Biology:Burkholderia cepacia complex

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Short description: Species of bacterium


Burkholderia cepacia complex
Burkholderia cepacia.jpg
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
Betaproteobacteria
Order:
Burkholderiales
Family:
Burkholderiaceae
Genus:
Burkholderia
Species:
B. cepacia complex
Binomial name
Burkholderia cepacia complex
(Palleroni and Holmes 1981)
Yabuuchi et al. 1993
Type species
  • ATCC 25416[1]
  • CCUG 12691 and 13226
  • CFBP 2227
  • CIP 80.24
  • DSM 7288
  • HAMBI 1976
  • ICMP 5796[2]
  • JCM 5964
  • LMG 1222
  • NBRC 14074
  • NCCB 76047
  • NCPPB 2993
  • NCTC 10743
  • NRRL B-14810

Synonyms
  • Pseudomonas cepacia Burkholder 1950
  • Pseudomonas multivorans Stanier et al. 1966
  • Pseudomonas cepacia (ex Burkholder 1950) Palleroni and Holmes 1981
  • Pseudomonas kingii Jonsson 1970

Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), or simply Burkholderia cepacia, is a group of catalase-producing, lactose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative bacteria composed of at least 20 different species, including B. cepacia, B. multivorans, B. cenocepacia, B. vietnamiensis, B. stabilis, B. ambifaria, B. dolosa, B. anthina, B. pyrrocinia and B. ubonensis.[3] B. cepacia is an opportunistic human pathogen that most often causes pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals with underlying lung disease (such as cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatous disease).[4] Patients with sickle-cell haemoglobinopathies are also at risk. The species complex also attacks young onion and tobacco plants, and displays a remarkable ability to digest oil. Burkholderia cepacia is also found in marine environments (marine sponges) and some strains of Burkholderia cepacia can tolerate high salinity.[5] S.I. Paul et al. (2021)[5] isolated and biochemically characterized salt tolerant strains of Burkholderia cepacia from marine sponges of Saint Martin's Island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.[5]

Pathogenesis

BCC organisms are typically found in water and soil and can survive for prolonged periods in moist environments. They show a relatively poor virulence. Virulence factors include adherence to plastic surfaces (including those of medical devices) and production of several enzymes such as elastase and gelatinase. Also relevant might be their ability to survive attacks from neutrophils.[6]

Person-to-person spread has been documented; as a result, many hospitals, clinics, and camps have enacted strict isolation precautions for those infected with BCC. Infected individuals are often treated in a separate area from uninfected patients to limit spread, since BCC infection can lead to a rapid decline in lung function and result in death.[7]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of BCC involves culturing the bacteria from clinical specimens, such as sputum or blood. BCC organisms are naturally resistant to many common antibiotics, including aminoglycosides and polymyxin B.[8] and this fact is exploited in the identification of the organism. The organism is usually cultured in Burkholderia cepacia agar (BC agar), which contains crystal violet and bile salts to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive cocci, and ticarcillin and polymyxin B to inhibit the growth of other Gram-negative bacilli. It also contains phenol red pH indicator which turns pink when it reacts with alkaline byproducts generated by the bacteria when it grows.[citation needed]

Alternatively, oxidation-fermentation polymyxin-bacitracin-lactose (OFPBL) agar can be used. OFPBL contains polymyxin (which kills most Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and bacitracin (which kills most Gram-positive bacteria and Neisseria species).[9][10] It also contains lactose, and organisms such as BCC that do not ferment lactose turn the pH indicator yellow, which helps to distinguish it from other organisms that may grow on OFPBL agar, such as Candida species, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Stenotrophomonas species.[citation needed]

Treatment

Treatment typically includes multiple antibiotics and may include ceftazidime, minocycline, piperacillin, meropenem, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(co-trimoxazole).[8][11] Although co-trimoxazole has been generally considered the drug of choice for B. cepacia infections, ceftazidime, minocycline, piperacillin, and meropenem are considered to be viable alternative options in cases where co-trimoxazole cannot be administered because of hypersensitivity reactions, intolerance, or resistance.[12] Newer beta-lactam / beta-lactamase combinations like ceftazidime-avibactam or ceftolozane-tazobactam can also be effective.[11] Burkholderia cepacia is intrinsically resistant to colistin and usually resistant to aminoglycosides.[13]

In people with cystic fibrosis, evidence is insufficient about the effectiveness of long-term antibiotic treatment with continuous inhaled aztreonam lysine (AZLI) in terms of lung function or chest infections.[14]

History

B. cepacia was discovered by Walter Burkholder in 1949 as the cause of onion skin rot, and first described as a human pathogen in the 1950s.[15] It was first isolated in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) in 1977, when it was known as Pseudomonas cepacia.[16] In the 1980s, outbreaks of B. cepacia in individuals with CF were associated with a 35% death rate. B. cepacia has a large genome, containing twice the amount of genetic material as E. coli.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "ATCC 25416". http://www.atcc.org/common/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=25416. 
  2. ↑ "Specimen Details". https://scd.landcareresearch.co.nz/Specimen/ICMP_5796. 
  3. ↑ Lipuma J (2005). "Update on the Burkholderia cepacia complex". Curr Opin Pulm Med 11 (6): 528–33. doi:10.1097/01.mcp.0000181475.85187.ed. PMID 16217180. 
  4. ↑ "The multifarious, multireplicon Burkholderia cepacia complex". Nat Rev Microbiol 3 (2): 144–56. 2005. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1085. PMID 15643431. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Paul, Sulav Indra; Rahman, Md. Mahbubur; Salam, Mohammad Abdus; Khan, Md. Arifur Rahman; Islam, Md. Tofazzal (December 2021). "Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita". Aquaculture 545: 737156. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156. ISSN 0044-8486. Bibcode: 2021Aquac.54537156P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156. 
  6. ↑ Torok, E.; Moran, E.; Cooke, F (2009). Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856925-1. 
  7. ↑ "Cystic Fibrosis". Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. John E. Bennett, Raphael Dolin, Martin J. Blaser (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA. 2020. pp. 954. ISBN 978-0-323-55027-7. OCLC 1118693541. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1118693541. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 McGowan J (2006). "Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the maximum". Am J Infect Control 34 (5 Suppl 1): S29–37; discussion S64–73. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.226. PMID 16813979. 
  9. ↑ Becton, Dickinson and Company (2003). BD Difco and BD BBL Manual: Manual of Microbiological Culture Media. Franklin Lakes, New Jersey: Becton Dickinson. pp. 422–423. 
  10. ↑ "OFPBL agar". Remel Technical Manual. Lenexa, Kan: Remel. 1997. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia Complex". Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. John E. Bennett, Raphael Dolin, Martin J. Blaser (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA. 2020. ISBN 978-0-323-55027-7. OCLC 1118693541. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1118693541. 
  12. ↑ Avgeri SG; Matthaiou DK; Dimopoulos G; Grammatikos AP; Falagas ME (May 2009). "Therapeutic options for Burkholderia cepacia infections beyond co-trimoxazole: a systematic review of the clinical evidence". Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 33 (5): 394–404. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.09.010. PMID 19097867. 
  13. ↑ The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy 2020. David N. Gilbert, Henry F. Chambers, Michael S. Saag, Andrew Pavia (50th ed.). Sperryville, VA, USA. 2020. ISBN 978-1-944272-13-5. OCLC 1151708870. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1151708870. 
  14. ↑ Frost, Freddy; Shaw, Matthew; Nazareth, Dilip (2021-12-10). "Antibiotic therapy for chronic infection with Burkholderia cepacia complex in people with cystic fibrosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021 (12): CD013079. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013079.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 34889457. 
  15. ↑ Burkholder WH (1950). "Sour skin, a bacterial rot of onion bulbs". Phytopathology 40 (1): 115–7. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19501101355. 
  16. ↑ "Pseudomonas cepacia in the respiratory flora of patients with cystic fibrosis". Pediatr Res 11 (4): 502. 1977. doi:10.1203/00006450-197704000-00792. 

Further reading

External links

Wikidata ☰ {{{from}}} entry



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