Biology:HACEK organisms
The HACEK organisms are a group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that are an unusual cause of infective endocarditis, which is an inflammation of the heart due to bacterial infection.[1] HACEK is an abbreviation of the initials of the genera of this group of bacteria: Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter (previously Actinobacillus), Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella.[1] The HACEK organisms are a normal part of the human microbiota, living in the oral-pharyngeal region.[2]
The bacteria were originally grouped because they were thought to be a significant cause of infective endocarditis, but recent research has shown that they are rare and only responsible for 1.4–3.0% of all cases of this disease.[1]
Organisms
HACEK originally referred to Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus aphrophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae. However, taxonomic rearrangements have changed the A to Aggregatibacter species and the H to Haemophilus species to reflect the recategorization and novel identification of many of the species in these genera.[1] Some reviews of medical literature on HACEK organisms use the older classification,[3] but recent papers are using the new classification.[4][5][6]
A list of HACEK organisms:
- Haemophilus species
- Haemophilus haemolyticus[6]
- Haemophilus influenzae: The incidence of endocarditis due to H. influenzae declined after the introduction of the Hib vaccine.[1]
- Haemophilus parahaemolyticus[6]
- Haemophilus parainfluenzae[5]
- Aggregatibacter
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans)
- Aggregatibacter aphrophilus (previously Haemophilus aphrophilus)
- Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus (previously Haemophilus aphrophilus)
- Aggregatibacter segnis
- Cardiobacterium
- Cardiobacterium hominis: This is the most common species in the genus Cardiobacterium.
- Cardiobacterium valvarum
- Eikenella
- Kingella
- Kingella denitrificans[5]
- Kingella kingae: This is the most common species in the genus Kingella.
Presentation
All of these organisms are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly (up to 14 days), prefer a carbon dioxide–enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children. Collectively, they account for 5–10% of cases of infective endocarditis involving native valves and are the most common Gram-negative cause of endocarditis among people who do not use drugs intravenously. They have been a frequent cause of culture-negative endocarditis. Culture-negative refers to an inability to produce a colony on regular agar plates because these bacteria are fastidious (require a specific nutrient).
In addition to valvular infections in the heart, they can also produce other infections, such as bacteremia, abscess, peritonitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, and periodontal infections.
Treatment
The treatment of choice for HACEK organisms in endocarditis is the third-generation cephalosporin and β-Lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone. Ampicillin (a penicillin), combined with low-dose gentamicin (an aminoglycoside) is another therapeutic option.[7]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nørskov-Lauritsen, N (Apr 2014). "Classification, identification, and clinical significance of haemophilus and aggregatibacter species with host specificity for humans". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 27 (2): 214–40. doi:10.1128/CMR.00103-13. PMID 24696434.
- ↑ Feder HM, Jr; Roberts, JC; Salazar, J; Leopold, HB; Toro-Salazar, O (Jun 2003). "HACEK endocarditis in infants and children: two cases and a literature review.". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 22 (6): 557–62. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000069795.12338.cf. PMID 12799515.
- ↑ Raza, SS; Sultan, OW; Sohail, MR (Aug 2010). "Gram-negative bacterial endocarditis in adults: state-of-the-heart.". Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 8 (8): 879–85. doi:10.1586/eri.10.76. PMID 20695743.
- ↑ Chambers, ST; Murdoch, D; Morris, A; Holland, D; Pappas, P; Almela, M; Fernández-Hidalgo, N; Almirante, B et al. (2013). "HACEK infective endocarditis: characteristics and outcomes from a large, multi-national cohort.". PLOS ONE 8 (5): e63181. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063181. PMID 23690995. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...863181C.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Sen Yew, H; Chambers, ST; Roberts, SA; Holland, DJ; Julian, KA; Raymond, NJ; Beardsley, J; Read, KM et al. (Jun 2014). "Association between HACEK bacteraemia and endocarditis". Journal of Medical Microbiology 63 (Pt 6): 892–5. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.070060-0. PMID 24681996.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Wassef, N; Rizkalla, E; Shaukat, N; Sluka, M (May 15, 2013). "HACEK-induced endocarditis". BMJ Case Reports 2013: bcr2012007359. doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007359. PMID 23682079.
- ↑ [1], eMedicine, HACEK organism infection. June 2005.
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