Engineering:Tick–tock model

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Short description: Production model by Intel

Tick–tock was a production model adopted in 2007 by chip manufacturer Intel. Under this model, every new process technology was first used to manufacture a die shrink of a proven microarchitecture (tick), followed by a new microarchitecture on the now-proven process (tock). It was replaced by the process–architecture–optimization model, which was announced in 2016 and is like a tick–tock cycle followed by an optimization phase. More generally, tick–tock is an engineering model which refreshes one half of a binary system each release cycle.

History

Every "tick" represented a shrinking of the process technology of the previous microarchitecture (with minor changes, commonly to the caches, and rarely introducing new instructions, as with Broadwell in late 2014) and every "tock" designated a new microarchitecture.[1] These occurred roughly every year to 18 months.[1]

Due to the slowing rate of process improvements, in 2014 Intel created a "tock refresh" of a tock in the form of a smaller update to the microarchitecture[2] not considered a new generation in and of itself. In March 2016, Intel announced in a Form 10-K report that it would always do this in future, deprecating the tick–tock cycle in favor of a three-step process–architecture–optimization model, under which three generations of processors are produced under a single manufacturing process, with the third generation out of three focusing on optimization.[3]

After introducing the Skylake architecture on a 14 nm process in 2015, its first optimization was Kaby Lake in 2016. Intel then announced a second optimization, Coffee Lake, in 2017[4] making a total of four generations at 14 nm[5] before the Palm Cove die shrink to 10 nm in 2018.

Roadmap

Pentium 4 / Core / Xeon Roadmap

  1. REDIRECT Template:Row hover highlight
Pentium 4 / Core / Xeon Roadmap
Change
(step) 		Fabri­cation
process 		Micro-
architecture 		Code names
for step 		Intel
Generation
Desktop/Mobile 		Intel
Generation
Xeon 		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Desktop/WS[6][7] 		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Xeon/Server 		Release date Processors
8P/4P Server 4P/2P Server/WS Embedded Xeon 1P Xeon Enthusiast/WS Desktop Mobile
Tick
(new fabrica-
tion process) 		65 nm P6, NetBurst Yonah (P6),
Presler (NetBurst),
Cedar Mill (NetBurst) 		N/A 1995-11-1 (P6),
2000-11-20 (NetBurst) 		N/A N/A N/A Presler (NetBurst) Cedar Mill (NetBurst) Yonah (P6)
Tock
(new micro-
architecture) 		Core Merom[8] 2006-07-27[9][10] Tigerton Woodcrest
Clovertown 		Kentsfield Conroe Merom
Tick 45 nm Penryn 2007-11-11[11] Dunnington Harpertown Yorkfield Wolfdale Penryn
Tock Nehalem Nehalem 1 N/A NHM[12] N/A 2008-11-17[13] Beckton Gainestown Lynnfield Bloomfield Lynnfield Clarksfield
Tick 32 nm Westmere 1 WSM[12] 2010-01-04[14][15] Westmere-EX Westmere-EP N/A Gulftown Clarkdale Arrandale
Tock Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge 2 1 (E3/E5) SNB JKT (Jaketown) 2011-01-09[16] Skipped[17] Sandy Bridge-EP Gladden Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge-E Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge-M
Tick 22 nm[18] Ivy Bridge 3 2 (E3/E5/E7) IVB IVT (Ivytown) 2012-04-29 Ivy Bridge-EX[19] Ivy Bridge-EP[19] Gladden Ivy Bridge Ivy Bridge-E[20] Ivy Bridge Ivy Bridge-M
Tock Haswell Haswell 4 3 (E3/E5/E7) HSW, CRW (Crystal Well)
with Iris Pro[21][22] 		HSX 2013-06-02 Haswell-EX Haswell-EP N/A Haswell-DT Haswell-E Haswell-DT[23] Haswell-MB (notebooks)
Haswell-LP (ultrabooks)[23]
Refresh Haswell Refresh,
Devil's Canyon[24] 		N/A N/A 2014-05-11,
2014-06-02 		No server version released Devil's Canyon No mobile version released
Tick (Process) 14 nm[18] Broadwell[25] 5 4 (E3/E5/E7) BDW BDX 2014-09-05 Broadwell-EX[26] Broadwell-EP[26] Broadwell-DE Broadwell-DT Broadwell-E Broadwell-DT Broadwell-H
Broadwell-U
Broadwell-Y
Tock (Architecture) Skylake[25] Skylake[25] 6 5 (E3)
1 (SP)
W-2100
W-31xx 		SKL
SKL-S
SKL-X
SKL-H
SKL-U
SKL-Y
SKL-D
SKL-DT 		SKX 2015-08-05[27] Skylake-SP Skylake-DE Skylake-D/DT/H Skylake-X Skylake Skylake-H
Skylake-U
Skylake-Y
Optimization
(Refresh)
[3][28][29][30] 		Kaby Lake[31] 7 6 (E3) KBL N/A 2017-01-03[32] Only 1P server (Xeon E3) version released Kaby Lake-DT/H
cores: 4 (4/8) 		Kaby Lake-X[33] Kaby Lake Kaby Lake-H
Kaby Lake-U
Kaby Lake-Y
Kaby Lake R[34][35] 8 N/A KBL-R 2017-08-21[35] Only mobile version released Kaby Lake R
Coffee Lake 8[36] E-2100 CFL
CFL-S
CFL-E
CFL-H
CFL-U 		2017-10-05[37] Only 1P server (Xeon E) version released Coffee Lake-H Coffee Lake-S WS (Coffee Lake-E) No WS version released Coffee Lake-S Coffee Lake-H
Coffee Lake-U
Whiskey Lake,
Amber Lake[38] 		8 N/A WHL
AML 		2018-08-28[38] Only mobile version released Whiskey Lake-U
Amber Lake-Y
Skylake (Skylake-X Refresh) 9 ? 2018-10-08[39] Only WS version released Skylake X Only WS version released
Coffee Lake (Coffee Lake Refresh) 9[36] E-2200 CFL-R
CFL-ER
CFL-HR 		N/A 2018-10-08,[40] 2019-04-23[41] Only 1P server (Xeon E) version released Coffee Lake-S WS (Coffee Lake-ER) No WS version released Coffee Lake-R Coffee Lake-H Refresh
Cascade Lake 10 2 (SP)
W-2200
W-3200 		CSL CXL 2019-04-02[42] Cascade Lake-SP Cascade Lake-AP N/A Cascade Lake-W
Cascade Lake-X 		Only server / WS version released
Comet Lake,[43] Amber Lake 10 N/A CML
AML 		N/A 2019-08-21[43] No server version released Comet Lake-W Comet Lake-S Comet Lake-H
Comet Lake-U
Amber Lake-Y
Cascade Lake (Cascade Lake Refresh) N/A 2 (SP) N/A ? 2020-02-24[44] Cascade Lake R Only server version released
Cooper Lake N/A 3 (SP) N/A CPL
CPL-SP 		2020-06-18[45] Cooper Lake-SP Only 8P/4P server version released
Architecture Cypress Cove[46] Rocket Lake[46] 11 E-2300 RKL N/A 2021-03-30[47] N/A Rocket Lake-E Rocket Lake-W Rocket Lake-S N/A
Process 10 nm Palm Cove Cannon Lake 8 N/A CNL 2018-05-16[48] Only mobile version released Cannon Lake-U
Architecture Sunny Cove Ice Lake[49] 10 3 (SP) ICL ICX[50]
ICL-SP[50] 		2019-08-01[51] N/A Ice Lake-SP (2021-04-06)[50] Ice Lake-D (April 2021) N/A Ice Lake-U
Ice Lake-Y
Optimization[30] Willow Cove Tiger Lake[30] 11 N/A TGL N/A 2020-09-02[52] Only mobile version released Tiger Lake-H35
Tiger Lake-UP3
Tiger Lake-UP4
Architecture Intel 7 Golden Cove Alder Lake 12 ADL 2021-11-04 No server / WS version released Alder Lake-S Alder Lake-HX
Alder Lake-H
Alder Lake-P
Alder Lake-U
Sapphire Rapids[53] N/A 4 (SP)
W-2400
W-3400 		N/A SPR 2023-01-10 Sapphire Rapids-SP Sapphire Rapids-HBM
Sapphire Rapids-SP 		N/A Sapphire Rapids-WS Only server / WS version released
Optimization Raptor Cove Raptor Lake 13 N/A RPL N/A 2022-10-20 No server / WS version released Raptor Lake-S Raptor Lake-HX
Raptor Lake-H
Raptor Lake-P
Raptor Lake-U
Raptor Lake[54] (Raptor Lake Refresh) 14 E-2400 RPL-R 2023-10-17 Only 1P server (Xeon E) version released Raptor Lake-E N/A Raptor Lake-S Refresh N/A
N/A 2024-01-08 Mobile processors refreshed Raptor Lake-HX Refresh
Core Series 1 Raptor Lake-U Refresh
Emerald Rapids N/A Xeon 5
(SP) 		N/A EMR 2023-12-14 Emerald Rapids-SP Only server version released
Tick Intel 4[55] Redwood Cove Meteor Lake[56] Core Ultra (Series 1) N/A MTL N/A 2023-12-14 Only mobile version released Meteor Lake-S
Meteor Lake-PS 		Meteor Lake-H
Meteor Lake-U
Tick Intel 3 Granite Rapids[57] N/A Xeon 6 (SP) N/A GNR 2024-09-24[58] N/A Granite Rapids-AP N/A Only server / WS version released
2025 Q1[58][59] Granite Rapids-SP
2025[60] N/A Granite Rapids-D
Tick Intel 20A Lion Cove Arrow Lake[61] 15 (informally)
Core Ultra 200S
Core Ultra (Series 2) 		N/A ARL N/A 2024-10-03 No server / WS version released Arrow Lake-S
Arrow Lake-SK 		N/A
Core Ultra 200H
Core Ultra 200HX
Intel Core Ultra H & HX Series[62] 		2025 Q1[62] Arrow Lake-R
Arrow Lake-K
Arrow Lake-KF 		Arrow Lake-HX
Arrow Lake-H
Tick Intel 18A Lunar Lake Core Ultra 200V
Core Ultra (Series 2) 		N/A LNL N/A 2024-09-03 Only mobile version released Lunar Lake-V
Lunar Lake-MX
Change
(step) 		Fabri­cation
process 		Micro-
architecture 		Code names
for step 		Intel
Generation
Desktop 		Intel
Generation
Xeon 		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Desktop/WS[6][7] 		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Xeon/Server 		Release date 8P/4P Server 4P/2P Server/WS Embedded Xeon 1P Xeon Enthusiast/WS Desktop Mobile
Processors

Atom roadmap

With Silvermont Intel tried to start Tick-Tock in Atom architecture but problems with the 10 nm process prevented it.

In the table below instead of Tick-Tock steps Process-Architecture-Optimization are used. There is no official confirmation that Intel uses Process-Architecture-Optimization for Atom, but it enables us to understand what changes happened in each generation.

  1. REDIRECT Template:Row hover highlight
Atom roadmap[63]
Change Fabri­cation
process 		Micro-
architecture
(Abbr.)[12] 		Code names
for step 		Release
date 		Processors/SoCs
MID, Smartphone Tablet Netbook Nettop Embedded Server CE
Process / Architecture 45 nm Bonnell (BNL) Bonnell 2008 Silverthorne N/A Diamondville N/A N/A N/A
Optimization Bonnell 2010 Lincroft Pineview Tunnel Creek
Stellarton 		N/A Sodaville
Groveland
Process 32 nm Saltwell 2011 Medfield (Penwell & Lexington) & Clover Trail+ (Cloverview) Clover Trail (Cloverview) Cedar Trail (Cedarview) N/A Centerton & Briarwood Berryville
Process / Architecture 22 nm Silvermont (SLM) Silvermont 2013 Merrifield (Tangier)[64] & Moorefield (Anniedale)[65] & Slayton Bay Trail-T
(Valleyview) 		Bay Trail-M
(Valleyview) 		Bay Trail-D
(Valleyview) 		Bay Trail-I
(Valleyview) 		Avoton
Rangeley 		Unknown
Process 14 nm[63] Airmont 2014 Binghamton & Riverton Cherry Trail-T (Cherryview)[66] Braswell[67] Denverton
Cancelled 		Unknown
Architecture Goldmont[68]
(GLM) 		Goldmont 2016 Broxton Cancelled Broxton Cancelled
Apollo Lake 		Apollo Lake Apollo Lake Unknown Denverton Unknown
Architecture Goldmont Plus
(GLM+, GLP) 		Goldmont Plus 2017 Unknown Gemini Lake Gemini Lake Gemini Lake Unknown Unknown Unknown
Optimization Goldmont Plus 2019 Unknown Gemini Lake Refresh Gemini Lake Refresh Gemini Lake Refresh Unknown Unknown Unknown
Process / Architecture 10 nm Tremont Tremont 2020 Unknown Jasper Lake Jasper Lake Jasper Lake Elkhart Lake Snow Ridge Unknown
Architecture Intel 7 Gracemont Gracemont 2021 Unknown Unknown Alder Lake & Raptor Lake (hybrid) Unknown Unknown
Process / Architecture Intel 4 Crestmont Crestmont 2023 Unknown Unknown Meteor Lake[69] (hybrid) Sierra Forest-SP
Sierra Forest-AP 		Unknown

Note: There is further the Xeon Phi. It has up to now undergone four development steps with a current top model that got the code name Knights Landing (shortcut: KNL;[12] the predecessor code names all had the leading term Knights in their name) that is derived from the Silvermont architecture as used for the Intel Atom series but realized in a shrunk 14 nm (FinFET) technology.[70] In 2018, Intel announced that Knights Landing and all further Xeon Phi CPU models were discontinued.[71] However, Intel's Sierra Forest and subsequent Atom-based Xeon CPUs are likely a spiritual successor to Xeon Phi.

Both

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Intel tick–tock model". Intel Corporation. http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/silicon-innovations/intel-tick-tock-model-general.html. "A yearly product cadence moves the industry forward in a predictable fashion that can be planned in advance." 
  2. ↑ Mujtab, Hassan (2014-03-20). "Intel Haswell Refresh Processors Codenamed Devil's Canyon - Launching in Mid 2014 With Unlocked Design and Improved TIM". Wccftech.com. http://wccftech.com/intel-haswell-refresh-processors-codenamed-devils-canyon-launching-mid-2014-unlocked-design-improved-tim/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cutress, Ian (22 March 2016). "Intel's 'Tick–Tock' Seemingly Dead, Becomes 'Process–Architecture–Optimization'". Anandtech.com. http://www.anandtech.com/show/10183/intels-tick-tock-seemingly-dead-becomes-process-architecture-optimization. 
  4. ↑ Intel News... (official) [@intelnews]. "8th Gen Intel Core on the 2017 roadmap. Better every year at #Intel.". https://twitter.com/intelnews/status/829773829471744000.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  5. ↑ "Intel's 8th-gen 'Coffee Lake' chips reuse 14nm process as other Core CPUs ease into new tech". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/3168827/components-processors/intels-8th-gen-coffee-lake-chips-reuse-14nm-process-as-other-core-cpus-ease-into-new-tech.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Intel Releases Linux CPU Microcodes To fix Meltdown & Spectre Bugs by Lawrence Abrams on January 11, 2018
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Linux* Processor Microcode Data File Version 20180312 on 3/12/2018
  8. ↑ Crothers, Brooke (2009-02-10). "Intel moves up rollout of new chips | Nanotech - The Circuits Blog". http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-10160673-64.html. 
  9. ↑ "Intel CEO: Latest Platforms, Processors Form New Foundations For Digital Entertainment And Wireless Computing". Intel Corporation. http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20060105corp.htm. 
  10. ↑ "Intel Unveils World's Best Processor". Intel.com (Press release). Intel Corporation.
  11. ↑ "Intel Unveils 16 Next-Generation Processors, Including First Notebook Chips Built on 45nm Technology". Intel.com (Press release). Intel Corporation. January 7, 2008.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "X86 / Amd64 library". 25 October 2021. https://github.com/gz/rust-x86/blob/master/x86data/perfmon_data/mapfile.csv. 
  13. ↑ "Intel Launches Fastest Processor on the Planet". Intel.com (Press release). Intel Corporation. November 17, 2008.
  14. ↑ Bohr, Mark (February 10, 2009). "Intel 32nm Technology". Intel Corporation. http://download.intel.com/pressroom/kits/32nm/westmere/Mark_Bohr_32nm.pdf. 
  15. ↑ "Revolutionizing How We Use Technology—Today and Beyond". Logic Technology Development, Intel Corporation. http://www.intel.com/technology/architecture-silicon/32nm/index.htm. 
  16. ↑ Crothers, Brooke (November 15, 2010). "Intel Sandy Bridge chip coming January 5". http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20022893-64.html. 
  17. ↑ Pop, Sebastian (April 9, 2012). "Intel Ivy Bridge CPU Range Complete by Next Year". http://news.softpedia.com/news/Intel-Ivy-Bridge-CPU-Range-Complete-by-Next-Year-263451.shtml. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Bohr, Mark; Mistry, Kaizad (May 2011). "Intel's Revolutionary 22 nm Transistor Technology". Intel Corporation. http://download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/22nm/pdfs/22nm-Details_Presentation.pdf. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Novakovic, Nebojsa (April 9, 2012). "Ivy Bridge EP and EX coming up in a year's time – the multi-socket platform heaven". VR Zone AP Pte. Ltd.. http://vr-zone.com/articles/ivy-bridge-ep-and-ex-coming-up-in-a-year-s-time--the-multi-socket-platform-heaven/15488.html. 
  20. ↑ Knight, Shawn (March 19, 2012). "Ivy Bridge-E Delayed Until Second Half of 2013". http://www.techspot.com/news/47849-ivy-bridge-e-delayed-until-second-half-of-2013.html. 
  21. ↑ Products formerly Crystal Well at Intel web page
  22. ↑ What is Crystalwell? by Matt Egan on OCT 31, 2013 at macworld.com
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Leaked specifications of Haswell GT1/GT2/GT3 IGP". 2012-05-20. http://technewspedia.com/leaked-specifications-of-haswell-gt1gt2gt3-igp. 
  24. ↑ "Intel Core i7-4790K: Devils Canyon mit bis zu 4,4 GHz, ohne verlöteten Deckel" (in de). June 3, 2014. http://www.golem.de/news/intel-core-i7-4790k-devils-canyon-mit-bis-zu-4-4-ghz-aber-ohne-verloeteten-deckel-1406-106846.html. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Demerjian, Charlie (March 31, 2011). "After Intel's Haswell comes Broadwell". Stone Arch Networking Services, Inc.. http://semiaccurate.com/2011/03/31/after-intels-haswell-comes-broadwell-sk/. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Shilov, Anton (August 21, 2015). "Intel to release 22-core Xeon E5 v4 'Broadwell-EP' late in 2015". http://www.kitguru.net/components/cpu/anton-shilov/intel-to-release-22-core-xeon-e5-v4-broadwell-ep-late-in-2015-company/. 
  27. ↑ Carey, Gabe (July 7, 2015). "The wait for Skylake is almost over, first desktop chips likely to hit August 5". http://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/unlocked-intel-skylake-s-processors-reportedly-coming-august-5th/. 
  28. ↑ "Intel 14nm Kaby Lake "Skylake Refresh" Platform Detailed – Launching in 2H 2016, 256 MB eDRAM H-Series and 91W K-Series Unveiled". July 2015. http://wccftech.com/intel-14nm-kaby-lake-haswell-refresh-platform-detailed-launching-2h-2016-256-mb-edram-hseries-91w-kseries-unveiled/. "The Kaby Lake platform will be similar to Skylake platform that launches this year and will act as a platform refresher" 
  29. ↑ "Intel Releasing 14nm Kaby Lake Processor in 2016 Ahead of 10nm Cannonlake". 2015-07-08. http://www.legitreviews.com/intel-releasing-14nm-kaby-lake-processor-in-2016-ahead-of-10nm-cannonlake_168841/. "We have long known that Intel was planning a 'Skylake Refresh' that has always been on the roadmap between Skylake and Cannonlake, but it appears that refresh might be going by the code name Kaby lake now." 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Mujtaba, Hassan (January 20, 2016). "Intel's Cannonlake CPUs To Be Succeeded By 10nm Ice Lake Family in 2018 and 10nm Tiger Lake Family in 2019". WCCFTech.com. http://wccftech.com/intel-10nm-cannonlake-ice-lake-tiger-lake-cpu/. 
  31. ↑ Bright, Peter (July 15, 2015). "Intel confirms tick–tock shattering Kaby Lake processor as Moore's Law falters". https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/07/intel-confirms-tick-tock-shattering-kaby-lake-processor-as-moores-law-falters/. "the switch to 10nm manufacturing has been delayed until the second half of 2017." 
  32. ↑ Walton, Jarred (January 4, 2017). "Intel's Kaby Lake: Everything you need to know". http://www.pcgamer.com/intels-kaby-lake-everything-you-need-to-know/. "Today marks the official launch date of the desktop S-series 7th Generation Core processors..." 
  33. ↑ "Intel Core X-series Processors Product Specifications". Intel ARK (Product Specs). https://ark.intel.com/products/series/123588/Intel-Core-X-series-Processors. 
  34. ↑ Products formerly Kaby Lake R
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Ngo, Allen (August 21, 2017). "Intel Core i5-8250U, i5-8350U, i7-8550U, and i7-8650U Kaby Lake-R series launches today". https://www.notebookcheck.net/Intel-Core-i5-8250U-i5-8350U-i7-8550U-and-i7-8650U-Kaby-Lake-R-series-launches-today.241768.0.html. "Intel Core i5-8250U, i5-8350U, i7-8550U, and i7-8650U Kaby Lake-R launches today (Source: Intel)" 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Products formerly Coffee Lake". https://ark.intel.com/products/codename/97787/Coffee-Lake. 
  37. ↑ "Intel Unveils the 8th Gen Intel Core Processor Family for Desktop, Featuring Intel's Best Gaming Processor Ever | Intel Newsroom". Intel Newsroom. https://newsroom.intel.com/news-releases/intel-unveils-8th-gen-intel-core-processor-family-desktop/. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "New 8th Gen Intel Core Processors Optimize Connectivity, Great Performance, Battery Life for Laptops | Intel Newsroom". Intel Newsroom. https://newsroom.intel.com/news/new-8th-gen-intel-core-processors-optimized-connectivity-great-performance-long-battery-life-laptops/. 
  39. ↑ Cutress, Ian (8 October 2018). "Intel's Basin Falls Skylake-X Refresh: Core i9-9980XE with up to 15% Better Power Efficiency". AnandTech. https://www.anandtech.com/show/13402/intel-basin-falls-refresh-core-i9-9980xe. 
  40. ↑ Alcorn, Paul (October 8, 2018). "Intel Announces 9th Generation Core CPUs, Eight-Core Core i9-9900K" (in en-US). Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-9th-generation-coffee-lake-refresh,37898.html. 
  41. ↑ Cutress, Ian (23 April 2019). "Intel 9th Gen Core Processors: All the Desktop and Mobile 45W CPUs Announced". AnandTech. https://www.anandtech.com/show/14256/intel-9th-gen-core-processors-all-the-desktop-and-mobile-45w-cpus-announced. 
  42. ↑ Cutress, Ian (2 April 2019). "Intel's Enterprise Extravaganza 2019: Launching Cascade Lake, Optane DCPMM, Agilex FPGAs, 100G Ethernet, and Xeon D-1600". AnandTech. https://www.anandtech.com/show/14155/intels-enterprise-extravaganza-2019-roundup. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Intel Expands 10th Gen Intel Core Mobile Processor Family, Offering Double Digit Performance Gains" (in en-US). https://newsroom.intel.com/news/intel-expands-10th-gen-intel-core-mobile-processor-family-offering-double-digit-performance-gains/. 
  44. ↑ Alcorn, Paul (2020-02-24). "Intel Xeon Refresh: New Cascade Lake Refresh CPUs up to 60 Percent Cheaper Per Core" (in en). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-xeon-refresh-new-cascade-lake-refresh-cpus-up-to-60-percent-cheaper-per-core. 
  45. ↑ Cutress, Ian. "Intel Launches Cooper Lake: 3rd Generation Xeon Scalable for 4P/8P Servers". AnandTech. https://www.anandtech.com/show/15862/intel-launches-cooper-lake-3rd-generation-xeon-scalable-for-4p8p-servers. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Intel Previews 11th Gen Core Rocket Lake: Core i9-11900K and Z590, Coming Q1". 2021-01-11. https://www.anandtech.com/show/16390/intel-previews-11th-gen-core-rocket-lake-core-i911900k-and-z590-coming-q1. 
  47. ↑ "11th Gen Intel Core: Unmatched Overclocking, Game Performance" (in en-US). https://simplecore.intel.com/newsroom/news/11th-gen-intel-core-unmatched-performance/. 
  48. ↑ Tyson, Mark. "Intel Core i3-8121U 10nm processor hits ARK database". https://hexus.net/tech/news/cpu/118217-intel-core-i3-8121u-10nm-processor-hits-ark-database/. 
  49. ↑ Eassa, Ashraf (January 18, 2016). "What's the Name of Intel's Third 10-Nanometer Chip? This Fool has learned the code name of the follow-on to Intel's Icelake processor.". http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2016/01/18/what-is-the-name-of-intels-third-10-nanometer-chip.aspx. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Frumusanu, Andrei (6 April 2021). "Intel 3rd Gen Xeon Scalable (Ice Lake SP) Review: Generationally Big, Competitively Small". Future plc. https://www.anandtech.com/show/16594/intel-3rd-gen-xeon-scalable-review. "Intel's messaging with its new Ice Lake Xeon Scalable (ICX or ICL-SP) steers away from simple single core or multicore performance, ..." 
  51. ↑ "Intel Launches First 10th Gen Intel Core Processors: Redefining the Next Era of Laptop Experiences". https://newsroom.intel.com/news/intel-launches-first-10th-gen-intel-core-processors-redefining-next-era-laptop-experiences/. 
  52. ↑ "Intel Launches World's Best Processor for Thin-and-Light Laptops: 11th Gen Intel Core". https://newsroom.intel.com/news-releases/11th-gen-tiger-lake-evo/. 
  53. ↑ "Intel Confirms 10nm Ice Lake Xeon Production Has Started". https://www.anandtech.com/show/16380/intel-confirms-10nm-ice-lake-xeon-production-has-started. 
  54. ↑ "Products formerly Raptor Lake". https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/codename/215599/products-formerly-raptor-lake.html. 
  55. ↑ Tyson, Mark (2012-05-15). "Intel currently developing 14nm, aiming towards 5nm chips". http://hexus.net/tech/news/cpu/39381-intel-currently-developing-14nm-aiming-towards-5nm-chips/. 
  56. ↑ James, Dave (2021-03-23). "Meteor Lake, Intel's first 7nm CPU, to tape in before July this year and release in 2023" (in en-US). https://www.pcgamer.com/intel-meteor-lake-tape-/. 
  57. ↑ "Intel reveals the design of Alder Lake, Sapphire Rapids, Meteor Lake and Granite Rapids CPUs" (in en-US). https://videocardz.com/newz/intel-reveals-the-design-of-alder-lake-sapphire-rapids-meteor-lake-and-granite-rapids-cpus. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Alcorn, Paul (24 September 2024). "Intel Launches Granite Rapids Xeon 6900P series with 128 cores — matches AMD EPYC's core counts for the first time since 2017". Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/cpus/intel-launches-granite-rapids-xeon-6900p-series-with-120-cores-matches-amd-epycs-core-counts-for-the-first-time-since-2017. "Intel announced the on-time launch of its high-performance [Xeon 6] 'Granite Rapids' 6900P-series models today, with five new models spanning from 72 cores up to 128 cores, ... Intel will launch the more general-purpose P-core Xeon 6 models with 86 or fewer cores in the first quarter of 2025 (more info below). ... Intel's Xeon 6700P [sic?] series launches today worldwide, and the follow-on models come in Q1 2025. ..." 
  59. ↑ Mann, Tobass (24 September 2024). "With Granite Rapids, Intel is back to trading blows with AMD". The Register. https://www.theregister.com/2024/09/24/intel_xeon_6p/. "... With the launch of its Granite Rapids Xeons on Tuesday [24 September 2024], Intel is finally closing the gap ... Its 6700P-series parts, due out early next year, will feature up to two compute dies on board sporting up to 86 cores and a maximum of eight memory channels. ... The remainder of Intel's Xeon 6 roadmap, including its monster 288 E-core 6900E processors and four and eight-socket-capable 6700P parts, won't arrive until early next year. ..." 
  60. ↑ Labarel, Michael (2024-02-26). "Intel Xeon D "Granite Rapids-D" Processors Coming In 2025". Phoronix. https://www.phoronix.com/news/Intel-Granite-Rapids-D-2025. "Intel confirmed at their MWC 2024 briefings that Granite Rapids D will debut in 2025 as the successor to Ice Lake D for Xeon D edge processors. ..." 
  61. ↑ "Intel Client & Server CPU Roadmap Updates: Meteor Lake In 2023, 20A & 18A Powered Xeons & Core Chips Beyond 2024". 17 February 2022. https://wccftech.com/intel-client-server-cpu-roadmap-updates-meteor-lake-in-2023-20a-18a-powered-xeons-core-chips-beyond-2024/. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 WhyCry (October 10, 2024). "Intel confirms Core Ultra 200H and 200HX mobile series launching in Q1 2025". VideoCardz. https://videocardz.com/newz/intel-confirms-core-ultra-200h-and-200hx-mobile-series-launching-in-q1-2025. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Lal Shimpi, Anand (May 6, 2013). "Intel's Silvermont Architecture Revealed: Getting Serious About Mobile". http://www.anandtech.com/show/6936/intels-silvermont-architecture-revealed-getting-serious-about-mobile. 
  64. ↑ Hiroshige, Goto. "Intel Products for Tablets & SmartPhones". http://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/video/pcw/docs/569/575/p2.pdf. 
  65. ↑ "Import Data and Price of Anniedale". https://www.zauba.com/import-anniedale-hs-code.html. 
  66. ↑ Kazuaki Kasahara (November 30, 2012). "アウトオブオーダーと最新プロセスを採用する今後のAtom" (in ja). http://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/column/ubiq/20121130_576105.html. 
  67. ↑ "Products (Formerly Braswell)". Intel Corporation. http://ark.intel.com/products/codename/66094/Braswell#@All. 
  68. ↑ Smith, Ryan; Cutress, Ian (29 April 2016). "Intel's Changing Future: Smartphone SoCs Broxton & SoFIA Officially Canceled". http://www.anandtech.com/show/10288/intel-broxton-sofia-smartphone-socs-cancelled. 
  69. ↑ James, Dave (2021-03-23). "Meteor Lake, Intel's first 7nm CPU, to tape in before July this year and release in 2023" (in en-US). https://www.pcgamer.com/intel-meteor-lake-tape-/. 
  70. ↑ Intel veröffentlicht Xeon Phi mit bis zu 7 Teraflops
  71. ↑ "Product Change Notification 116378 - 00". https://qdms.intel.com/dm/i.aspx/9C54A9A7-BF37-4496-B268-BD2746EA54D3/PCN116378-00.pdf. 

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