Chemistry:Niobium diselenide

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Niobium diselenide
2H NbSe2 structure.png
2H NbSe2 structure
NbSe2 STEM.jpg
Electron micrograph showing a local coexistence of different NbSe2 structures in one sample
Names
Other names
Niobium(IV) selenide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 234-811-8
Properties
NbSe2
Molar mass 250.83 g/mol[1]
Appearance Gray solid[1]
Density 6.3 g/cm3[1]
Melting point >1300 °C [1]
Structure
hP6, space group P63/mmc, No 194[2]
a = 0.344 nm, c = 1.254 nm
Trigonal prismatic (NbIV)
Pyramidal (Se2−)
Related compounds
Other anions
 Niobium dioxide
Other cations
 Molybdenum diselenide
Tungsten diselenide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Tracking categories (test):

Niobium diselenide or niobium(IV) selenide is a layered transition metal dichalcogenide with formula NbSe2. Niobium diselenide is a lubricant, and a superconductor at temperatures below 7.2 K that exhibit a charge density wave (CDW). NbSe2 crystallizes in several related forms, and can be mechanically exfoliated into monatomic layers, similar to other transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers. Monolayer NbSe2 exhibits very different properties from the bulk material, such as of Ising superconductivity, quantum metallic state, and strong enhancement of the CDW.[3]

Synthesis

Number of NbSe2 layers as a function of Se powder temperature during CVD.

Niobium diselenide crystals and thin films can be grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Niobium oxide, selenium and NaCl powders are heated to different temperatures in the range 300–800 °C at ambient pressure in a furnace that allows maintaining a temperature gradient along its axis. Powders are placed in different locations in the furnace, and a mixture of argon and hydrogen is used as the carrier gas. The NbSe2 thickness can be accurately controlled by varying the temperature of selenium powder.[3]

NbSe2 monolayers can also be exfoliated from the bulk or deposited by molecular beam epitaxy.[3]

Structure

Niobium diselenide exists in several forms, including 1H, 2H, 4H and 3R, where H stands for hexagonal and R for rhombohedral, and the number 1, 2, etc., refers to the number of Se-Nb-Se layers in a unit cell. The Se-Nb-Se layers are bonded together with relatively weak van der Waals forces, and can be exfoliated into 1H monolayers. They can be offset in a variety of ways to make different crystal structures, the most stable being 2H.[4]

Properties

Superconductor

NbSe2 is a superconductor with a critical temperature TC = 7.2 K.[5] The critical temperature drops when the NbSe2 layers are intercalated by other atoms, or when the sample thickness decreases, with TC being ~1 K in a monolayer.[3] Recent studies show infrared photodetection in NbSe2 devices.[6]

Charge density wave

Along with the CDW the lattice develops a periodic lattice distortion around 26 K. This period is three times that of the crystal lattice, so that there is a 3 by 3 superlattice.[7] There is also a Cooper-pair density wave correlated but out of phase by ​2π⁄3 with the charge-density wave.[8]

Friction

NbSe2 sheets develop higher friction when very thin.[9]

Intercalation

Because the layers in NbSe2 are only weakly bonded together, different substances can penetrate between the layers to form well defined intercalation compounds. Compounds with helium, rubidium, transition metals, and post-transition metals have been made. Extra niobium atoms, up to one third extra can be added between the layers.

Extra metal atoms from first transition metal series can intercalate up to 1:3 ratio. they go in between the layers.[4]

Intercalating two atoms of helium per formula increases the layer separation to 2.9 and the Se-Se distance to 3.52.[10][11]

Rubidium

When rubidium is intercalated, the NbSe2 layers separate to accommodate it. Each individual layer is also compressed slightly. The Nb-Se distance stays the same, but the Nb-Nb distance in the layer increases. The Se-Se distance on top and bottom of the layer decreases, and the Nb-Se-Nb angle increases. Extra electron density transfers from the Rb atoms to the niobium layer.[12]

Vanadium

Vanadium can enter the 2H NbSe2 structure to the limit of 1% by substituting for Nb. Between 11% and 20% it forms a 4Hb structure with V in octahedral coordination between layers. Over 30% it forms a 1T structure.[13]

Fermi energy is shifted into the d band.[14]

Iron

When doped with iron at levels greater than 8% NbSe2 can undergo a spin-glass transition at low temperatures.[15]

Hydrogen

Hydrogen can be intercalated into NbSe2 under high pressure and high temperature. Up to 0.9 atoms of hydrogen per formula can be included while retaining the same structure. Over this ratio the structure changes to that of MoS2. At this transition the crystallographic c-axis increases and paramagnetic susceptibility drops to zero. Hydrogen content can go to 5.2 molar ratio at 50.5 atmospheres.[16]

Magnesium

When magnesium is intercalated, the electron s-states do not overlap with the selenium, and it only has a small effect in reducing the superconducting critical temperature.[17]

Potential applications

Bemol Incorporated manufactured niobium diselenide in the United States for use as a conducting lubricant in vacuum, as it has a wide temperature stability range, very low outgassing, and lower resistance than graphite. NbSe2 was used as motor brushes, or embedded in silver to make a self lubricating surface.[18]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Haynes, William M., ed (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.78. ISBN 1439855110. 
  2. ↑ Rajora, O. S; Curzon, A. E (1987). "The preparation and X-ray diffraction study of the layer materials NbSxSe2−x for 0 ≦ x ≦ 2". Physica Status Solidi A 99 (1): 65. doi:10.1002/pssa.2210990108. Bibcode: 1987PSSAR..99...65R. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Wang, Hong; Huang, Xiangwei; Lin, Junhao; Cui, Jian; Chen, Yu; Zhu, Chao; Liu, Fucai; Zeng, Qingsheng et al. (2017). "High-quality monolayer superconductor NbSe2 grown by chemical vapour deposition". Nature Communications 8 (1): 394. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00427-5. PMID 28855521. Bibcode: 2017NatCo...8..394W. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lévy, Francis (2012). Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 9–12. ISBN 9789401014335. https://books.google.com/books?id=K0X8CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10. 
  5. ↑ NbSe2, a true 2-D superconductor. Physorg (November 6, 2015)
  6. ↑ Orchin, G. J.; De Fazio, D.; Di Bernardo, A.; Hamer, M.; Yoon, D.; Cadore, A. R.; Goykhman, I.; Watanabe, K. et al. (2019-06-24). "Niobium diselenide superconducting photodetectors". Applied Physics Letters 114 (25): 251103. doi:10.1063/1.5097389. ISSN 0003-6951. Bibcode: 2019ApPhL.114y1103O. 
  7. ↑ Riccó, B. (1977). "Fermi surface and charge density waves in niobium diselenide". Solid State Communications 22 (5): 331–333. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(77)91442-9. Bibcode: 1977SSCom..22..331R. 
  8. ↑ Liu, Xiaolong; Chong, Yi Xue; Sharma, Rahul; Davis, J. C. Séamus (2021-06-25). "Discovery of a Cooper-pair density wave state in a transition-metal dichalcogenide". Science 372 (6549): 1447–1452. doi:10.1126/science.abd4607. 
  9. ↑ "Nanoscale Frictional Characteristics Revealed". https://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?PID=6&VID=56&IID=456&AID=41762. Retrieved 25 March 2017. 
  10. ↑ Birks, A. R.; Hind, S. P.; Lee, P. M. (1976). "Band Structure Changes in Interealates of Niobium Diselenide". Physica Status Solidi B 76 (2): 599–604. doi:10.1002/pssb.2220760219. Bibcode: 1976PSSBR..76..599B. 
  11. ↑ Brown, Bruce E.; Beernsten, Donald J. (1965). "Layer structure polytypism among niobium and tantalum selenides". Acta Crystallographica 18: 31–38. doi:10.1107/S0365110X65000063. http://journals.iucr.org/q/issues/1965/01/00/a04452/a04452.pdf. 
  12. ↑ Bourdillon, A J; Pettifer, R F; Marseglia, E A (1979). "EXAFS in niobium diselenide intercalated with rubidium". Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 12 (19): 3889–3897. doi:10.1088/0022-3719/12/19/007. Bibcode: 1979JPhC...12.3889B. 
  13. ↑ Bayard, Michel; Mentzen, Bernard F.; Sienko, M. J. (1976). "Synthesis and structural aspects of the vanadium-substituted niobium diselenides". Inorganic Chemistry 15 (8): 1763–1767. doi:10.1021/ic50162a005. 
  14. ↑ Ibrahem, Mohammed Aziz; Huang, Wei-Chih; Lan, Tian-wey; Boopathi, Karunakara Moorthy; Hsiao, Yu-Chen; Chen, Chih-Han; Budiawan, Widhya; Chen, Yang-Yuan et al. (2014). "Controlled mechanical cleavage of bulk niobium diselenide to nanoscaled sheet, rod, and particle structures for Pt-free dye-sensitized solar cells". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2 (29): 11382. doi:10.1039/c4ta01881h. 
  15. ↑ Chen, M. C.; Slichter, C. P. (1 January 1983). "Zero-field NMR study on a spin-glass: Iron-doped—niobium diselenide". Physical Review B 27 (1): 278–292. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.27.278. Bibcode: 1983PhRvB..27..278C. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5197013. 
  16. ↑ Kulikov, Leonid M.; Lazorenko, Vasilii I.; Lashkarev, Georgii V. (2002). "Magnetic Susceptibility of Powders of Hydrogen Intercalates of Niobium Diselenide". Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 41 (1/2): 107–111. doi:10.1023/A:1016076918474. 
  17. ↑ Naik, Subham; Kalaiarasan, Somesh; Nath, Ramesh C.; Sarangi, Sachindra N.; Sahu, Akshay K.; Samal, Debakanta; Biswal, Himansu S.; Samal, Saroj L. (10 March 2021). "Nominal Effect of Mg Intercalation on the Superconducting Properties of 2H–NbSe 2". Inorganic Chemistry 60 (7): 4588–4598. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03545. PMID 33689330. 
  18. ↑ Anglo Bell Company (October 1965). "Niobium diselenide lubricant". Vacuum 15 (10): 511. doi:10.1016/0042-207X(65)90361-1. 



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