Astronomy:NGC 40
Template:Infobox planetary nebula
NGC 40 (also known as the Bow-Tie Nebula and Caldwell 2) is a planetary nebula discovered by William Herschel on November 25, 1788, and is composed of hot gas around a dying star. The star has ejected its outer layer which has left behind a small, hot star.[1] Radiation from the star causes the shed outer layer to heat to about 10,000 degrees Celsius and become visible as a planetary nebula. The nebula is about one light-year across.[1] About 30,000 years from now, scientists theorize that NGC 40 will fade away, leaving only a white dwarf star approximately the size of Earth.[1]
Morphologically, the shape of NGC 40 resembles a barrel with the long axis pointing towards the north-northeast. There are two additional pairs of lobes around the poles, which correspond to additional ejections from the star.[2]
The central star of NGC 40 has a Henry Draper Catalogue designation of HD 826.[3] It has a spectral type of [WC8], indicating a spectrum similar to that of a carbon-rich Wolf–Rayet star.[4] The central star has a bolometric luminosity of about 7,000 L☉ and radius of 0.56 R☉. The star appears to have an effective temperature of about 71,000 K, but the temperature of the source ionising the nebula is only about 45,000 K. One proposed explanation to this contradiction is that the star was previously cooler, but has experienced a late thermal pulse which re-ignited fusion and caused its temperature to increase.[3]
Gallery
Image of NGC 40 by Amateur Astronomer
Optical image from the WIYN telescope telescope
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Chandra X-Ray Observatory". http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2005/n40/.
- ↑ Rodríguez-González, J. B.; Toalá, J. A.; Sabin, L.; Ramos-Larios, G.; Guerrero, M. A.; López, J. A.; Estrada-Dorado, S. (2022). "Adjusting the bow-tie: A morpho-kinematic study of NGC 40". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 515 (2): 1557–1567. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1761.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Toalá, J. A.; Ramos-Larios, G.; Guerrero, M. A.; Todt, H. (2019). "Hidden IR structures in NGC 40: Signpost of an ancient born-again event". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 485 (3): 3360. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz624. Bibcode: 2019MNRAS.485.3360T.
- ↑ González-Santamaría, I.; Manteiga, M.; Manchado, A.; Ulla, A.; Dafonte, C.; López Varela, P. (2021). "Planetary nebulae in Gaia EDR3: Central star identification, properties, and binarity". Astronomy & Astrophysics 656: A51. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141916. Bibcode: 2021A&A...656A..51G.
External links
- Kameswara Rao, N.; Sutaria, F.; Murthy, J.; Krishna, S.; Mohan, R.; Ray, A. (2018). "Planetary nebulae with UVIT: Far ultra-violet halo around the Bow Tie nebula (NGC 40)". Astronomy & Astrophysics 609: L1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732188. Bibcode: 2018A&A...609L...1K.
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Coordinates: 
00h 13m 01s, +72° 31′ 19″
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