Biology:GDF15

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example


Growth/differentiation factor 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF15 gene. GDF15 was first identified as Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or MIC-1.[1]

It is a protein belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. Under normal conditions, GDF15 is expressed in low concentrations in most organs and upregulated because of injury of organs such as liver, kidney, heart and lung.[2][3][4]

Function

The function of GDF15 is not fully clear but it seems to have a role in regulating inflammatory pathways and to be involved in regulating apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell repair and cell growth, which are biological processes observed in cardiovascular and neoplastic disorders.[2][5][6][7]

Clinical significance

GDF15 has shown to be a strong prognostic protein in patients with different diseases such as heart diseases and cancer.[8]

However, elevated GDF15 levels in diseases such as cancer and heart disease may be the result of inflammation caused by these diseases. Note that GDF15 is necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance.[9]

Metformin was shown to cause increased levels of GDF15. This increase mediates the effect of body weight loss by metformin.[10] Further study has shown weight loss is promoted by maintaining energy expenditure in addition to appetite suppression.[11]

Elevations in GDF15 reduce food intake and body mass in animal models through binding to glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) and the recruitment of the receptor tyrosine kinase RET in the hindbrain.[12]

In both mice and humans have shown that metformin and exercise increase circulating levels of GDF15. GDF15 might also exert anti-inflammatory effects through mechanisms that are not fully understood. These unique and distinct mechanisms for suppressing food intake and inflammation makes GDF15 an appealing candidate to treat many metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer cachexia.[12]

Treatment of rodents fed a high-fat diet with recombinant growth differentiating factor 15 (GDF15) reduces obesity and improves glycemic control through glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α-like (GFRAL)-dependent suppression of food intake.[13]

Fibroblast-specific loss of GDF15 expression in a model of 3D reconstructed human skin induced epidermal thinning, a hallmark of skin aging. GDF15 plays a so far undisclosed role in mitochondrial homeostasis to delay both the onset of cellular senescence and the appearance of age-related changes in a 3D human skin model.[14]

It has been also associated as a causal factor in hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of morning sickness.[15]

References

  1. ↑ "MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (21): 11514–11519. October 1997. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.21.11514. PMID 9326641. Bibcode: 1997PNAS...9411514B. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Growth differentiation factor-15/macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 induction after kidney and lung injury". Shock 23 (6): 543–548. June 2005. PMID 15897808. 
  3. ↑ "Characterization of growth-differentiation factor 15, a transforming growth factor beta superfamily member induced following liver injury". Molecular and Cellular Biology 20 (10): 3742–3751. May 2000. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.10.3742-3751.2000. PMID 10779363. 
  4. ↑ "GDF15, a cardioprotective TGF-beta superfamily protein". Circulation Research 98 (3): 294–297. February 2006. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000207919.83894.9d. PMID 16484622. 
  5. ↑ "Growth differentiation factor 15 for risk stratification and selection of an invasive treatment strategy in non ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome". Circulation 116 (14): 1540–1548. October 2007. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.697714. PMID 17848615. 
  6. ↑ "The transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member growth-differentiation factor-15 protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury". Circulation Research 98 (3): 351–360. February 2006. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000202805.73038.48. PMID 16397141. 
  7. ↑ "Functional roles of GDF15 in modulating microenvironment to promote carcinogenesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease 1866 (8): 165798. August 2020. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165798. PMID 32304740. 
  8. ↑ "GDF-15 for prognostication of cardiovascular and cancer morbidity and mortality in men". PLOS ONE 8 (12): e78797. 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078797. PMID 24312445. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...878797W. 
  9. ↑ "GDF15 Is an Inflammation-Induced Central Mediator of Tissue Tolerance". Cell 178 (5): 1231–1244.e11. August 2019. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.033. PMID 31402172. 
  10. ↑ "GDF15 mediates the effects of metformin on body weight and energy balance". Nature 578 (7795): 444–448. February 2020. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1911-y. PMID 31875646. 
  11. ↑ "GDF15 promotes weight loss by enhancing energy expenditure in muscle". Nature 619 (7968): 143–150. July 2023. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06249-4. PMID 37380764. Bibcode: 2023Natur.619..143W. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "GDF15: emerging biology and therapeutic applications for obesity and cardiometabolic disease". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 17 (10): 592–607. October 2021. doi:10.1038/s41574-021-00529-7. PMID 34381196. 
  13. ↑ "GDF15 promotes weight loss by enhancing energy expenditure in muscle". Nature 619 (7968): 143–150. July 2023. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06249-4. PMID 37380764. Bibcode: 2023Natur.619..143W. 
  14. ↑ "Depletion of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and premature senescence in human dermal fibroblasts". Aging Cell 22 (1): e13752. January 2023. doi:10.1111/acel.13752. PMID 36547021. 
  15. ↑ "GDF15 linked to maternal risk of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy". Nature. 2023. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06921-9. PMID 38092039. 

External links




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