Biology:Anaerococcus

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Short description: Genus of bacteria

Anaerococcus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacillota
Class:
Clostridia
Order:
Clostridiales
Family:
Peptoniphilaceae
Genus:
Anaerococcus

Ezaki et al. 2001
Species
  • Anaerococcus degeneri Veloo et al. 2017
  • (Ezaki et al. 1990) Ezaki et al. 2001 Song et al. 2010
  • Wylensek et al. 2021 Anaerococcus prevotii
  • Anaerococcus nagyae (Foubert and Douglas 1948) Ezaki et al. 2001
  • Anaerococcus lactolyticus Veloo et al. 2017
  • Pagnier et al. 2017 Anaerococcus rubeinfantis
  • Anaerococcus octavius Tidjani Alou et al. 2017
  • Anaerococcus hydrogenalis (Li et al. 1992) Ezaki et al. 2001
  • (Murdoch et al. 1997) Ezaki et al. 2001 Lagier et al. 2014
  • Anaerococcus tetradius Anaerococcus pacaensis
  • (Ezaki et al. 1983) Ezaki et al. 2001 Anaerococcus vaginalis
  • Anaerococcus murdochii Pagnier et al. 2017
  • (Li et al. 1992) Ezaki et al. 2001 Anaerococcus senegalensis
  • Anaerococcus provencensis Anaerococcus porci

Anaerococcus is a genus of bacteria. Its type species is Anaerococcus prevotii.[1] These bacteria are Gram-positive and strictly anaerobic.[2][3][4] The genus Anaerococcus was proposed in 2001.[2][4] Its genome was sequenced in August 2009. The genus Anaerococcus is one of six genera classified within the group GPAC (Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci).[5] These six genera (Peptostreptococcus, Peptoniphilus, Parvimonas, Finegoldia, Murdochiella, and Anaerococcus) are found in the human body as part of the commensal human microbiota.[6][7][5]

It is commonly found in the human microbiome and is associated with various infections.[8] Most of the species in this genus can be found among microbes of the skin, human vagina, nasal cavity, oral cavity and feces, often as a pathogen found in ovarian abscesses, chronic wounds and vaginal discharge.[9] Moreover, some of the species can be isolated from foot ulcers and knee arthritis.[2] It can be present in urinary tract infections, chronic ulcers, pleural empyema, blood infections, and soft tissue infections. It is involved in polymicrobial infections.[10] Strains of Anaerococcus were found in the armpit microbiota suggesting some species in this genus could play a role in axillary odor.[10][11]

Physiology

The genus Anaerococcus are non motile bacteria who can not form spores.[4][12][2] Depending on the species the arrangement can be different. The most common arrangements within this genus are pairs, tetrads, short chains and irregular formations.[10][4] Their cells size can differ from 0.6μm to 0.9μm.[10] However, when they are grown using enrinched blood agar their size can go from 0.5μm to 2μm.[10] In this genus, there are more than one major cellular fatty acids: C18:1, C16:1, C18 and C16.[12] Most species in this genus are indole-negative and coaguase-negative.[10] In general, the species of Anaerococcus presents susceptibility to penicillins but are resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin.[9]

Metabolism

The genus Anaerococcus are classified as saccharolytic bacteria.[2][13] Its species can be arranged from weakly saccharolytic (ex. A. prevotii, A. lactolyticus) to strongly saccharolytic (ex. A. hydrogenalis).[13] This genus can ferment carbohydrates weakly.[6] The major sources of energy use in the metabolism of Anaerococcus are peptones and aminoacids.[4][10] The three major sugars fermented within this genus are glucose, mannose, fructose and sucrose.[12][4] After fermenting the sugars, Anaerococcus produce weak acids as their metabolic end product.[13] Within these metabolic end products, this genus ca produce butyric acid, lactic acid, and some propionic and succinic acid.[12] Nonetheless, the major metabolite produced by Anaerococcus is butyrate.[13][10][2]

Species

Until recently, the genus Anaerococcus have 14 known species.[14][9] Six of the species were initially classified in the genus Peptostreptococcus but then based on their characteristics were re-classified in the new genus Anaerococcus: A. hydrogenalis, A. lactolyticus, A. octavius, A. prevotii, A. tetradius, and A. vaginalis.[5][2] Throughout the years, the specie who has been more commonly found on the body within this genus is A. prevotii.[9]

Anaerococcus octavius

Contrary to most of the species in the genus, Anaerococcus octavius was not related to human infections.[9] Nevertheless, recently a new case revealed A. octavius can cause bacteremia.[9] Even though it is uncommon, Anaerococcus octavius can be the cause for human infections.[9] Other studies have found A. octavius as part of the nasal, skin and vaginal normal flora.[9][4] This bacteria can ferment ribose, glucose, and mannose.[4]

Anaerococcus prevotii

A. prevotii is normally found in vaginal discharge, human plasma and some types of abscesses - such as ovarian, peritoneal sacral and/or lung abscesses.[9][6] Anaerococcus prevotii is part of the normal flora in the skin, oral cavity and the gut.[6] Studies has shown Anaerococcus prevotii presents resistance to Ceftazidime, Clindamycin, Levofloxacin.[9] Unlike the other species, A. prevotii can not ferment glucose.[15]

Anaerococcus vaginalis

A. vaginalis was first recovered from vaginal discharges and ovarian abscesses although this bacteria can also be found in pressure ulcers and diabetic foot.[4][9] Some strains from this species can be indole-positive.[4]

Anaerococcus provencensis

A. provencensis was isolated from a cervical abscess.[16] This species can ferment lactose, unlike A. tetradius, A. prevotii, and A. octavius.[16] The first analysis made on Anaerococcus provencensis showed it is susceptible to penicillin G, imipenem, amoxillin, metronidazole, cefotetan and vancomycin.[16]

Anaerococcus senegalensis

A. senegalensis is one of the few species in the genus whose genome has been sequenced.[2] The genome has a size of 1,790,835 bp.[2] Analysis did not show presence of a plasmid.[2] Initially, Anaerococcus senegalensis was found in the fecal flora of a healthy person.[2]

Anaerococcus rubiinfantis

A. rubiinfantis was discovered from a stool sample taken from an infant with severe acute malnutrition in Senegal.[17] Based on a genomic analysis, Anaerococcus rubiinfantis has high antibiotic susceptibility.[17] For that reason this bacteria can be treated with common oral antibiotics.[17] A. rubiinfantis have catalase activity, which is not common from an anaerobic bacteria.[17]

Anaerococcus marasmi

A. marasmi was first found in 2016 from a stool sample on a child with marasmus.[14] Just like A. rubiinfantis, Anaerococcus marasmi is catalase positive.[14] A. marasmi can grow in a range of pH between 6.5 and 8.[14] Moreover, A. marasmi has a high 16S rRNA sequence similarity (97.6%) with A. prevotii [14]

Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis

A. urinomassiliensis was isolated from a urine sample of a male adolescent with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and autoimmune hepatitis.[18] It took 10 days of anaerobic incubation to observe growth from this bacteria.[18] Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis does not have either oxidase or catalase activity.[18]

References

  1. ↑ Parte, A.C.. "Anaerococcus". https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/anaerococcus. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 "Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus senegalensis sp. nov" (in En). Standards in Genomic Sciences 6 (1): 116–25. March 2012. doi:10.4056/sigs.2415480. PMID 22675604. 
  3. ↑ Song, Yuli; Finegold, Sydney M. (2011-01-01). "Peptostreptococcus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Veillonella , and Other Anaerobic Cocci" (in en). Manual of Clinical Microbiology (10th ed.). American Society of Microbiology. pp. 803–816. doi:10.1128/9781555816728.ch48. ISBN 978-1-55581-463-2. http://www.asmscience.org/content/book/10.1128/9781555816728.chap48. Retrieved 2020-08-02. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 "Proposal of the genera Anaerococcus gen. nov., Peptoniphilus gen. nov. and Gallicola gen. nov. for members of the genus Peptostreptococcus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 51 (Pt 4): 1521–1528. July 2001. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-4-1521. PMID 11491354. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Anaerococcus nagyae sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens". Anaerobe 38: 111–115. April 2016. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.11.009. PMID 26639871. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996415300858. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Complete genome sequence of Anaerococcus prevotii type strain (PC1)" (in En). Standards in Genomic Sciences 1 (2): 159–65. September 2009. doi:10.4056/sigs.24194. PMID 21304652. 
  7. ↑ "Anaerococcus degenerii sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens". Anaerobe 33: 71–5. June 2015. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.02.002. PMID 25680238. 
  8. ↑ "BacMap". http://bacmap.wishartlab.com/organisms/950. 
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 "First description of Anaerococcus octavius as cause of bacteremia". Anaerobe 61: 102130. February 2020. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102130. PMID 31765706. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 "Gram-positive anaerobic cocci--commensals and opportunistic pathogens". FEMS Microbiology Reviews 37 (4): 520–53. July 2013. doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12005. PMID 23030831. 
  11. ↑ Fujii, Takayoshi; Shinozaki, Junko; Kajiura, Takayuki; Iwasaki, Keiji; Fudou, Ryosuke (July 2014). "A newly discovered Anaerococcus strain responsible for axillary odor and a new axillary odor inhibitor, pentagalloyl glucose" (in en). FEMS Microbiology Ecology 89 (1): 198–207. doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12347. PMID 24784923. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Ezaki, Takayuki; Ohkusu, Kiyofumi (2015), "Anaerococcus" (in en), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria (American Cancer Society): pp. 1–5, doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00712, ISBN 978-1-118-96060-8 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Ezaki, Takayuki; Li, Na; Kawamura, Yoshiaki (2006), Dworkin, Martin; Falkow, Stanley; Rosenberg, Eugene et al., eds., "The Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci" (in en), The Prokaryotes: Volume 4: Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria (New York, NY: Springer US): pp. 795–808, doi:10.1007/0-387-30744-3_26, ISBN 978-0-387-30744-2 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 "marasmi sp. nov., a new bacterium isolated from human gut microbiota". New Microbes and New Infections 35: 100655. May 2020. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100655. PMID 32211195. 
  15. ↑ "Peptoniphilus gorbachii sp. nov., Peptoniphilus olsenii sp. nov., and Anaerococcus murdochii sp. nov. isolated from clinical specimens of human origin". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 45 (6): 1746–52. June 2007. doi:10.1128/JCM.00213-07. PMID 17428937. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus provenciensis sp. nov". Standards in Genomic Sciences 9 (3): 1198–210. June 2014. doi:10.4056/sigs.5501035. PMID 25197492. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "Anaerococcus rubiinfantis sp. nov., isolated from the gut microbiota of a Senegalese infant with severe acute malnutrition". Anaerobe 40: 85–94. August 2016. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.06.007. PMID 27328611. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996416300750. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis sp. nov., isolated from a urine sample of a 17-year-old boy affected by autoimmune hepatitis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis". New Microbes and New Infections 13: 56–8. September 2016. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2016.06.001. PMID 27408746. 

Wikidata ☰ Q3614900 entry



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