Biology:Haplogroup C-M217

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Short description: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

{{Infobox haplogroup | name =C-M217
C2 (previously C3)[1] | map =Worldwide distribution of Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-DNA).png | origin-date =50,865 [95% CI 38,317 <-> 61,900] ybp[2]

52,500 or 44,900 ybp[3]

48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] ybp[4] | TMRCA =35,383 [95% CI 25,943 <-> 44,092] ybp[2]

34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] ybp[4] | origin-place = Central Asia or East Asia | ancestor =C-M130 | mutations =M217, P44, PK2 | members =Kazakhs 51.9%[5]Oroqen 61%[6]-91%,[7] Evenks 12.9%[8] - 71%,[9][10] Ulchi 69%,[11] Nivkhs 38%[12]-71%,[13] Buryats 7%[14]-84%,[12] Evens 5%[10]-74%,[15] Mongolians 52.3%[15] (22.9% China,[16] 24.39% China,[17] 45% Northeast Mongolia,[18] 46.7% Oroqen Autonomous Banner,[6] 47.8% Southeast Mongolia,[18] 52.6% Northwest Mongolia,[18] 53.8% Batsümber,[6] 55% Central and Southwest Mongolia[18]), Tanana 42%,[19] Koryaks 33%[9][10]-48%,[13] Uzbeks (Afghanistan) 41.2% [20][21] ,Hazaras 35%[18]–40%,[22] Yukaghir 31%,[23] Daur 30.8%[6]-42.5%,[24] Sibe (Xinjiang) 26.8% (11/41)[6] - 29.5% (18/61),[25] Hezhe (Heilongjiang) 23%,[6][16] Manchu 17.67%[26] (9.3% Bijie[27] - 44.0% Heilongjiang[25]), Tujia ≈21% (16%,[28] 18% Jishou,[15] 21% Guizhou,[25] 23% Hubei,[25] 27% Hunan[29]), North Korean 23% (19% -27%[25]), Altai 22%[15]-24%,[7] Dong 21% (6% Guangxi,[25] 20% Hunan,[29] 22% Hunan,[25] 30% Guizhou[25]), Kyrgyz 20%[18]-26.6%,[30] Uzbeks 20% (Uzbekistan[7]) - 54% (Takhar[31]), Hani 18% (12% Mường Tè,[32] 18%,[6] 22% Yunnan[25]), South Korean 16% (11.6%-21%[ Apache 15%,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000041-QINU`"' Northern Han 14.7% (4.3%-29.6%),'"`UNIQ--ref-00000042-QINU`"' Tuvans 11%'"`UNIQ--ref-00000043-QINU`"' – 15%,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000044-QINU`"' Ainu 12.5%'"`UNIQ--ref-00000045-QINU`"'-25%,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000046-QINU`"' Hui 11%,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000047-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-00000048-QINU`"' Sioux 11%,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000049-QINU`"' Nogais 14%,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004A-QINU`"' Crimean Tatars 9%,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004B-QINU`"' Uyghurs 8.27% (0% Ürümqi,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004C-QINU`"' 0% Turpan area,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004D-QINU`"' 2.6% Keriya,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004E-QINU`"' 3.1% Lopnur,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004F-QINU`"' 6.0%,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000050-QINU`"' 6.0% Ürümqi area,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000051-QINU`"' 6.3% Bortala area,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000052-QINU`"' 7.0% Yining area,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000053-QINU`"' 7.7% Yili,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000054-QINU`"' 8.37% Hetian area,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000055-QINU`"' 11.8% Horiqol Township,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000056-QINU`"' 16.08% Turpan area'"`UNIQ--ref-00000057-QINU`"'), Vietnamese 7.6% (4.3%-12.5%'"`UNIQ--ref-00000058-QINU`"'), Tajiks (Afghanistan) 7.6% (3.6%'"`UNIQ--ref-00000059-QINU`"'-9.2%'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005A-QINU`"'), Southern Han 7.1% (0%-23.5%),'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005B-QINU`"' Tabassarans 7%,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005C-QINU`"' Abazinians 7%,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005D-QINU`"' Japanese 5.9% (0% Tokyo,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005E-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-0000005F-QINU`"' Okinawa,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000060-QINU`"' Aomori,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000061-QINU`"' - 7.8% Fukuoka'"`UNIQ--ref-00000062-QINU`"'), Adygei 2.9%,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000063-QINU`"' Kabardians 2.4%,'"`UNIQ--ref-00000064-QINU`"' Pashtuns 2.04%'"`UNIQ--ref-00000065-QINU`"')">citation needed] Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2 (and previously as C3),[1] is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider Haplogroup C (M130). It is found mostly in Central Asia, Eastern Siberia and significant frequencies in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia including some populations in the Caucasus, West Asia, South Asia, East Europe. It is found in a much more widespread area with a low frequency of less than 2%.

The haplogroup C-M217 is now found at high frequencies among Central Asian peoples, indigenous Siberians, and some Native peoples of North America. In particular, males belonging to peoples such as the Buryats,[15][33] Evens,[15] Evenks,[15] Itelmens,[14] Tom Tatars,[43] Kalmyks,[33][44][45] Kazakhs, Koryaks,[14] Mongolians,[15][18] Negidals,[14] Nivkhs,[14] Udege,[14] and Ulchi[11] have high levels of M217.[7][15][46]

The oldest samples of haplogroup C-M217 were found among Ancient Northeast Asians of the Amur region.[47]

The haplogroup C-M217 is found in Ancient samples of Xiongnu,[48][49][50] Göktürks,[49] Uyghurs,[49] Khazars,[51] Kipchaks[52] and Karluks.[53]

One particular haplotype within Haplogroup C2-M217 has received a great deal of attention, because of the possibility that it may represent direct patrilineal descent from Genghis Khan,[54] though that hypothesis is controversial. According to the recent result, C2's subgroups are divided into C2b and C2e, and in Mongolia, most belong to C2b(Genghis Khan modal), while very few are C2e. On the other hand, C2b takes minority and most are C2e in Japan and Korea and Southern East Asia. The specific subclade Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) of the broader C3b1a3-F3273/M504, M546 subclade, which has been identified as a possible marker of the Manchu Aisin Gioro and has been found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, is relatively rare in Han Chinese populations (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan and Xinjiang).[55][56][57][58][59]

Y chromosome haplogroup C2c1a1a1-M407 is carried by Mongol descendants of the Northern Yuan ruler from 1474 to 1517, Dayan Khan, who is a male line descendant of Genghis Khan which was found out after geneticists in Mongolia conducted tests on them.
C2b1a3a1c2-F5481 clade of C2*-ST which is also widespread in Central Asia among Kazakhs, Hazaras and ordinary commoner Mongols.[60] The Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3* star-cluster (C2*-ST) Y chromosome and is very high among Hazaras, Kazakhs and Mongols in general.[61]

Toghan, Genghis Khan's sixth son has claimed descendants who have Y haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 just like the first son of Genghis Khan, Jochi's descendants in the Kazakh Tore clan.[62]

Origin

After sharing a most recent common ancestor with Haplogroup C-F3393 approximately 48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] years before present,[2] Haplogroup C-M217 is believed to have begun spreading approximately 34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] years before present[2] in eastern or central Asia.

The extremely broad distribution of Haplogroup C-M217 Y-chromosomes, coupled with the fact that the ancestral paragroup C is not found among any of the modern Siberian or North American populations among whom Haplogroup C-M217 predominates, makes the determination of the geographical origin of the defining M217 mutation exceedingly difficult. The presence of Haplogroup C-M217 at a low frequency but relatively high diversity throughout East Asia and parts of Southeast Asia makes that region one likely source. In addition, the C-M217 haplotypes found with high frequency among North Asian populations appear to belong to a different genealogical branch from the C-M217 haplotypes found with low frequency among East and Southeast Asians, which suggests that the marginal presence of C-M217 among modern East and Southeast Asian populations may not be due to recent admixture from Northeast or Central Asia.[63]

More precisely, haplogroup C2-M217 is now divided into two primary subclades: C2a-L1373 (sometimes called the "northern branch" of C2-M217) and C2b-F1067 (sometimes called the "southern branch" of C2-M217). The oldest sample with C2-M217 is AR19K in the Amur River basin (19,587-19,175 cal BP).[64]

C2a-L1373 (estimated TMRCA 16,000 [95% CI 14,300 <-> 17,800] ybp[4]) has been found often in populations from Central Asia through North Asia to the Americas, and rarely in individuals from some neighboring regions, such as Europe or East Asia. C2a-L1373 subsumes two subclades: C2a1-F3447 and C2a2-BY63635/MPB374. C2a1-F3447 includes all extant Eurasian members of C2a-L1373, whereas C2a2-BY63635/MPB374 contains extant South American members of C2a-L1373 as well as ancient archaeological specimens from South America and Chertovy Vorota Cave in Primorsky Krai. C2a1-F3447 (estimated TMRCA 16,000 [95% CI 14,700 <-> 17,400] ybp[4]) includes the Y-DNA of an approximately 14,000-year-old specimen from the Ust'-Kyakhta 3 site (located on the right bank of the Selenga River in Buryatia, near the present-day international border with Mongolia) and C2a1b-BY101096/ACT1942 (found in individuals from present-day Liaoning Province of China, South Korea, Japan, and a Nivkh from Russia) in addition to the expansive C2a1a-F1699 clade. C2a1a-F1699 (estimated TMRCA 14,000 [95% CI 12,700 <-> 15,300] ybp[4]) subsumes four subclades: C2a1a1-F3918, C2a1a2-M48, C2a1a3-M504, and C2a1a4-M8574. C2a1a1-F3918 subsumes C2a1a1a-P39, which has been found at high frequency in samples of some indigenous North American populations, and C2a1a1b-FGC28881, which is now found with varying (but generally quite low) frequency all over the Eurasian steppe, from Heilongjiang and Jiangsu in the east to Jihočeský kraj, Podlaskie Voivodeship, and Giresun in the west.[4] Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48 is especially frequent and diverse among present-day Tungusic peoples, but branches of it also constitute the most frequently observed Y-DNA haplogroup among present-day Mongols in Mongolia, Alshyns in western Kazakhstan, and Kalmyks in Kalmykia. Extant members of C2a1a3-M504 all share a relatively recent common ancestor (estimated TMRCA 3,900 [95% CI 3,000 <-> 4,800] ybp[4]), and they are found often among Mongols, Manchus (e.g. Aisin Gioro), Kazakhs (most tribes of the Senior Zhuz as well as the Kerei tribe of the Middle Zhuz), Kyrgyz, and Hazaras. C2a1a4-M8574 is sparsely attested and deeply bifurcated into C-Y176542, which has been observed in an individual from Ulsan and an individual from Japan,[4] and C-Y11990. C-Y11990 is likewise quite ancient (estimated TMRCA 9,300 [95% CI 7,900 <-> 10,700] ybp according to YFull[4] or 8,946 [99% CI 11,792 - 6,625] ybp according to FTDNA[65]) but rare, with one branch (C-Z22425) having been found sporadically in Jammu and Kashmir, Germany, and the United States and another branch (C-ZQ354/C-F8513) having been found sporadically in Slovakia (Prešov Region), China, Turkey, and Kipchak of the central steppe (Lisakovsk 23 Kipchak in Kazakhstan, medieval nomad from 920 ± 25 BP uncal or 1036 - 1206 CE).[4][65]

The predominantly East Asian distributed C-F1067 subsumes a major clade, C-F2613, and a minor clade, C-CTS4660. The minor clade C-CTS4660 has been found in China (including a Dai and several Han from southern China as well as a Han from Anhui and a Han from Inner Mongolia; according to Chinese genomics company 23mofang, C-CTS4660 is currently mainly concentrated in the Liangguang region of China, accounting for about 0.24% of the national male population[66]) and Thailand[65] (including Northern Thai and Lao Isan[67]). The major clade C-F2613 has known representatives from China (Oroqen,[68] Hezhe,[68] Manchu,[69] Uyghur,[69] Han, Tibetan,[69] Tujia,[68] Dai), Korea, Japan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Mongolia,[18][69] Kyrgyzstan (Dungan, Kyrgyz),[18] Tajikistan (Tajik[69]), Afghanistan (Hazara, Tajik),[18] Pakistan (Burusho, Hazara),[18] Nakhchivan, Chechnya, and Syria and includes the populous subclades C-F845, C-CTS2657, and C-Z8440. C-M407, a notable subclade of C-CTS2657, has expanded in a post-Neolithic time frame[70] to include large percentages of modern Buryat, Soyot, and Hamnigan males in Buryatia and Barghut males in Hulunbuir[71] in addition to many Kalmyks and other Mongols[33][44][18][72] and members of the Qongirat tribe in Kazakhstan[73] (but only 2 or 0.67% of a sample of 300 Korean males[74]).

The specific subclade haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483)[59][75][76] has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but completely absent from Han Chinese.[77][78][76]

Genetic testing also showed that the haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951 of the Aisin Gioro family came to southeastern Manchuria after migrating from their place of origin in the Amur river's middle reaches, originating from ancestors related to Daurs in the Transbaikal area. The Tungusic speaking peoples mostly have C3c-M48 as their subclade of C3 which drastically differs from the C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro which originates from Mongolic speaking populations like the Daur. Jurchen (Manchus) are a Tungusic people. The Mongol Genghis Khan's haplogroup C3b1a3a1-F3796 (C3*-Star Cluster) is a fraternal "brother" branch of C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro.[79] A genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci. Three of them turned out to share the C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, two of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees. The other four tested were unrelated.[80] The Daur Ao clan carries the unique haplogroup subclade C2b1a3a2-F8951, the same haplogroup as Aisin Gioro and both Ao and Aisin Gioro only diverged merely a couple of centuries ago from a shared common ancestor. Other members of the Ao clan carry haplogroups like N1c-M178, C2a1b-F845, C2b1a3a1-F3796 and C2b1a2-M48. People from northeast China, the Daur Ao clan and Aisin Gioro clan are the main carriers of haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951. The Mongolic C2*-Star Cluster (C2b1a3a1-F3796) haplogroup is a fraternal branch to Aisin Gioro's C2b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup.[81]

Distribution

Haplogroup C-M217 is the modal haplogroup among Mongolians and most indigenous populations of the Russian Far East, such as the Buryats, Northern Tungusic peoples, Nivkhs, Koryaks, and Itelmens. The subclade C-P39 is common among males of the indigenous North American peoples whose languages belong to the Na-Dené phylum. The frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 tends to be negatively correlated with distance from Mongolia and the Russian Far East, but it still comprises more than ten percent of the total Y-chromosome diversity among the Manchus, Koreans, Ainu, and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia. Beyond this range of high-to-moderate frequency, which contains mainly the northeast quadrant of Eurasia and the northwest quadrant of North America, Haplogroup C-M217 continues to be found at low frequencies, and it has even been found as far afield as Northwest Europe, Turkey, Pakistan, Bhutan,[82] Bangladesh,[4] Nepal[83] and adjacent regions of India,[84][85][86] Vietnam, Maritime Southeast Asia, and the Wayuu people of South America. It is found in Ossetians 4.7% (1/21),[38] and in Russians 0.73% (3/406),frequency ranges depending on the district.[33] It is found 0.2% in Central/Southern Russia but 0.9% Rovslav and 0.7% Belgorod. It is found 0.5% in ethnic Bulgarians but 1.2% in Montana Province, 0.8% Sofia Province and 1.4% in an unknown area[87] some of whom exhibit divergent Y-STR haplotypes.[25] Haplogroup C-M127 also has been found with high frequency in a small sample of Uzbeks from Takhar, Afghanistan (7/13 = 54% C-M217[31]).

In an early study of Japanese Y-chromosomes, haplogroup C-M217 was found relatively frequently among Ainus (2/16=12.5%[12] or 1/4=25%[15]) and among Japanese of the Kyūshū region (8/104=7.7%[12]). However, in other samples of Japanese, the frequency of haplogroup C-M217 was found to be only about one to three percent.[12][6][15][40] In a study published in 2014, large samples of males from seven different Japanese cities were examined, and the frequency of C-M217 varied between a minimum of 5.0% (15/302 university students in Sapporo) and a maximum of 7.8% (8/102 adult males in Fukuoka), with a total of 6.1% (146/2390) of their sampled Japanese males belonging to this haplogroup; the authors noted that no marked geographical gradient was detected in the frequencies of haplogroups C-M217 or C-M8 in that study.[42]

The frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 in samples of Han from various areas has ranged from 0% (0/27) in a sample of Han from Guangxi[8] in southern China to 23.5% (4/17) in a sample of Han from Shanghai[8] in eastern China, 23.5% (8/34) in a sample of Han from Xi'an[37] in northwestern China, and 29.6% (8/27) in a sample of Han from Jilin[8] in northeastern China, with the frequency of this haplogroup in several studies' pools of all Han samples ranging between 6.0% and 12.0%.[6][7][15][12][25][37] C-M217 also has been found in many samples of ethnic minority populations from central and southern China, such as Dong (8/27 = 29.6% from Guizhou,[25] 10/45 = 22.2% from Hunan,[25] 1/17 = 5.9% from Guangxi[25]), Bulang (3/11 = 27.3% from Yunnan[25]), Tujia (6/26 = 23.1% from Hubei,[25] 7/33 = 21.2% from Guizhou,[25] 9/49 = 18.4% from Jishou, Hunan), Hani (13/60 = 21.7% from Yunnan,[25] 6/34 = 17.6%[6]), Yi (4/32 = 12.5% Boren from Yunnan,[25] 3/24 = 12.5% Yi from Sichuan,[25] 4/61 = 6.6% Yi from Yunnan[25]), Mulao (1/11 = 9.1% from Guangxi[25]), Naxi (1/12 = 8.3% from Yunnan[25]), Miao (7/92 = 7.6% from Guizhou,[25] 2/58 = 3.4%), Shui (2/29 = 6.9% from Guizhou[25]), She (3/47 = 6.4% from Fujian,[25] 1/34 = 2.9%[6]), Wa (1/16 = 6.3% from Yunnan[25]), Dai (1/18 = 5.6% from Yunnan[25]), Gelao (1/21 = 4.8% from Guizhou[25]), ethnic Vietnamese (2/45 = 4.4% from Guangxi[25]), Yao (1/28 = 3.6% from Guangdong,[25] 1/35 = 2.9% from Liannan, Guangdong,[6] 2/113 = 1.8% from Guangxi[25]), Bai (1/34 = 2.9% from Yunnan[25]), Tibetans (4/156 = 2.6%), Buyi (2/109 = 1.8% from Guizhou[25]), and Taiwanese aborigines (1/48 = 2.1%).[88][6][83]

In Vietnam, Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 has been found in about 7.5% of all published samples, including 12.5% (6/48) of a sample of Vietnamese from Hanoi, Vietnam,[37] 11.8% (9/76) of another sample of Kinh ("ethnic Vietnamese") from Hanoi, Vietnam, 10% (1/10) of a sample from Vietnam,[89] 8.5% (5/59) of a sample of Cham people from Binh Thuan, Vietnam, 8.3% (2/24) of another sample of Vietnamese from Hanoi,[90] 4.3% (3/70) of a sample of Vietnamese from an unspecified location in Vietnam,[88] 2.2% (1/46) of the KHV ("Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam") sample of the 1000 Genomes Project,[4][3] and 0% (0/27) of one study's samples of Kinh and Muong.[91] Macholdt et al. (2020) have found Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 in 4.67% (28/600) of a set of samples from Vietnam, including 26.8% (11/41) of a sample of Hmong from Điện Biên Phủ, 13.9% (5/36) of a sample of Pathen from Quang Bình District, 12.1% (4/33) of a sample of Hanhi from Mường Tè District, 10.3% (3/29) of a sample of Sila from Mường Tè District, and 10.0% (5/50) of a sample of Kinh (n=42 from Hanoi, including all five members of haplogroup C-M217).[32]

Haplogroup C-M217 has been found less frequently in other parts of Southeast Asia and nearby areas, including Myanmar (3/72 = 4.2% Bamar and Rakhine[92]), Laos (1/25 = 4.0% Lao from Luang Prabang), Malaysia (2/18 = 11.1% Malaysia,[89] 0/8 Malaysia,[90] 0/12 Malaysian (ordinary Malay near Kuala Lumpur),[12] 0/17 Orang Asli,[93] 0/27 Malay,[93] 0/32 Malaysia[88]), Java (1/37 = 2.7%, 1/141 = 0.71%[90]), Nepal (2/77 = 2.6% general population of Kathmandu), Thailand (1/40 = 2.5% Thai, mostly sampled in Chiang Mai;[37] 13/500 = 2.6% Northern Thailand, or 11/290 = 3.8% Northern Thai people and 2/91 = 2.2% Tai Lü[94]), the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%, 1/64 = 1.6%), and Bali (1/641 = 0.2%).[83][88]

Although C-M217 is generally found with only low frequency (<5%) in Tibet and Nepal, there may be an island of relatively high frequency of this haplogroup in Meghalaya, India. The indigenous tribes of this state of Northeast India, where they comprise the majority of the local population, speak Khasian languages or Tibeto-Burman languages. A study published in 2007 found C-M217(xM93, P39, M86) Y-DNA in 8.5% (6/71) of a sample of Garos, who primarily inhabit the Garo Hills in the western half of Meghalaya, and in 7.6% (27/353) of a pool of samples of eight Khasian tribes from the eastern half of Meghalaya (6/18 = 33.3% Nongtrai from the West Khasi Hills, 10/60 = 16.7% Lyngngam from the West Khasi Hills, 2/29 = 6.9% War-Khasi from the East Khasi Hills, 3/44 = 6.8% Pnar from the Jaintia Hills, 1/19 = 5.3% War-Jaintia from the Jaintia Hills, 3/87 = 3.4% Khynriam from the East Khasi Hills, 2/64 = 3.1% Maram from the West Khasi Hills, and 0/32 Bhoi from Ri-Bhoi District).[85]

Subclade distribution

The subclades of Haplogroup C-M217 with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2017 ISOGG tree:

    • C2b L1373, F1396
      • C2b MPB374 Ecuador (Bolívar Province),[4] USA[65], Devil's Gate (NEO239)
      • C2b F3447, F3914
        • C2b Y163913, ACT1932, BY75034/ACT1924
          • C2b ACT5638, ACT1984 South Korea,[95] China (Liaoning,[4] Peiman/Foimo clan Manchu from Beizhen[95]), Russia (Nivkh[4][95])
          • C2b BY72441
            • C2b BY98339 Japan[65] (Tokyo[4][95]), South Korea[95][65]
            • C2b Y165510, IMS-JST064562p13 South Korea,[4][95] China (Šušu Gioro clan Manchu from Fushun[95]), Japan (Chiba[41])
        • C2b1 F4032
          • C2b1a F1699, F6301
            • C2b1a* Japanese,[4] Germany[96]
            • C2b1a1 F3918, Y10418/FGC28813/F8894
              • C2b1a1* Yugurs[97]
              • C2b1a1a P39 Canada,[96] USA[96] (Found in several indigenous peoples of North America, including some Na-Dené-, Algonquian-, or Siouan-speaking populations[19])
                • C2b1a1a1 BY1360/Z30568
                • C2b1a1a2 Z38874
              • C2b1a1b FGC28881.2
                • C2b1a1b1 F1756, F3985
                  • C2b1a1b1 F1756* Poland[96]
                  • C2b1a1b1a F3830 China (Kazakh, Yugur, Mongol, Manchu, Hezhen, Xibe, Hui, northern Han), Russian Federation[96] (Altai Kizhi, etc.), Kazakhstan, Afghanistan (Uzbek, Hazara,[97] Pashtun), Saudi Arabia, Syria[96]
                    • C-F3887 Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region[4]), Russia (Tatarstan[4])
                      • C-TYT114704/C-MF156488 China (Manchu Irgen Gioro clan from Benxi[98])
                    • C-F9721 Greece[96]
                      • C-F9721* China (Jiangsu[4])
                      • C-F12439 China (Heilongjiang[4])
                        • C-F12439* China (Shandong[4])
                        • C-BY197432 Kazakhstan[4]
                      • C-Z603 Kazakhstan[96][4]
                  • C2b1a1b1b Y10420/Z30402, Y10428/Z30415
                    • C-Y10420* Turkey (Giresun)[4]
                    • C-Y11606 United Kingdom[96]
                      • C-Y11606* China (Shaanxi[4]), Russia (Bashkortostan[4]), Poland (Podlaskie[4]), Czech Republic (South Bohemian Region[4])
                      • C-Y147607 Kazakhstan[4]
                • C2b1a1b2 B77 Koryak[2]
            • C2b1a2 (previously C3c) M48
              • C2b1a2a M86 (M77) Typical of Northern Tungusic peoples, Kazakhs, Oirats, Kalmyks, Outer Mongolians, Yukaghirs, and Ulchi,[11] with a moderate distribution among other Southern Tungusic peoples, Inner Mongolians, Buryats, Tuvinians, Yakuts, Chukchi, Kyrgyz, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, and Tajiks[14][23][99]
                • C-M77* China (Xibo),[4] Russian Federation (Ulchi,[11] Even,[4] Evenk,[2] Buryat,[2] Derbet Kalmyks,[45] Torgut Kalmyks[45]), Mongolia (Zakhchin,[2] Derbet[45]), Kazakhstan,[96] Turkey[96]
                • C2b1a2a1 F11120, SK1061, Z40439
                  • C2b1a2a1a B469
                    • C2b1a2a1a2 B470 Zakhchin, Ulchi
                    • C2b1a2a1a1 B87 Xibo
                      • C2b1a2a1a1b B88 Buryat
                      • C2b1a2a1a1a B89 Evenk, Even
                  • C2b1a2a1b B80/Z32868 Evens
                  • C-B1049 Tozhu Tuvan[45]
                • C-F11611/ZQ1
                  • C2b1a2a2 Y12792/F6379
                    • C-Y138418
                    • C-Y12825/SK1064/F5485
                      • C-SK1066, F6193 Russian Federation[96] (Kalmyks[4]), Kazakhstan,[96] Mongolia (Bulgan,[45] Tsaatan[45])
                      • C-Y15849/F12970 Mongolia,[96] Kazakhstan,[96] Russian Federation[96] (Tatarstan[4])
                      • C-Y15844
                        • C-ZQ149 Tomsk Tatar[4]
                        • C-Y15552 Kazakhstan,[4][96] Russian Federation,[4] Karakalpak[4]
              • C2b1a2b B90 Found frequently in Koryaks and Nivkhs and with lower frequency among Ulchi,[11] Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs, and Chukchi
            • C2b1a Y4553/FGC16371/F11250
              • C2b1a3 F1918, M504
                • C2b1a3a M401 Kazakhs (especially tribes of the Senior Jüz and the Kereys), Hazaras,[18] Mongols,[18] Kyrgyz,[18] Uzbeks,[18] Dungans,[18] Tajiks,[18] Pashtuns,[18] Turkmens[18]
                  • C2b1a3a1 Y11121/FGC16431/F12308
                    • C2b1a3a1 BY154208 China (Liaoning,[4] Shandong[4])
                    • C2b1a3a1 F3796, F4002 Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Hungary, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan[96]
                      • C-F3796* China (Liaoning[4])
                      • C2b1a3a1a Y4580, F9700
                        • C2b1a3a1a Y4580* China (Heilongjiang[4])
                        • C-Y25681 China (Liaoning[4])
                        • C-Y4633
                          • C-Y4633* Golden Horde (aka Jochi Ulus; 1220 – 1350 cal years CE)[100][4]
                          • C-FGC16336/Y8818/F10216
                            • C-Y8818* China (Liaoning[4])
                            • C-Y80821 Buryat[4]
                            • C-Y4541/FGC16328/SK1075/F5481 Mongolia (Derbet[45][4]), China (Inner Mongolia[4]), Russia (Tatarstan[4])
                              • C-BY182928 Uzbekistan[96]
                              • C-ZQ31/F10091 Kyrgyzstan (Naryn Region[4])
                              • C-Y4569
                                • C-Y4569* China (Gansu[4])
                                • C-FGC29011 China (Beijing[4])
                                • C-Y125520
                                  • C-Y125520* China (Xinjiang)[4]
                                  • C-Y125522, SK1076 Hazaras[4]
                                • C-FGC16217 Russia (Ryazan Oblast[4])
                              • C-Y12782
                                • C-Y12782* Ukraine[96][4]
                                • C-BY18686 Kazakhstan[96]
                                • C-Y20795 Kazakhstan[96]
                                • C-Y20085, Y20086 Kazakhstan[96]
                      • C2b1a3a1b F3960
                      • C2b1a3a1c SK1072
                        • C-SK1072* Kalmyk[4]
                        • C-Y174643
                          • C-Y174643* China (Shandong[4])
                          • C-F12663 Kazakhstan[96]
                        • C-ZQ394
                          • C-ZQ394* Russia (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast[4]), Uyghur[4]
                          • C-FT37001 Russia (Tatarstan,[4] Republic of Crimea[4])
                          • C-Y187693 China (Shandong[4])
                  • C2b1a3a2 F10283 Manchu (Aisin Gioro),[101] Oroqen, Manchurian Evenk, Xibe, Daur, Buryat, Mongol
              • C2b1a4 Y11990, F9992/Y12018/Z30601
                • C2b1a4a Z22425
                  • C2b1a4a Z22425* Jammu and Kashmir[4][96]
                  • C2b1a4a1 BY99627 Germany,[96] USA[96]
                • C2b1a4b Z30635 Slovakia (Prešov Region),[4] Kipchak of the central steppe of 920 ± 25 BP uncal[100][4]
            • C2b1a5 B79 Koryak[2]
        • C2b2 Z31698 Japan[96]
    • C2c C-F1067
      • C2c FGC22149 China
      • C2c1 F2613/Z1338, CTS10762 Germany,[96] Poland[96]
        • C2c1a Z1300, CTS4021
          • C2c1a CTS4021*
          • C2c1a1 CTS2657
            • C2b1a1b-A14895/A14901
              • C2b1a1b2-Y37069/MF1580 South Korea,[4][17] North Korea,[17] China (esp. Jilin,[17] Heilongjiang,[17] Liaoning,[17] Ningxia,[17] Gansu,[17] and Hubei[4][17])
              • C2b1a1b1-A14909/A14912 China,[96] Ireland[96]
                • C2b1a1b1a-MF1549/MF1553 China (esp. Shandong, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Tianjin, Jilin, Jiangsu[17][4]), Taiwan,[17] South Korea (Ulsan[4])
                • C2b1a1b1b-ACT108/A14908 China (esp. Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Shandong[17][4]), North Korea[17]
            • C2c1a1 CTS11990, Z18177, F3921
              • C2c1a1 CTS11990* Japan[96]
              • C2c1a1a CTS8579 Vietnam (Hà Nhì from Mường Tè,[32] Kinh from Gia Lâm[32])
                • C2c1a1a CTS8579* Japan[96]
                • C2c1a1a F3836, F6346
                  • C2c1a1a1 Y13856
                    • C2c1a1a1 MF1605 China (Guangdong)[4]
                      • C-MF1605* Shanxi (Han), Jiangsu, Hunan, Liaoning, Shandong, etc.
                      • C-MF1601/S20873 China (Shandong, Zhejiang, Hebei, Liaoning, Beijing, Henan, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Tianjin, etc.[17]), Korean[4]
                      • C-MF1724 China (Beijing, Shandong, Shanghai, Anhui, etc.)
                        • C-MF1711 China (Shandong, Anhui, Liaoning, etc.)
                          • C-MF1718/MF1721 China (Jiangsu, Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, etc.)
                            • C-MF1722
                              • C-MF1745
                              • C-MF187252
                                • C-MF5052
                    • C2c1a1a1 M407 Found with high frequency in some samples of Barghuts, Buryats, Khamnigans, Soyots, and the Qongirat tribe of Kazakhs, moderate frequency in Mongols and Kalmyks, and low frequency in some other Kazakh tribes (Naiman,[73] Alban,[73] Jetyru,[73] Alimuly,[73] Baiuly,[73] Syrgeli, Ysty,[citation needed] Jalair{{citation needed|date Cambodian, Evenk, Han Chine e, Korean,[74] Manchu, Teleut, Tujia, Tuvinian, Uyghur, and Yakut populations[22][25][18][33]
                      • C2c1a1a1* M407 China (esp. Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Henan, Beijing, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Gansu, Heilongjiang, Shanxi[17]), Kazakhstan,[96] Russian Federation[96]
                      • C2c1a1a1b Z45401 Armenia,[4][96] China (Lüliang Han,[17] Dalian Han[17])
                      • C2c1a1a1a F3850
                        • C F29522
                          • C F29522* Gansu (Han), Hubei (Han), Sichuan (Ersu), Shandong (Han)
                          • C F8465 China (Hebei, Henan, etc.[17])
                            • C-F10378 China (Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.[17]), Russia[17] (Kalmyk Hoshut[45][4])
                              • C-F9733/F8536 China (esp. Inner Mongolia[17]), Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar[4])
                              • C-Z4328 Russia (Buryat,[4] Yakut[4]), Kazakhstan (Kazakh from Kostanay Region[4])
                          • C MF3197, SK1027 Northern Han Chinese (HGDP01288), Sichuan (Han), Hubei (Han), Liaoning,[4] Shanghai[4]
                        • C2c1a1a1a3 F7542, F3753
                          • C F7542* Henan (Han)
                          • C F26027 Shanghai (Han), Jilin (Han), Sichuan (Han)/Uyghur?
                        • C2c1a1a1a4 Y12960, F3916/F13679 China (Shandong, Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, etc.[17]), Japan (Tokyo)[4]
                          • C-F3881
                            • C-Y263263 Xinjiang (Uyghur[4])
                  • C2c1a1a2 CTS4449, CTS8629 China (Beijing, Gansu, Fujian),[4] Korea,[96] Pakistan (Hazaras)[4]
                    • C F12768
                      • C F11494 Gansu (Han), Beijing (Han)
                      • C FGC54908 Beijing (Han), Zhejiang (Han), Jiangxi (Han), Fujian (Han)
                    • C F15754
                      • C F15754* Beijing (Han)
                      • C K696
                        • C K696* Heilongjiang (Han)
                        • C F2471 Heilongjiang (Han), Shandong (Han), Zhejiang (Han), South Korea
              • C2b1a1a2-Z31668/BY59164 China (esp. Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Jiangsu, Shandong, Tianjin, Hebei[17][4])
                • C2c1a1b Y112121, F18822, Z40537 China (Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, etc.[17]), Japan (Nagasaki[4])
                  • C2c1a1b MF1792 China (Jiangsu,[4] Yingkou[17])
                  • C2c1a1b MF2816, F20457 China[4] (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning[17])
                    • C Y86025 Korea,[4][17] China (Liaoning, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, etc.[17])
          • C2c1a2 K700/Z12209, F3880
            • C2c1a2a F1319 Japan,[96] Laos (Laotian in Vientiane[102]), Thailand (Mon,[102] Tai Yuan,[102] Thai,[102] Phutai,[103] Hmong,[103] Lisu[103]), Vietnam (Hmong from Điện Biên Phủ[32])
              • C2c1a2a1 F3777 Japan,[96] Bhutan[82]
                • C-F3777* Bangladesh[4]
                • C-F9966
                  • C-F3735 China (Beijing Han,[4] Guangdong[4])
                  • C-Z43727 China (Jiangsu,[4] Shandong,[4] Jilin[4])
              • C2c1a2a2 F9935, F9765, F10056/Z36838 China, Japan (Saga), Nakhchivan
                • C2c1a2a2* China (Jilin)[4]
                • C-MF1955 China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Anhui, Liaoning, Beijing, Henan,[4] etc.[17]), South Korea[4]
                  • C-MF1960 China (Liaoning Manchus, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shanghai, Guangdong[17])
                  • C-MF3000 China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Tongliao[17])
                    • C-MF3096 China (Shandong, Beijing, Tianjin, etc.[17])
                • C2c1a2a2 MF1881 Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan),[4][96] South Korea[4]
                  • C MF2720 China (Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, etc.[17])
                  • C MF2824 China (Anhui, Shanghai, etc.[17])
                • C2c1a2a2 MF1029
                  • C-MF1029* China (Zhejiang[4])
                  • C-MF1031
                    • C-MF1031* China (Shanxi[4])
                    • C-MF1037
                      • C-MF1935
                        • C-MF1935* China (Shandong[4])
                        • C-Y174024
                          • C-Y174024* China (Hebei,[4] Jilin[4])
                          • C-Y173881 China (Shandong[4])
                      • C-MF1048
                        • C-Y9412
                          • C-Y9412* China (Liaoning[4])
                          • C-Y172835 China (Hebei[4])
                        • C-MF1055 China (Shandong,[4] Guizhou,[4] Guangdong[4])
                • C-F2883 China
                  • C2c1a2a2 Y35926, F3909 China (Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Henan, Hebei, Chongqing, Jilin, Liaoning),[4] Japan[96]
                    • C-F22689 China (Shandong[4])
                    • C-F3555
                      • C-F3555* China (Shandong[4])
                      • C-F11377
                        • C-F11377* China (Shandong[4])
                        • C-F10356
                          • C-F10356* China (Anhui,[4] Jiangxi[4])
                          • C-MF1892 China (Hunan,[4] Sichuan[4])
                          • C-F13864
                            • C-F13864* China (Henan,[4] Shandong[4])
                            • C-F8841
                              • C-F8841* China (Hebei,[4] Liaoning[4])
                              • C-F13136 China (Jilin,[4] Liaoning,[4] Shandong,[4] Henan,[4] Sichuan,[4] Chongqing,[4] Fujian[4])
            • C2c1a2b CTS3385, F13857, PH1064 South Korea,[96] Syria,[96] Russia,[96] Germany,[96] Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm, Hoài Đức, and Đan Phượng[32]), Mae Hong Son Province of Thailand (Lisu[103])
              • C-FGC45553 China (Fujian, Sichuan,[4] Guangdong, Zhejiang, Henan, Shanghai, Hunan[17])
                • C-PH1906/F15516 China (Mongol from Inner Mongolia,[4] Hinggan League, Liaoning, Tianjin, Hebei, Jiangsu[17])
                  • C2c1a2b2-FGC45548 China (Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang, etc.[17])
                    • C-Z45207 China (Shandong, Hebei,[4] Jiangsu, Beijing, Sichuan, Henan, Liaoning, Shanxi, Guangdong, Anhui, Shaanxi, etc.[17])
                      • C-MF2000 China (Beijing,[4] Zunyi,[17] Jincheng,[17] Shangrao[17])
                        • C-MF4453 China (Hebei, Hubei, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Beijing, Shaanxi[4][17])
                        • C-MF610668 China (Hebei, Henan, Guangxi Zhuang, Guangdong, Taiwan[4][17])
                      • C-PH2194/FGC45566 China (Shanghai, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, etc.[4][17]), South Korea[4]
                        • C-Z31672 China (Shandong, Hunan, Henan, Beijing, Shanxi, Hebei, Liaoning, etc.[17])
                          • C-Z31669 China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Hainan, Jilin, Shaanxi[17]), Taiwan[17]
                        • C-F21131/MF142553 China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan,[4] Anhui, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hubei, etc.[17]), Germany[4]
                        • C-FGC45589/FGC45614 China (Shangqiu[17])
                          • C-FTA20473/MF38210 China (Shanxi, Beijing, Hebei, Zhejiang,[4] Shaanxi, Hunan,[4] etc.[17]), Syria[4]
                          • C-Y37829 China (Guangdong, Hebei, Shandong, Beijing,[4] etc.[17])
              • C2c1a2b-MF1061 China (Zhejiang, Shandong,[4] Jiangsu, Hebei, Henan, Beijing, Shanxi, Guangdong, Shaanxi, Anhui, Sichuan, etc.[17])
                • C-S3190/MF37040 China (Jiangsu,[4] Beijing, Nanyang, Sichuan,[4] Longnan, Jinzhou, Tongliao[17])
                • C-Y125448/MF2001 China (Henan, Shanxi,[4] Hebei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Beijing, etc.[17])
                  • C-FGC66275 China (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Hubei, etc.[17])
                  • C-Y146673 China (Henan, Shandong,[4] Hebei,[4] Beijing, Dandong, Daqing[17])
        • C2c1b F845 Found in Han Chinese, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Yi, Lahu,[103] Pathen (Quang Bình[32]), Hmong[103] (Điện Biên Phủ[32]), Iu Mien,[103] Blang, Nyah Kur, Mon, Gelao, Vietnamese (Ho Chi Minh City,[4] Hà Đông[32]), Tai, Buryat, Manchu, Korean, and Japanese populations
          • C2c1b MF2091
            • C MF2091* China (Chongqing Han, Handan,[17] Taiyuan[17])
            • C MF2105, MF2106 Vietnam[65] (Pa Then[95]), China[65] (Oroqen,[4] Guangdong[4]), Philippines[96]
              • C MF2106* Henan (Han), Beijing (Han)
              • C MF2110 Henan (Han), Beijing (Han)
          • C2c1b K548
            • C2c1b K548* Shandong[4]
            • C2c1b Y17534
              • C2c1b Y17534* Shandong, Zhejiang
              • C2c1b F10015 Shanxi, Jiangxi,[4] Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
              • C2c1b1 K511 Xishuangbanna (Dai)
              • C2c1b Y170903 Jiangsu
              • C2c1b Y81530 South Korea (Seoul)
              • C2c1b2 F5477/SK1036 China (currently accounts for approximately 1.28% of the male population of China, mainly distributed in the Southwestern and Central-South regions[104])
                • C-MF223883 China (Ye County[17])
                • C-MF601003 China (Pingyuan County,[17] Miyun District[17])
                • C-MF189718 China (Xingtai County,[17] Yanzhou District,[17] Feicheng[17])
                • C-MF56861 China (Ziyang County,[17] Zhanyi District,[17] Haimen District,[17] Lianping County,[17] Ningbo,[17] Putuo District[17])
                • C-MF10313 China (Yantai,[17] Rizhao,[17] Huoqiu County,[17] Lubei District,[17] Yixing,[17] Chongming District,[17] Tianning District[17])
                • C-Y23336 (CTS4833) China (Luozhuang District[17])
                  • C-MF15330 Japan (Tokyo)[4]
                    • C-Y241305 (MF14218, M1668) China (Jiangsu,[4] Xinglongtai District Manchu,[17] Keqiao District,[17] Gangzha District,[17] Huancui District,[17] Pingshan District Manchu[17]), Singapore,[4] Japan[65]
                  • C-MF10318 China (Yangzhou, Fuyang, Laiyang, Gaizhou, Yongji County Manchu, Nanyang, Dongyang[17])
                    • C2c1b2 MF5067 (MF10317) China (Guizhou Han, Fujian Han, etc.; currently mainly distributed in Southern China, accounting for approximately 0.11% of the national male population[105])
                • C-MF52991 (F14054)
                  • C2b1b1b4 M93 China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Yanta District,[17] Zhejiang,[95] Jinzhong,[95] etc.), Japan[22][106]
                  • C2c1b2 F10273
                    • C-MF36579 China (Yuanshi County,[17] Wenxi County,[17] Fengrun District,[17] Laizhou,[17] Zengcheng District[17])
                    • C2c1b2 F11898
                      • C-Y171915 (Y171981) China (Guangxi,[4] Shuicheng District,[17] Sheqi County[17])
                        • C-FTB22377 Malaysia,[65] Thailand[65] (White Hmong[95]), China[65]
                        • C-Y171747 (Y171754, Y171797) China (Shuangfeng County,[17] Qixingguan District,[17] Mianning County,[17] Guidong County,[17] Baise,[95] Guizhou Tujia[95]), Thailand (White Hmong,[95] Black Hmong,[95] Iu Mien[95]), Vietnam (Hmong[95])
                      • C-F29519
                        • C-F29519* Sichuan (Yi)
                        • C-F29454 Guizhou (Tujia), Guangdong (Han), Beijing (Han)
                      • C2c1b2b SK1038/MF1015
                        • C2c1b2b-SK1038* Hunan,[4] Heilongjiang (Manchu)
                        • C2c1b2b MF10312 Sichuan, Tujia
                        • C2c1b2b F29490
                          • C-F29490* Jiangsu (Han)
                          • C-F29446 Hunan (Tujia)
                        • C2c1b2b F9683 (MF5307)
                          • C-F9683* Fujian (Han)
                          • C-F9819 Hulunbuir (Buryat), Sichuan (Han), Hunan (Tujia)
                        • C-MF3763 (FT320799)
                          • C-MF390745 Cangxi County[17]
                          • C-MF10312 (MF4311)
                            • C-MF241040 Tongzi County[17]
                            • C-SK1041
                              • C-MF3746 Changyang Tujia Autonomous County Tujia,[17] Yuzhong District,[17] Chibi,[17] Linying County,[17] Yunyang County,[17] Gong'an County,[17] Guiyang,[17] Yanhe Tujia Autonomous County Tujia,[17] Nan'an District Tujia[17]
                              • C-SK1037 China (Jiangsu,[95] Pengze County,[95] Xuan'en County,[95] Sichuan[4] Guang'an,[95] Tujia,[4][95] etc.; currently accounts for approximately 0.24% of the Chinese male population[107]), South Korea[95]
                        • C2c1b2b1 MF1017
                          • C2c1b2b1a MF1020 China (currently accounts for approximately 0.17% of the Chinese male population[108])
                            • C-MF1020* Hunan,[4] Jiangkou Tujia,[95] Peng'an County,[17] Gucheng County,[17] Anji County,[17] Cili County Tujia,[17] Xiangxi Tujia[17]
                            • C-MF1022 (MF1024, Y35928, CTS10765)
                              • C-MF1022* Jiangkou County Tujia,[95] Jingzhou[95]
                              • C-MF1023 Hubei[4] (Wuhan,[95] Jiangxia District[17]), Beijing[4] (Haidian District[95]), Changsha,[17] Yu'an District of Lu'an[17]
                              • C-MF3823 (MF3443, Y139684) Sichuan Han,[95] Guye District of Tangshan,[17] Xindu District of Chengdu,[17] Youyang Tujia,[17] Muli Han[17]
                          • C2c1b2b1b Z45203/Y81534 China (currently accounts for approximately 0.09% of the Chinese male population[109])
              • C2c1b3 CTS4187
              • C2c1b4 FGC57604/F29493/F29494
                • C2c1b4 FGC57604* Yunnan (Bai), Sichuan(Yi),[4] Guangdong (Han), Korea (Chungcheongnamdo[4])
                • C2c1b4 F29476 Jilin (Han), Jiangsu (Han), Fujian (Han)
                • C2c1b4 FGC39587, FGC39579
                  • C2c1b4* FGC39587* Tianjin (Han)
                  • C2c1b4a FGC39603
                    • C2c1b4a FGC39603* Shandong,[4] Jiangsu[4]
                    • C2c1b4a FGC39588 Sichuan
                    • C2c1b4b Y63501 Henan, Hubei
                    • C F19076 Guangdong (Han), Hunan (Han), Shandong (Han)
                    • C Z38903 Sichuan (Han)
              • C2c1b5 CTS2123/S4350
              • C2c1b6 Z45272
              • C2c1b7 MF2040/F18007
                • C F18007* Zhejiang (Han)
                • C F29469 Shanxi (Han)
                • C F20118
                  • C F20118* Heilongjiang (Han)
                  • C F29504 Anhui (Han)
              • C2c1b8 Z45349
              • C2c1b9 Z45354
      • C2c2 CTS4660 China[65] (esp. Hainan, Guangdong, and Guangxi[17]), Thailand[65]
        • C2c2 CTS4660* Inner Mongolia (Han)
        • C2c2a F29558
          • C2c2a1 F9436
            • C2c2a1a F15270 Guangdong (Han), Yunnan (Dai[4])
            • C2c2a1b F29553 Hunan (Han), Jiangxi (Han)
          • C2c2a2 F10025 Anhui (Han), Fujian (Han)[4]

Others

P53.1 has been used in multiple studies, but at testing in the commercial labs it appears in too many parts of the Y tree, including multiple parts of haplogroup C. Listed 16 April 2016.

  • C2-P53.1 Found in about 10% of Xinjiang Sibe and with low frequency in Inner Mongolian Mongol and Evenk, Ningxia Hui, Xizang Tibetan, Xinjiang Uyghur, and Gansu Han[25]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Main article: Biology:Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
C-M216 10 V 1F 16 Eu6 H1 C C* C C C C C C C C C C
C-M8 10 V 1F 19 Eu6 H1 C C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1
C-M38 10 V 1F 16 Eu6 H1 C C2* C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2
C-P33 10 V 1F 18 Eu6 H1 C C2a C2a C2a1 C2a1 C2a C2a C2a1 C2a1 C2a1 removed removed
C-P44 10 V 1F 17 Eu6 H1 C C3* C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
C-M93 10 V 1F 17 Eu6 H1 C C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a1
C-M208 10 V 1F 17 Eu6 H1 C C3b C2b C2a C2a C2b C2b C2a C2a C2a C2a C2a
C-M210 36 V 1F 17 Eu6 H1 C C3c C2c C4a C4a C4b C4b C4a C4a C4a C4a C4a

Phylogenetic trees

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA C subclades

  • Mega-Haplogroup CF
  • Mega-Haplogroup CT
  • C-M130
  • C-M208
  • C-M210
  • C-M216
  • C-M217
  • C-M38
  • C-M8
  • C-M93
  • C-P33
  • C-P44

Y-DNA backbone tree

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015" (15 September 2015).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; Sayres, Melissa A. Wilson; Järve, Mari; Talas, Ulvi Gerst; Rootsi, Siiri; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai et al. (2015-04-01). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture" (in en). Genome Research 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. ISSN 1088-9051. PMID 25770088. PMC 4381518. https://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/4/459. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics 48 (6): 593–599. June 2016. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMID 27111036. Bibcode: 2016NaGen..48..593P. 
  4. ↑ 4.000 4.001 4.002 4.003 4.004 4.005 4.006 4.007 4.008 4.009 4.010 4.011 4.012 4.013 4.014 4.015 4.016 4.017 4.018 4.019 4.020 4.021 4.022 4.023 4.024 4.025 4.026 4.027 4.028 4.029 4.030 4.031 4.032 4.033 4.034 4.035 4.036 4.037 4.038 4.039 4.040 4.041 4.042 4.043 4.044 4.045 4.046 4.047 4.048 4.049 4.050 4.051 4.052 4.053 4.054 4.055 4.056 4.057 4.058 4.059 4.060 4.061 4.062 4.063 4.064 4.065 4.066 4.067 4.068 4.069 4.070 4.071 4.072 4.073 4.074 4.075 4.076 4.077 4.078 4.079 4.080 4.081 4.082 4.083 4.084 4.085 4.086 4.087 4.088 4.089 4.090 4.091 4.092 4.093 4.094 4.095 4.096 4.097 4.098 4.099 4.100 4.101 4.102 4.103 4.104 4.105 4.106 4.107 4.108 4.109 4.110 4.111 4.112 4.113 4.114 4.115 4.116 4.117 4.118 4.119 4.120 4.121 4.122 4.123 4.124 4.125 4.126 4.127 4.128 4.129 4.130 4.131 4.132 4.133 4.134 4.135 4.136 4.137 4.138 4.139 4.140 4.141 4.142 4.143 4.144 4.145 4.146 4.147 4.148 4.149 4.150 4.151 4.152 4.153 4.154 4.155 4.156 4.157 4.158 4.159 4.160 4.161 4.162 4.163 4.164 4.165 4.166 4.167 4.168 4.169 4.170 4.171 4.172 4.173 4.174 4.175 4.176 4.177 4.178 4.179 4.180 4.181 4.182 4.183 4.184 4.185 4.186 4.187 YFull Haplogroup YTree v7.02.01 as of 15 March 2019
  5. ↑ Khussainova, Elmira; Kisselev, Ilya; Iksan, Olzhas; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Skvortsova, Liliya; Garshin, Alexander; Kuzovleva, Elena; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan et al. (2022). "Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz". Frontiers in Genetics 12. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.801295. PMID 35069700. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics 172 (4): 2431–9. April 2006. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMID 16489223. PMC 1456369. Bibcode: 2006Genet.172.2431X. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16489223. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 "Paternal population history of East Asia: sources, patterns, and microevolutionary processes". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69 (3): 615–28. September 2001. doi:10.1086/323299. PMID 11481588. Bibcode: 2001AmJHG..69..615K. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route". Molecular Biology and Evolution 28 (1): 717–727. January 2011. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. PMID 20837606. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "High levels of Y-chromosome differentiation among native Siberian populations and the genetic signature of a boreal hunter-gatherer way of life". Hum. Biol. 74 (6): 761–89. December 2002. doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0006. PMID 12617488. http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol74/iss6/2/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Mating patterns amongst Siberian reindeer herders: inferences from mtDNA and Y-chromosomal analyses". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 133 (3): 1013–27. July 2007. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20590. PMID 17492671. Bibcode: 2007AJPA..133.1013P. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Balanovska, E. V.; Bogunov, Y. V.; Kamenshikova, E. N.; Balaganskaya, O. A.; Agdzhoyan, A. T.; Bogunova, A. A.; Skhalyakho, R. A.; Alborova, I. E. et al. (2018). "Demographic and Genetic Portraits of the Ulchi Population". Russian Journal of Genetics 54 (10): 1245–1253. doi:10.1134/S1022795418100046. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Tajima, Atsushi; Hayami, Masanori; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Juji, T; Matsuo, M; Marzuki, S; Omoto, K; Horai, S (2004). "Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages". Journal of Human Genetics 49 (4): 187–193. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. PMID 14997363. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "KHARKOV, Vladimir Nikolaevich, "СТРУКТУРА И ФИЛОГЕОГРАФИЯ ГЕНОФОНДА КОРЕННОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ СИБИРИ ПО МАРКЕРАМ Y-ХРОМОСОМЫ," Genetika 03.02.07 and "АВТОРЕФЕРАТ диссертации на соискание учёной степени доктора биологических наук, Tomsk 2012". http://www.medgenetics.ru/UserFile/File/Doc/Diss_sovet/Vladimir%20Kharkov.pdf. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 "The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 (1): 192–206. January 2002. doi:10.1086/338457. PMID 11731934. 
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. 2006. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 He, Guang-Lin; Wang, Meng-Ge; Zou, Xing; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Liu, Chang-Hui; Liu, Chao; Chen, Gang; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2023). "Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity". Journal of Systematics and Evolution 61 (1): 230–250. doi:10.1111/jse.12827. Bibcode: 2023JSyEv..61..230H. 
  17. ↑ 17.000 17.001 17.002 17.003 17.004 17.005 17.006 17.007 17.008 17.009 17.010 17.011 17.012 17.013 17.014 17.015 17.016 17.017 17.018 17.019 17.020 17.021 17.022 17.023 17.024 17.025 17.026 17.027 17.028 17.029 17.030 17.031 17.032 17.033 17.034 17.035 17.036 17.037 17.038 17.039 17.040 17.041 17.042 17.043 17.044 17.045 17.046 17.047 17.048 17.049 17.050 17.051 17.052 17.053 17.054 17.055 17.056 17.057 17.058 17.059 17.060 17.061 17.062 17.063 17.064 17.065 17.066 17.067 17.068 17.069 17.070 17.071 17.072 17.073 17.074 17.075 17.076 17.077 17.078 17.079 17.080 17.081 17.082 17.083 17.084 17.085 17.086 17.087 17.088 17.089 17.090 17.091 17.092 17.093 17.094 17.095 17.096 17.097 17.098 17.099 17.100 17.101 17.102 17.103 17.104 17.105 17.106 17.107 17.108 17.109 17.110 17.111 17.112 17.113 17.114 17.115 17.116 17.117 17.118 17.119 17.120 17.121 17.122 17.123 17.124 17.125 17.126 17.127 17.128 17.129 17.130 17.131 17.132 Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup C2-M217 at 23mofang
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 18.21 "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge". PLOS ONE 8 (10). 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. PMID 24204668. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...876748D. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas". Mol. Biol. Evol. 21 (1): 164–75. January 2004. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095. 
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ReferenceA
  21. ↑ Lee 2017, p. 219: "This high frequency of C2 is found among an Uzbek group residing in Afghanistan. We are inclined to think that this group is descended from the nomadic Uzbeks from the Qipchaq Steppe (Haber et al. 2012: table S4)."
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21. February 2006. doi:10.1086/499411. PMID 16400607. Bibcode: 2006AmJHG..78..202S. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts". Hum. Genet. 120 (3): 334–53. October 2006. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. PMID 16845541. 
  24. ↑ Wang Chi-zao，Shi Mei-sen, and Li Hui (2018), "The Origin of Daur from the Perspective of Molecular Anthropology" [分子人类学视野下的达斡尔族族源研究], Journal of North Minzu University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition) [北方民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)], No. 5, Gen. No. 143.
  25. ↑ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 25.11 25.12 25.13 25.14 25.15 25.16 25.17 25.18 25.19 25.20 25.21 25.22 25.23 25.24 25.25 25.26 25.27 25.28 25.29 25.30 25.31 25.32 25.33 25.34 25.35 25.36 25.37 25.38 25.39 25.40 25.41 Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Xue-, XB; Qi, Bin; Jin, L; Ma, RZ; Su, B (2010). "Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia". Journal of Human Genetics 55 (7): 428–35. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.40. PMID 20448651. 
  26. ↑ A brief introduction to patrilineal haplogroups and national ancestry composition of the Manchu population in China by 23mofang (2021/1/21)
  27. ↑ Chen, Jing; He, Guanglin; Ren, Zheng; Wang, Qiyan; Liu, Yubo; Zhang, Hongling; Yang, Meiqing; Zhang, Han et al. (2021). "Genomic Insights into the Admixture History of Mongolic- and Tungusic-Speaking Populations from Southwestern East Asia". Frontiers in Genetics 12. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.685285. PMID 34239544. 
  28. ↑ A brief introduction to the patrilineal haplogroups and national ancestry composition of the Tujia people in China by 23mofang (2021/1/21)
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Xia, Zi-Yang; Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; et al. (2019). "Inland-coastal bifurcation of southern East Asians revealed by Hmong-Mien genomic history". bioRxiv 10.1101/730903.
  30. ↑ Guo, Yuxin; Xia, Zhiyu; Cui, Wei; Chen, Chong; Jin, Xiaoye; Zhu, Bofeng (2020). "Joint Genetic Analyses of Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosome Molecular Markers for a Population from Northwest China". Genes 11 (5): 564. doi:10.3390/genes11050564. 
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  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 Macholdt, Enrico; Arias, Leonardo; Duong, Nguyen Thuy; Ton, Nguyen Dang; Van Phong, Nguyen; Schröder, Roland; Pakendorf, Brigitte; Van Hai, Nong et al. (2020). "The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations". European Journal of Human Genetics 28 (5): 636–645. doi:10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4. PMID 31827276. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia". Annals of Human Genetics 74 (6): 539–546. 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x. PMID 20726964. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan". BMC Genet. 9. 2008. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-47. PMID 18637195. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2018, 37(1): 146-156.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, "中国西部人群的遗传混合", 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.)
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  39. ↑ Nasidze2004a
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  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Naitoh, Sae; Kasahara-Nonaka, Iku; Minaguchi, Kiyoshi; Nambiar, Phrabhakaran (2013). "Assignment of Y-chromosomal SNPS found in Japanese population to Y-chromosomal haplogroup tree". Journal of Human Genetics 58 (4): 195–201. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.159. PMID 23389242. 
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  61. ↑ Abilev, Serikbai; Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Wozniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Zakharov, Ilya (2012). "The Y-chromosome C3* star-cluster attributed to Genghis Khan's descendants is present at high frequency in the Kerey clan from Kazakhstan". Human Biology 84 (1, Article 12): 79–89. doi:10.3378/027.084.0106. PMID 22452430. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=humbiol_preprints. 
  62. ↑ Wen, Shao-Qing; Yao, Hong-Bing; Du, Pan-Xin; Wei, Lan-Hai; Tong, Xin-Zhu; Wang, Ling-Xiang; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Zhou, Bo-Yan et al. (August 2019). "Molecular genealogy of Tusi Lu's family reveals their paternal relationship with Jochi, Genghis Khan's eldest son" (in en). Journal of Human Genetics 64 (8): 815–820. doi:10.1038/s10038-019-0618-0. ISSN 1434-5161. PMID 31164702. http://www.nature.com/articles/s10038-019-0618-0. 
  63. ↑ "Gene flow from the Indian subcontinent to Australia: evidence from the Y chromosome". Curr. Biol. 12 (8): 673–7. April 2002. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00789-3. PMID 11967156. Bibcode: 2002CBio...12..673R.  as PDF
  64. ↑ Mao, Xiaowei; Zhang, Hucai; Qiao, Shiyu; Liu, Yichen; Chang, Fengqin; Xie, Ping; Zhang, Ming; Wang, Tianyi et al. (June 2021). "The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene". Cell 184 (12): 3256–3266.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.040. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 34048699. Bibcode: 2021Cell..184.3256M. 
  65. ↑ 65.00 65.01 65.02 65.03 65.04 65.05 65.06 65.07 65.08 65.09 65.10 65.11 65.12 65.13 Haplogroup C-M217 on Discover by FamilyTreeDNA
  66. ↑ "C-Cts4660单倍群详情". https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/C-CTS4660/detail. 
  67. ↑ Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup O-F175 at TheYtree
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences". Investigative Genetics 2014 (5). 2014. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-5-13. PMID 25254093. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 Karafet, Tatiana M.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Savina, Olga V.; Hallmark, Brian; Hammer, Michael F. (November 2018). "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations" (in en). American Journal of Human Biology 30 (6). doi:10.1002/ajhb.23194. ISSN 1042-0533. PMID 30408262. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.23194. 
  70. ↑ "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Descend from Three Neolithic Super-Grandfathers". PLOS ONE 9 (8). 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691. PMID 25170956. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9j5691Y. 
  71. ↑ Malyarchuk, Boris A; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Woźniak, Marcin; Rogalla, Urszula; Dambueva, Irina; Grzybowski, Tomasz (June 2016). "Y chromosome haplotype diversity in Mongolic-speaking populations and gene conversion at the duplicated STR DYS385a,b in haplogroup C3-M407" (in en). Journal of Human Genetics 61 (6): 491–496. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.14. ISSN 1434-5161. PMID 26911356. https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg201614. 
  72. ↑ Kharkov, V. N.; Khamina, K. V.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Simonova, K. V.; Eremina, E. R.; Stepanov, V. A. (February 2014). "Gene pool of Buryats: Clinal variability and territorial subdivision based on data of Y-chromosome markers" (in en). Russian Journal of Genetics 50 (2): 180–190. doi:10.1134/S1022795413110082. ISSN 1022-7954. http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S1022795413110082. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 73.5 E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, and N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 – 95.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Park, Jin et al. (2013). "Y-SNP miniplexes for East Asian Y-chromosomal haplogroup determination in degraded DNA". Forensic Science International: Genetics 7 (1): 75–81. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.014. PMID 22818129. 
  75. ↑ Yan, Shi; Tachibana, Harumasa; Wei, Lan-Hai; Yu, Ge; Wen, Shao-Qing; Wang, Chuan-Chao (June 2015). "Y chromosome of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty.". Journal of Human Genetics 60 (6): 295–8. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.28. PMID 25833470. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 "Did you know DNA was used to uncover the origin of the House of Aisin Gioro?". 14 November 2016. https://www.didyouknowdna.com/famous-dna/aisin-gioro-dna/. 
  77. ↑ Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Lim, Si-Keun; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu et al. (2005). "Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia". The American Journal of Human Genetics 77 (6): 1112–1116. doi:10.1086/498583. PMID 16380921. 
  78. ↑ "Asian Ancestry based on Studies of Y-DNA Variation: Part 3. Recent demographics and ancestry of the male East Asians – Empires and Dynasties". Genebase Tutorials. http://www.genebase.com/learning/article/23. 
  79. ↑ Wei, Ryan Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Yu, Ge; Huang, Yun-Zhi (November 2016). "Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty". Journal of Human Genetics (The Japan Society of Human Genetics) 62 (3): 407–411. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.142. PMID 27853133. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310477623. 
  80. ↑ Yan, Shi; Tachibana, Harumasa; Wei, Lan-Hai; Yu, Ge; Wen, Shao-Qing; Wang, Chuan-Chao (June 2015). "Y chromosome of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty". Journal of Human Genetics (Nature Publishing Group on behalf of the Japan Society of Human Genetics (Japan)) 60 (6): 295–298. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.28. PMID 25833470. 
  81. ↑ Wang, Chi-Zao; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Ling-Xiang; Wen, Shao-Qing; Yu, Xue-Er; Shi, Mei-Sen; Li, Hui (August 2019). "Relating Clans Ao and Aisin Gioro from northeast China by whole Y-chromosome sequencing". Journal of Human Genetics (Japan Society of Human Genetics) 64 (8): 775–780. doi:10.1038/s10038-019-0622-4. PMID 31148597. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Hallast, P.; Batini, C.; Zadik, D.; Maisano Delser, P.; Wetton, J. H.; Arroyo-Pardo, E.; Cavalleri, G. L.; De Knijff, P. et al. (2015). "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPS Covering the Majority of Known Clades". Molecular Biology and Evolution 32 (3): 661–673. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327. PMID 25468874. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 "The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (5): 884–94. May 2007. doi:10.1086/516757. PMID 17436243.  2/77=2.6% C-M217 in a sample of the general population of Kathmandu.
  84. ↑ "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evol. Biol. 9 (1). 2009. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMID 19573232. Bibcode: 2009BMCEE...9..154F.  1/26=3.8% C-M217 in a sample of Hindu Indians from the Terai.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "Austro-Asiatic tribes of Northeast India provide hitherto missing genetic link between South and Southeast Asia". PLOS ONE 2 (11). 2007. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001141. PMID 17989774. Bibcode: 2007PLoSO...2.1141R.  Haplogroup C-M217 in 8.5% of a sample of 71 Garos and 7.7% of a pool of eight samples of Khasians totalling 353 individuals
  86. ↑ "The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72 (2): 313–32. February 2003. doi:10.1086/346068. PMID 12536373. Bibcode: 2003AmJHG..72..313K.  C-M217 in 1/31=3.2% of a sample from West Bengal.
  87. ↑ Karachanak, Sena; Grugni, Viola; Fornarino, Simona; Nesheva, Desislava; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; Carossa, Valeria; Yordanov, Yordan et al. (2013). "Y-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry". PLOS ONE 8 (3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. PMID 23483890. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...856779K. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 Karafet, Tatiana M. et al. (2010). "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 (8): 1833–1844. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063. PMID 20207712. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 "Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (11): 2234–2244. 2006. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl093. PMID 16923821. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 "Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia". BMC Genetics 15: 77. 2014. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-15-77. PMID 24965575. 
  91. ↑ "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLOS ONE 6 (8). 2011. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMID 21904623. Bibcode: 2011PLoSO...624282C. 
  92. ↑ "Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data". European Journal of Human Genetics 22 (8): 1046–50. August 2014. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272. PMID 24281365. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Bing Su, Li Jin, Peter Underhill, Jeremy Martinson, Nilmani Saha, Stephen T. McGarvey, Mark D. Shriver, Jiayou Chu, Peter Oefner, Ranajit Chakraborty, and Ranjan Deka, "Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome." PNAS (18 July 2000), vol. 97, no. 15, 8225–8228.
  94. ↑ "Y chromosomal evidence on the origin of northern Thai people". PLOS ONE 12 (7). 2017. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181935. PMID 28742125. Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1281935B. 
  95. ↑ 95.00 95.01 95.02 95.03 95.04 95.05 95.06 95.07 95.08 95.09 95.10 95.11 95.12 95.13 95.14 95.15 95.16 95.17 95.18 95.19 95.20 95.21 95.22 95.23 95.24 95.25 95.26 95.27 95.28 95.29 95.30 95.31 Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C-M217 at TheYtree
  96. ↑ 96.00 96.01 96.02 96.03 96.04 96.05 96.06 96.07 96.08 96.09 96.10 96.11 96.12 96.13 96.14 96.15 96.16 96.17 96.18 96.19 96.20 96.21 96.22 96.23 96.24 96.25 96.26 96.27 96.28 96.29 96.30 96.31 96.32 96.33 96.34 96.35 96.36 96.37 96.38 96.39 96.40 96.41 96.42 96.43 96.44 96.45 96.46 "FamilyTreeDNA – Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy". https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/C. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Wei, Lan-Hai; Huang, Yun-Zhi; Yan, Shi; Wen, Shao-Qing; Wang, Ling-Xiang; Du, Pan-Xin; Yao, Da-Li; Li, Shi-Lin et al. (2017). "Phylogeny of Y-chromosome haplogroup C3b-F1756, an important paternal lineage in Altaic-speaking populations". Journal of Human Genetics 62 (10): 915–918. doi:10.1038/jhg.2017.60. PMID 28566770. 
  98. ↑ "C-TYT61432". 祖源树. 2024. https://www.theytree.com/tree/C-TYT61432. 
  99. ↑ "[The origin of Yakuts: analysis of Y-chromosome haplotypes]" (in ru). Mol. Biol. (Mosk.) 42 (2): 226–37. 2008. PMID 18610830. 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Damgaard, Peter de Barros et al. (2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". Nature 557 (7705): 369–374. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. PMID 29743675. Bibcode: 2018Natur.557..369D. 
  101. ↑ Wei, Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Yu, Ge; Huang, Yun-Zhi; Yao, Da-Li; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (2017). "Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty". Journal of Human Genetics 62 (3): 407–411. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.142. PMID 27853133. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 102.4 102.5 102.6 102.7 102.8 Kutanan, Wibhu; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Srikummool, Metawee; Brunelli, Andrea; Ghirotto, Silvia; Arias, Leonardo; Macholdt, Enrico; Hübner, Alexander et al. (2019). "Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution 36 (7): 1490–1506. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz083. PMID 30980085. 
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 103.4 103.5 103.6 103.7 Kutanan, Wibhu; Shoocongdej, Rasmi; Srikummool, Metawee; Hübner, Alexander; Suttipai, Thanatip; Srithawong, Suparat; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Stoneking, Mark (2020). "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand". European Journal of Human Genetics 28 (11): 1563–1579. doi:10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x. PMID 32690935. 
  104. ↑ "C-F5477单倍群详情". https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/C-F5477/detail. 
  105. ↑ "C-Mf10317单倍群详情". https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/C-MF10317/detail. 
  106. ↑ "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nat. Genet. 26 (3): 358–61. November 2000. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. 
  107. ↑ "C-Sk1037单倍群详情". https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/C-SK1037/detail. 
  108. ↑ "C-Mf1020单倍群详情". https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/C-MF1020/detail. 
  109. ↑ "C-Z45203单倍群详情". https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/C-Z45203/detail. 

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