Chemistry:Lithium selenide

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Short description: Chemical compound
Lithium selenide
CaF2 polyhedra.png
Crystal structure of lithium selenide
__ Li+     __ Se2-
Names
IUPAC name
Lithium selenide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 235-230-2
UNII
Properties
Li2Se
Molar mass 92.842
Appearance clear crystal[1]
Density 2.0 g/cm3[2]
hydrolysis[3]
Structure
cubic: anti-fluorite
Fm3m, No. 225
4
Hazards
GHS pictograms GHS02: FlammableGHS06: ToxicGHS08: Health hazardGHS09: Environmental hazard
GHS Signal word Danger
H261, H301, H331, H373, H410
P231+232, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+310, P304+340, P311, P314, P321, P330, P370+378, P391, P402+404, P403+233, P405, P501
Related compounds
Other anions
Lithium oxide
Lithium sulfide
Lithium telluride
Lithium polonide
Other cations
Sodium selenide
Potassium selenide
Rubidium selenide
Caesium selenide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Tracking categories (test):

Properties

Lithium selenide is an inorganic compound that formed by selenium and lithium. It is a selenide with a chemical formula Li2Se. Lithium selenide has the same crystal form as other selenides, which is cubic, belonging to the anti-fluorite structure, the space group is [math]\displaystyle{ Fm\bar{3}m }[/math], each unit cell has 4 units.[1]

Synthesis

Lithium Selenide can be synthesized via the reaction between 1.0 equivalents of grey elemental selenium and 2.1 equivalents of lithium trialkylborohydride. The reaction takes place in a solution of THF (tetrahydrofuran) under  with stirring (minimum of 20 minutes) at room temperature according to the reaction below:[4] To increase yields and harmful byproducts, naphthalene can be added to the reaction as a catalyst.[5]

Se + 2Li(C2H5)3BH → Li2Se + 2(C2H5)3B + H2

Another method of synthesis involves the reduction of selenium with lithium in liquid ammonia. The Li2Se can be extracted after evaporation of the ammonia.[5]

Uses

One of the most contemporary uses of Li2Se compounds is in the creation of high-density capacitors and batteries. Lithium selenide can act as an excellent prelithiation agent, which helps to prevent the loss of capacity and efficiency during the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Additionally, the high relative conductivity and solubility of the products of lithium selenide decomposition makes it an ideal prelithiation agent. No harmful byproducts or gases are created during this decomposition of Li2Se.[6] One potential drawback to the use of Li2Se is the dissolution and shuttle problems inherent to the transition metals like selenide. To avoid this problem, evolving heterostructure materials can be used to inhibit the dissolution and shuttle effects of Li2Se.[7]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Jean D'Ans, Ellen Lax: Taschenbuch für Chemiker und Physiker. 3. Elemente, anorganische Verbindungen und Materialien, Minerale, Band 3. 4. Auflage, Springer, 1997, ISBN:978-3-5406-0035-0, S. 692 ([1], p. 692, at Google Books).
  2. Dale L. Perry, Sidney L. Phillips: Handbook of inorganic compounds. CRC Press, 1995, ISBN:978-0-8493-8671-8, S. 336 ([2], p. 336, at Google Books).
  3. Lithium selenide at AlfaAesar, accessed on Dienstag, 29. Juni 2010 (PDF) (JavaScript required).
  4. Gladysz, J. A.; Hornby, John L.; Garbe, James E. (March 1978). "Convenient one-flask synthesis of dialkyl selenides and diselenides via lithium triethylborohydride reduction of Sex" (in en). The Journal of Organic Chemistry 43 (6): 1204–1208. doi:10.1021/jo00400a040. ISSN 0022-3263. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo00400a040. 
  5. 5.0 5.1 Młochowski, Jacek; Syper, Ludwik (2001-04-15), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, ed., "Lithium Selenide" (in en), Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd), doi:10.1002/047084289x.rl141, ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/047084289X.rl141, retrieved 2023-11-18 
  6. Fu, Yanpeng; Xie, Yu; Zeng, Linyong; Shi, Zhicong (2023-02-01). "Li2Se as cathode additive to prolong the next generation high energy lithium-ion batteries". Surfaces and Interfaces 36: 102610. doi:10.1016/j.surfin.2022.102610. ISSN 2468-0230. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468023022008677. 
  7. Tao, Shusheng; Momen, Roya; Luo, Zheng; Zhu, Yirong; Xiao, Xuhuan; Cao, Ziwei; Xiong, Dengyi; Deng, Wentao et al. (April 2023). "Trapping Lithium Selenides with Evolving Heterogeneous Interfaces for High‐Power Lithium‐Ion Capacitors" (in en). Small 19 (15). doi:10.1002/smll.202207975. ISSN 1613-6810. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.202207975.