Biology:CXCL11

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Short description: Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (CXCL11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL11 gene.[1]

C-X-C motif chemokine 11 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) and Interferon-gamma-inducible protein 9 (IP-9). It is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, pancreas and liver, with moderate levels in thymus, spleen and lung and low expression levels were in small intestine, placenta and prostate.[2]

Gene expression of CXCL11 is strongly induced by IFN-γ and IFN-β, and weakly induced by IFN-α.[3] This chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a higher affinity than do the other ligands for this receptor, CXCL9 and CXCL10.[2][4] CXCL11 is chemotactic for activated T cells. Its gene is located on human chromosome 4 along with many other members of the CXC chemokine family.[5][6]

Biomarkers

CXCL9, -10, -11 have proven to be valid biomarkers for the development of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, suggesting an underlining pathophysiological relation between levels of these chemokines and the development of adverse cardiac remodeling.[7][8]

References

  1. ↑ "Entrez Gene: CXCL11 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6373. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC): a novel non-ELR CXC chemokine with potent activity on activated T cells through selective high affinity binding to CXCR3". The Journal of Experimental Medicine 187 (12): 2009–21. June 1998. doi:10.1084/jem.187.12.2009. PMID 9625760. 
  3. ↑ "Characterization of beta-R1, a gene that is selectively induced by interferon beta (IFN-beta) compared with IFN-alpha". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 (37): 22878–84. September 1996. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.37.22878. PMID 8798467. 
  4. ↑ "Human IP-9: A keratinocyte-derived high affinity CXC-chemokine ligand for the IP-10/Mig receptor (CXCR3)". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 112 (5): 716–22. May 1999. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00581.x. PMID 10233762. 
  5. ↑ "The human gene encoding SCYB9B, a putative novel CXC chemokine, maps to human chromosome 4q21 like the closely related genes for MIG (SCYB9) and INP10 (SCYB10)". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 81 (3–4): 271–2. 1998. doi:10.1159/000015043. PMID 9730616. 
  6. ↑ "Physical mapping of the CXC chemokine locus on human chromosome 4". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 84 (1–2): 39–42. 1999. doi:10.1159/000015209. PMID 10343098. 
  7. ↑ "Left Ventricular Dysfunction and CXCR3 Ligands in Hypertension: From Animal Experiments to a Population-Based Pilot Study". PLOS ONE 10 (10): e0141394. 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141394. PMID 26506526. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1041394A. 
  8. ↑ "CXCL10 Is a Circulating Inflammatory Marker in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: a Pilot Study". Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research 9 (4): 302–14. August 2016. doi:10.1007/s12265-016-9703-3. PMID 27271043. https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ws/files/75692751/Blankesteijn_2016_CXCL10_is_a_circulating_Inflammatory.pdf. 

External links

Further reading

  • "Characterization of beta-R1, a gene that is selectively induced by interferon beta (IFN-beta) compared with IFN-alpha". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 (37): 22878–84. September 1996. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.37.22878. PMID 8798467. 
  • "A genetic selection for isolating cDNAs encoding secreted proteins". Gene 198 (1–2): 289–96. October 1997. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00330-2. PMID 9370294. 
  • "Interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC): a novel non-ELR CXC chemokine with potent activity on activated T cells through selective high affinity binding to CXCR3". The Journal of Experimental Medicine 187 (12): 2009–21. June 1998. doi:10.1084/jem.187.12.2009. PMID 9625760. 
  • "The human gene encoding SCYB9B, a putative novel CXC chemokine, maps to human chromosome 4q21 like the closely related genes for MIG (SCYB9) and INP10 (SCYB10)". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 81 (3–4): 271–2. 1998. doi:10.1159/000015043. PMID 9730616. 
  • "The CXC-chemokine, H174: expression in the central nervous system". Journal of Neurovirology 4 (6): 575–85. December 1998. doi:10.3109/13550289809114224. PMID 10065899. 
  • "Human IP-9: A keratinocyte-derived high affinity CXC-chemokine ligand for the IP-10/Mig receptor (CXCR3)". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 112 (5): 716–22. May 1999. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00581.x. PMID 10233762. 
  • "Structure and expression of the human small cytokine B subfamily member 11 (SCYB11/formerly SCYB9B, alias I-TAC) gene cloned from IFN-gamma-treated human monocytes (THP-1)". Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 19 (5): 505–13. May 1999. doi:10.1089/107999099313956. PMID 10386863. 
  • "Genomic organization, sequence and transcriptional regulation of the human CXCL 11(1) gene". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression 1446 (1–2): 167–72. July 1999. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00084-6. PMID 10395932. 
  • "The ligands of CXC chemokine receptor 3, I-TAC, Mig, and IP10, are natural antagonists for CCR3". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (5): 2986–91. February 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005652200. PMID 11110785. 
  • "Kinetic investigation of chemokine truncation by CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV reveals a striking selectivity within the chemokine family". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (32): 29839–45. August 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M103106200. PMID 11390394. 
  • "Processing of natural and recombinant CXCR3-targeting chemokines and implications for biological activity". European Journal of Biochemistry 268 (18): 4992–9. September 2001. doi:10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02433.x. PMID 11559369. 
  • "IFN-gamma-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant is a potent stimulator of normal human blood T lymphocyte transendothelial migration: differential regulation by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha". Journal of Immunology 168 (12): 6420–8. June 2002. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6420. PMID 12055261. 
  • "Molecular cloning and sequencing of 25 different rhesus macaque chemokine cDNAs reveals evolutionary conservation among C, CC, CXC, AND CX3C families of chemokines". Cytokine 18 (3): 140–8. May 2002. doi:10.1006/cyto.2002.0875. PMID 12126650. 
  • "Expression and modulation of IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines (IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC) in human brain endothelium and astrocytes: possible relevance for the immune invasion of the central nervous system and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis". Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 22 (6): 631–40. June 2002. doi:10.1089/10799900260100114. PMID 12162873. 
  • "Requirement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt for interferon-beta-mediated induction of the beta-R1 (SCYB11) gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (41): 38456–61. October 2002. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203204200. PMID 12169689. 
  • "Elevated serum levels of the CXCR3 chemokine ITAC are associated with the development of transplant coronary artery disease". Circulation 107 (15): 1958–61. April 2003. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000069270.16498.75. PMID 12695288. 
  • "Glu-Leu-Arg-negative CXC chemokine interferon gamma inducible protein-9 as a mediator of epidermal-dermal communication during wound repair". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 120 (6): 1110–7. June 2003. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12230.x. PMID 12787142. 
  • "A second step of chemotaxis after transendothelial migration: keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis release IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by IFN-gamma, and IFN-gamma-inducible alpha-chemoattractant for T cell chemotaxis toward epidermis in atopic dermatitis". Journal of Immunology 171 (2): 1078–84. July 2003. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.1078. PMID 12847282. 
  • "CCR3 functional responses are regulated by both CXCR3 and its ligands CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11". European Journal of Immunology 33 (8): 2241–50. August 2003. doi:10.1002/eji.200323787. PMID 12884299. 



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