Biology:Beta-glucosidase
| β-glucosidase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 The structure of β-glucosidase A from bacterium Clostridium cellulovorans.[1] | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC number | 3.2.1.21 | ||||||||
| CAS number | 9001-22-3 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
| |||||||||
β-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21; systematic name β-D-glucoside glucohydrolase) is an enzyme that catalyses the following reaction:[2]
- Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing β-D-glucosyl residues with release of β-D-glucose
Structure
β-Glucosidase is composed of two polypeptide chains.[3] Each chain is made up of 438 amino acids and constitute a subunit of the enzyme.[4] Each of these subunits contains an active site. The active site has three potential components: the pocket, the cleft, and the tunnel.[5] The pocket structure is beneficial for recognition of monosaccharide like glucose. The cleft allows for binding of sugars to form polysaccharides. The tunnel allows for the enzyme to attach to polysaccharide and then release product while still attached to the sugar.[5]
Function
The function of the enzyme is to perform hydrolysis of various glycosides and oligosaccharides. The most significant oligosaccharide β-glucosidase reacts with is cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer composed of β-1,4-linked glucosyl residues. β-glucosidases, Cellulases (endoglucanases), cellobiosidases (exoglucanases) are required by a number of organisms to consume it. These enzymes are powerful tools for degradation of plant cell walls by pathogens and other organisms consuming plant biomass. β-Glucosidases are essential for many organisms to digest a variety of nutrients. This enzyme completes double-displacement reaction, meaning that the enzyme is changed to an intermediate form when the first substrate enters the active site, it then releases the product before another substrate binds, and reverts to its original form by the end of the reaction.[6] In the case of β-glucosidase, two carboxylate residues of glucosides, cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose are involved at the active site. The purpose of the reaction is to remove the residues from disaccharide cellobiose to produce glucose during the hydrolysis of biomass.[7] Depending on what the enzyme is reacting with the end product will be one or two glucose molecules.
Humans
Humans are unable to digest cellulose of plants cells. This is because the enzyme is not present in the human stomach, as the optimal pH is 5.6, while the pH of a human's stomach is acidic (between 1.5 and 3.5).[8] However, humans do require β-glucosidase, Lysosomal β-glucosidase, as it plays an important role in the degradation of glycosphingolipids. The enzyme will break down glucosylceramide into ceramide and glucose.[9] If an accumulation occurs this will lead to Gaucher disease. The buildup of fatty substances can lead to weakening bones, liver damage, and enlarging and impairing the function the spleen.[10]
Bonnethead Shark
Bonnethead sharks are found in tropical and subtropical water living in estuaries with muddy or sandy bottoms, rich with seagrass. They were once thought of as being solely carnivores. It was known that bonnethead did consume seagrass, but it was viewed as incidental and dismissed as not helping the benefitting the shark.[11] However, recent studies of the shark's hindgut has found that it has a high activity level of β-glucosidase.[12] During the digestive process of the bonnethead shark, the acidic stomach weakens the cell walls of the seagrass and allows for β-glucosidase to enter the cell and digest the cellulose. The activity level is on par with the monkeyface eel. The monkeyface eel is a herbivore, meaning that the bonnethead is able to perform the same digestive activity as a herbivore. Therefore, the bonnethead shark is now classified as an omnivore.
Christmas Island Red Crab
The Christmas Island red crab is a species of crab located solely in the Christmas Island of the Indian Ocean. Land crabs such as these possess multiple varieties of β-glucosidase as they are terrestrial herbivores. In the case of the Christmas Island red crab β-glucosidase not only produces glucose, but also removes cellobiose.[13] This is important as cellobiose is an inhibitor for a number of enzymes including endo-β-1,4-glucanase and cellobiohydrolase. β-Glucosidase is also capable of hydrolysis on small oligomers that are produced by other enzymes without the assistance of an intermediate enzyme.[13] This in turn makes β-glucosidase a very efficient enzyme in not only the digestive tract of the Christmas Island red crab, but other crustaceans as well.
Synonyms
Synonyms, derivatives, and related enzymes include gentiobiase, cellobiase, emulsin,[14] elaterase, aryl-β-glucosidase, β-D-glucosidase, β-glucoside glucohydrolase, arbutinase, amygdalinase, p-nitrophenyl β-glucosidase, primeverosidase, amygdalase, linamarase, salicilinase, and β-1,6-glucosidase.
| glucosidase, beta, acid 3 (cytosolic) | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | GBA3 |
| Alt. symbols | CBGL1, KLRP |
| NCBI gene | 57733 |
| HGNC | 19069 |
| OMIM | 606619 |
| RefSeq | NM_020973 |
| UniProt | Q9H227 |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 3.2.1.21 |
| Locus | Chr. 4 p15.31 |
See also
- Amygdalin β-glucosidase
- Cellulase, a suite of enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis (i.e. the hydrolysis of cellulose)
- Glucosylceramidase, a related enzyme
- Prunasin β-glucosidase
- Vicianin β-glucosidase
References
- ↑ PDB: 3AHX; "Structural and functional analysis of three β-glucosidases from bacterium Clostridium cellulovorans, fungus Trichoderma reesei and termite Neotermes koshunensis". Journal of Structural Biology 173 (1): 46–56. January 2011. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2010.07.008. PMID 20682343. http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/243418/-1/96.pdf.; rendered via PyMOL.
- ↑ Cox, Michael; Lehninger, Albert L; Nelson, David R. (2000). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. New York: Worth Publishers. pp. 306–308. ISBN 1-57259-931-6. https://archive.org/details/lehningerprincip01lehn/page/306.
- ↑ "2.8 Chiral Pool Synthesis: Chiral Pool Syntheses Starting from Carbohydrates". In Comprehensive Chirality. 2012. pp. 207–239. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-095167-6.00203-2. ISBN 978-0-08-095168-3.
- ↑ "β-Glucosidase: substrate, solvent, and viscosity variation as probes of the rate-limiting steps". Biochemistry 25 (9): 2522–9. May 1986. doi:10.1021/bi00357a036. PMID 3087421. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00357a036.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Structures and mechanisms of glycosyl hydrolases". Structure 3 (9): 853–9. September 1995. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00220-9. PMID 8535779.
- ↑ "The "Ping-Pong" Mechanism" (in en). 2013-10-02. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Ping-pong_mechanisms.
- ↑ Konar, Sukanya (June 2019). "Probing the Effect of Glucose on the Activity and Stability of β‐Glucosidase: An All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulation Investigation". ACS Omega 4 (6): 11189−11196. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b00509. PMID 31460219.
- ↑ "Carbohydrates - Cellulose". http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/547cellulose.html.
- ↑ "Gaucher disease". Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Pediatric Neurology Part III (Elsevier) 113: 1709–15. 2013-01-01. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59565-2.00040-X. ISBN 9780444595652. PMID 23622393. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044459565200040X.
- ↑ "Biochemical study on β-glucosidase in individuals with Gaucher's disease and normal subjects". Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 343 (1–2): 145–53. May 2004. doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2004.01.010. PMID 15115687.
- ↑ "Seagrass digestion by a notorious 'carnivore'". Proceedings. Biological Sciences 285 (1886): 20181583. September 2018. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1583. PMID 30185641.
- ↑ "Digestive enzyme activities in the guts of bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) provide insight into their digestive strategy and evidence for microbial digestion in their hindguts". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 189: 76–83. November 2015. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.07.013. PMID 26239220. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Digestive-enzyme-activities-in-the-guts-of-sharks-Jhaveri-Papastamatiou/d3d54255ce53005f5045d64602a32e6e61647d4b.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 "The last piece in the cellulase puzzle: the characterisation of β-glucosidase from the herbivorous gecarcinid land crab Gecarcoidea natalis ". The Journal of Experimental Biology 213 (Pt 17): 2950–7. September 2010. doi:10.1242/jeb.041582. PMID 20709923. https://jeb.biologists.org/content/213/17/2950.
- ↑ Mann, Frederick George; Saunders, Bernard Charles (1975). Practical Organic Chemistry (4th ed.). London: Longman. pp. 509–517. ISBN 9788125013808. http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/files.php?pid=385854&aid=36353. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
External links
- beta-Glucosidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- GO-database listing 'GO:0016162 cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase activity'
- Risk Assessment Summary, CEPA 1999. Trichoderma reesei P59G
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