company:Arctic|Arctic]], the extreme northeast of [[Earth:North America|North America]], the northern half of [[Earth:Europe|Europe]], [[Place:North Asia|North]] and [[Place:Northeast Asia|Northeast Asia]]. This event was seen by several observers in England. The occultation during total eclipse will happen again during the January 2066 lunar eclipse over the northern half of Asia and the Northwest Pacific.<ref name="Mus2002">{{cite book |date=2002 |first=Jan |last=Meeus |chapter=Occultations of deep-sky objects during a total lunar eclipse |pages=157–162 |title=More Mathematical Astronomy Morsels |publisher=Willmann-Bell |isbn=0943396743 |url=https://falakmu.id/khgt/dokumen/More%20mathematical%20astronomy%20morsels%20(Jean%20Meeus)%20(Z-Library).pdf}}</ref>{{rp|158}}
{{clear|left}}
{{clear|left}}
== Location==
[[File:Gemini_IAU.svg|align=left|360px]]
:NGC 2392 is located just east of [[Astronomy:Delta Geminorum|δ Geminorum]], just south the [[Astronomy:Ecliptic|ecliptic]].


==Naming controversy==
== Naming controversy ==
On 11 August 2020, the [[Astronomy:IAU Working Group on Star Names|IAU Working Group on Star Names]] (WGSN),{{cn|date=August 2020}} NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED),{{cn|date=August 2020}} and SIMBAD Astronomical Database (CDS) discontinued use of three nicknames that were perceived as offensive - "Eskimo Nebula", "[[Social:Clown|Clown]] Face Nebula", and "Clownface Nebula" - and strongly recommended the nebula be referred to by its NGC designation in further publications.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Talbert |first1=Tricia |title=NASA to Reexamine Nicknames for Cosmic Objects |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-reexamine-nicknames-for-cosmic-objects |access-date=11 August 2020 |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |date=11 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="simbad" />
[[File:Gemini IAU.svg|left|thumb|Location of Eskimo Nebula in Gemini, just east of [[Delta Geminorum|δ Geminorum]] (annotated as 2392)]]
 
On 11 August 2020, the [[Astronomy:IAU Working Group on Star Names|IAU Working Group on Star Names]] (WGSN), NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED),{{citation needed|date=August 2020} ]] (CDS) discontinued use of three nicknames that were perceived as offensive – "Eskimo Nebula", "[[Social:Clown|Clown]] Face Nebula", and "Clownface Nebula" – and strongly recommended the nebula be referred to by its NGC designation in further publications.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Talbert |first1=Tricia |title=NASA to Reexamine Nicknames for Cosmic Objects |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-reexamine-nicknames-for-cosmic-objects |access-date=11 August 2020 |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |date=11 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="simbad" />
{{clear|left}}
== See also ==


==See also==
* [[Astronomy:List of planetary nebulae|List of planetary nebulae]]
* [[Astronomy:List of planetary nebulae|List of planetary nebulae]]
* [[Astronomy:New General Catalogue|New General Catalogue]]
* [[Astronomy:New General Catalogue|New General Catalogue]]
Line 65: Line 68:
{{reflist|group=NB}}
{{reflist|group=NB}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
<ol type="a">
# {{Note label|A|a|none}}Radius = distance × sin(angular size / 2) = ≥2900 ly * sin(48{{pprime}} / 2) = ≥0.34 ly
<li>{{Note_label|A|a|none}}Radius = distance × sin(angular size / 2) = ≥2900 ly * sin(48{{pprime}} / 2) = ≥0.34 ly</li>
# {{Note label|B|b|none}}10.1 apparent magnitude – 5 * (log<sub>10</sub>(≥880 pc distance) – 1) = ≤0.4 absolute magnitude
<li>{{Note_label|B|b|none}}10.1 apparent magnitude - 5 * (log<sub>10</sub>(≥880 pc distance) - 1) = ≤0.4 absolute magnitude</li>
</ol>
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
 
* {{WikiSky|name=NGC 2392}}
* {{WikiSky|name=NGC 2392}}
* [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap031207.html APOD (2003-12-07)] – NGC 2392
* [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap031207.html APOD (2003-12-07)] – NGC 2392
* [https://lowell.edu/eskimo-nebula/ Eskimo Nebula] Lowell Observatory
* [https://lowell.edu/eskimo-nebula/ Eskimo Nebula] Lowell Observatory
* [http://www.astro.umd.edu/~jph/eskimo.html The Structure & Evolution of the Eskimo Planetary Nebula] University of Maryland Astronomy Department
* [http://www.astro.umd.edu/~jph/eskimo.html The Structure & Evolution of the Eskimo Planetary Nebula] University of Maryland Astronomy Department
* [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ApJ...362..226O/abstract A Kinematic Determination of the Structure of the Double Ring Planetary Nebula NGC 2392, the Eskimo] Astrophysical Journal v.362, p.226 October 1990
* [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ApJ...362..226O/abstract A Kinematic Determination of the Structure of the Double Ring Planetary Nebula NGC 2392, the Eskimo] Astrophysical Journal v.362, p.&nbsp;226 October 1990
* [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/942A16B4A44F063286041BCF49525DF6/S1743921312011453a.pdf/div-class-title-a-cat-s-eye-view-of-the-eskimo-from-saturn-div.pdf A Cat's Eye view of the Eskimo from Saturn] Maria-Teresa Garc ́ıa-D ́ıaz, Jose-Alberto L ́opez, Wofgang Steffen,Michael G. Richer and Hortensia Riesgo, 2011
* [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/942A16B4A44F063286041BCF49525DF6/S1743921312011453a.pdf/div-class-title-a-cat-s-eye-view-of-the-eskimo-from-saturn-div.pdf A Cat's Eye view of the Eskimo from Saturn] Maria-Teresa Garc ́ıa-D ́ıaz, Jose-Alberto L ́opez, Wofgang Steffen, Michael G. Richer and Hortensia Riesgo, 2011


{{Caldwell catalogue}}
{{Caldwell catalogue}}
{{NGC objects:2000-2499}}
{{Stars of Gemini}}
{{Stars of Gemini}}
{{Sky|07|29|10.7669|+|20|54|42.488|2870}}
{{Sky|07|29|10.7669|+|20|54|42.488|2870}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eskimo Nebula}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eskimo Nebula}}
[[Category:Planetary nebulae]]
[[Category:Planetary nebulae]]
[[Category:Gemini (constellation)]]
[[Category:Gemini (constellation)]]
[[Category:NGC objects|2392]]
[[Category:NGC objects]]
[[Category:Caldwell objects|039b]]
[[Category:Caldwell objects|039b]]


{{Sourceattribution|Eskimo Nebula}}
{{Sourceattribution|Eskimo Nebula}}

Latest revision as of 10:26, 1 September 2025

Short description: Planetary nebula in the constellation Gemini


NGC 2392
Emission nebula
Planetary nebula
File:250px
NGC 2392, the Eskimo Nebula by HST in 1999.
Credit: NASA/ESA/STScI
Observation data: J2000 epoch
Right ascension 07h 29m 10.7669s[1]
Declination+20° 54′ 42.488″[1]
Distance6520±560[2] ly
Apparent magnitude (V)10.1[1]
Apparent dimensions (V)48″; × 48″;[3]
ConstellationGemini
Physical characteristics
Radius≥0.34 ly[a] ly
Absolute magnitude (V)≤0.4[b]
Notable features–
DesignationsNGC 2392,[1] Caldwell 39, PN G197.8+17.3
Central Star: HIP 36369, HD 59088, TYC 1372-1287-1
See also: Lists of nebulae

The Eskimo Nebula (NGC 2392), also known as the Clown Face Nebula, Lion Nebula,[4] or Caldwell 39, is a bipolar[5] double-shell[6] planetary nebula (PN). It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel in 1787. The formation resembles a person's head surrounded by a parka hood. It is surrounded by gas that composed the outer layers of a Sun-like star. The visible inner filaments are ejected by a strong wind of particles from the central star. The outer disk contains unusual, light-year-long filaments.

NGC 2392 lies about 6500 light-years away, and is visible with a small telescope in the constellation of Gemini.

At the center of NGC 2392, there is an O-type star (designated HD 59088[7]) with a spectral type of O(H)6f.[8]

Historic data

The nebula was discovered by William Herschel on January 17, 1787, in Slough, England. He described it as "A star 9th magnitude with a pretty bright middle, nebulosity equally dispersed all around. A very remarkable phenomenon."[9] NGC 2392 WH IV-45 is included in the Astronomical League's Herschel 400 observing program.

On 9 January 1982 it was occulted by the Moon during a Total Lunar Eclipse (the January 1982 lunar eclipse) over Greenland, the Arctic, the extreme northeast of North America, the northern half of Europe, North and Northeast Asia. This event was seen by several observers in England. The occultation during total eclipse will happen again during the January 2066 lunar eclipse over the northern half of Asia and the Northwest Pacific.[10]:158

Naming controversy

Location of Eskimo Nebula in Gemini, just east of δ Geminorum (annotated as 2392)

On 11 August 2020, the IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN), NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED),{{citation needed|date=August 2020} ]] (CDS) discontinued use of three nicknames that were perceived as offensive – "Eskimo Nebula", "Clown Face Nebula", and "Clownface Nebula" – and strongly recommended the nebula be referred to by its NGC designation in further publications.[11][1]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Radius = distance × sin(angular size / 2) = ≥2900 ly * sin(48″ / 2) = ≥0.34 ly
  2. ^ 10.1 apparent magnitude – 5 * (log10(≥880 pc distance) – 1) = ≤0.4 absolute magnitude

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "NGC 2392". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=NGC+2392. 
  2. ↑ Gaia Collaboration et al. (2018b): Summary of the contents and survey properties
  3. ↑ O'Dell, C. R.; Balick, B.; Hajian, A. R.; Henney, W. J. et al. (2002). "Knots in Nearby Planetary Nebulae". The Astronomical Journal 123 (6): 3329–3347. doi:10.1086/340726. Bibcode: 2002AJ....123.3329O. 
  4. ↑ Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects, 2nd Edition, Stephen James O'Meara, 2016, p.181
  5. ↑ O'dell, C. R.; Balick, B.; Hajian, A. R.; Henney, W. J.; Burkert, A. (2003). "Knots in Planetary Nebulae". in S. J. Arthur & W. J. Henney. Winds, Bubbles, and Explosions: a conference to honor John Dyson, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México, September 9–13, 2002. 15. pp. 29–33. Bibcode: 2003RMxAC..15...29O. http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/~rmaa/. Retrieved 2007-01-04. 
  6. ↑ Guerrero, M. A.; Chu, Y.-H.; Gruendl, R. A.; Meixner, M. (2005). "XMM-Newton detection of hot gas in the Eskimo Nebula: Shocked stellar wind or collimated outflows?". Astronomy and Astrophysics 430 (3): L69–L72. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400131. Bibcode: 2005A&A...430L..69G. 
  7. ↑ Handler, G. (2 January 1996). "Three New Variable Planetary Nebula Central Stars: M 2-54, M 4-18 and NGC 2392". Information Bulletin on Variable Stars (Konkoly Observatory, Budapest: International Astronomical Union) 4283 (4283): 1. Bibcode: 1996IBVS.4283....1H. 
  8. ↑ González-Santamaría, I.; Manteiga, M.; Manchado, A.; Ulla, A.; Dafonte, C.; López Varela, P. (2021). "Planetary nebulae in Gaia EDR3: Central star identification, properties, and binarity". Astronomy & Astrophysics 656: A51. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141916. Bibcode: 2021A&A...656A..51G. 
  9. ↑ The Scientific Papers of Sir William Herschel by J. L. E. Dreyer, Royal Society, London 1912
  10. ↑ Meeus, Jan (2002). "Occultations of deep-sky objects during a total lunar eclipse". More Mathematical Astronomy Morsels. Willmann-Bell. pp. 157–162. ISBN 0943396743. https://falakmu.id/khgt/dokumen/More%20mathematical%20astronomy%20morsels%20(Jean%20Meeus)%20(Z-Library).pdf. 
  11. ↑ Talbert, Tricia (11 August 2020). "NASA to Reexamine Nicknames for Cosmic Objects". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-reexamine-nicknames-for-cosmic-objects. 

External links

Template:NGC objects:2000-2499

Coordinates: Sky map 07h 29m 10.7669s, +20° 54′ 42.488″



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