Biology:Bartonella bacilliformis

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Short description: Species of bacterium

Bartonella bacilliformis
Bartonella bacterium
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Alphaproteobacteria
Order: Hyphomicrobiales
Family: Bartonellaceae
Genus: Bartonella
Species:
B. bacilliformis
Binomial name
Bartonella bacilliformis
(Strong et al. 1913) Strong et al. 1915
Synonyms
  • Bartonia bacilliformis Strong et al. 1913

Bartonella bacilliformis is a bacterium, Gram negative aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, motile, coccobacillary, 2–3 μm long, 0.2–0.5 μm wide, and a facultative intracellular bacterium.

History

The bacterium was discovered by Peruvian microbiologist Alberto Barton in 1905, but it was not published until 1909. Barton originally identified them as endoglobular structures, which actually were the bacteria living inside red blood cells. Until 1993, the genus Bartonella contained only one species; there are now more than 23 identified species, all of them within family Bartonellaceae.[1]

Epidemiology

Bartonella bacilliformis is found only in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia and some areas of south Florida .[2] It is endemic in some areas of Peru, with outbreaks of the disease occurring in new epidemic areas.[3] The bacterium is transmitted by sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia.

Microbiology

For its isolation, special cultures are required, containing complemental soy agar, proteases, peptones, some essential amino acids, and blood. The optimum growing temperature is 25–29 °C.[4][4] The bacteria grows in Columbia blood agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated bovine blood incubated at 28 °C for up to 6 weeks.[5]

Pathophysiology

When the bacterium invades endothelial cells, it produces the chronic manifestation of the disease known as verruga peruana.[6] This phase consists of a benign skin eruption with raised, reddish-purple nodules (angiomatous tumours).[7][8] Visualization of the bacteria is possible using silver stain (the Warthin–Starry method) on biopsies.[9]

Disease

Bartonella bacilliformis is the etiologic agent of Carrion's disease or Oroya fever (acute phase of infection), and verruga peruana or Peruvian wart (chronic phase of infection). The acute phase of the disease is a life-threatening disease characterized by massive invasion of Bartonella to human red blood cells and consequently acute hemolysis and fever. If the infection is not treated, the case fatality rate is 40 to 85%[10] Patients in this phase of the infection can be complicated by overwhelming infections, primarily by enterobacteria (Salmonella spp) and parasites (Toxoplasma gondii, Pneumocystis jirovecii). The chronic phase is characterized by benign eruptive lesions that are pruritic and bleeding, and other symptoms like malaise and osteoarticular pain.[2] Bartonella can be isolated from blood cultures and secretion of the lesions in people from endemic areas.[11]

Treatment

Before the antibiotic era, the only treatment for the acute phase was blood transfusion, but the effectiveness of this treatment was poor and the mortality rate was high.[12]

References

  1. ↑ "Genetic classification and differentiation of Bartonella species based on comparison of partial ftsZ gene sequences". J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (10): 3641–7. 2002. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.10.3641-3647.2002. PMID 12354859. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Bartonellosis (Carrión's disease) in the modern era". Clin. Infect. Dis. 33 (6): 772–9. September 2001. doi:10.1086/322614. PMID 11512081. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?CID001355. 
  3. ↑ "Carrion's disease (Bartonellosis bacilliformis) confirmed by histopathology in the High Forest of Peru". Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo 46 (3): 171–4. 2004. doi:10.1590/S0036-46652004000300010. PMID 15286824. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bravo, Francisco G. (2006-01-01), "Chapter 25 - Bartonellosis", in Tyring, Stephen K.; Lupi, Omar; Hengge, Ulrich R., Tropical Dermatology, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 303–312, doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-06790-7.50029-6, ISBN 978-0-443-06790-7, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443067907500296, retrieved 2026-07-19 
  5. ↑ Walker, DAVID H.; Maguiña, CIRO; Minnick, MICHAEL (2006-01-01), "Chapter 40 - Bartonelloses", in Guerrant, Richard L.; Walker, David H.; Weller, Peter F., Tropical Infectious Diseases (Second Edition), Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 454–462, doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-06668-9.50045-4, ISBN 978-0-443-06668-9, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443066689500454, retrieved 2026-07-19 
  6. ↑ Xu, Yanji, and Yan Chai. "Bartonella bacilliformis: Molecular Mechanisms of Invasion." The Einstein Quarterly Journal of Biology and Medicine, vol. 19, 2002, pp. 56–58, https://einsteinmed.edu/uploadedfiles/ejbm/19xu56.pdf.
  7. ↑ "Bacillary angiomatosis pathology" (in en). 2023-10-26. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/bacillary-angiomatosis-pathology. 
  8. ↑ Huarcaya, Erick; Best, Ivan; Rodriguez-Tafur, Juan; Maguiña, Ciro; Solórzano, Nelson; Menacho, Julio; Lopez De Guimaraes, Douglas; Chauca, Jose et al. (2011). "Cytokines and T-Lymphocute count in patients in the acute and chronic phases of Bartonella bacilliformis infection in an endemic area in peru: a pilot study" (in en). Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 53: 149–154. doi:10.1590/S0036-46652011000300006. ISSN 1678-9946. https://www.scielo.br/j/rimtsp/a/GgxcMYH7VLyf8hSFjpqTCFN/?lang=en. 
  9. ↑ Velez-Hoyos, Alejandro; Jimenez-tobon, Guillermo A. (March 2022). "Highlights of infectious agents in tissue". Pathology 54 (2): 217–224. doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2021.10.004. ISSN 0031-3025. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031302521005432. 
  10. ↑ "Bartonellosis. New and old". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 14 (1): 1–22, vii. March 2000. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70215-4. PMID 10738670. 
  11. ↑ "Epidemiology of endemic Bartonella bacilliformis: a prospective cohort study in a Peruvian mountain valley community". J. Infect. Dis. 186 (7): 983–90. October 2002. doi:10.1086/344054. PMID 12232839. 
  12. ↑ Schultz MG (July 1968). "A history of bartonellosis (Carrión's disease)". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 17 (4): 503–15. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1968.17.503. PMID 4876803. 

Wikidata ☰ Q2007668 entry



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