Engineering:Sapphire Rapids

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Short description: Intel microprocessor, released in 2023
Sapphire Rapids
General Info
LaunchedJanuary 10, 2023; 13 months ago (2023-01-10)
Marketed byIntel
Designed byIntel
Common manufacturer(s)
CPUID code806F6
Product code80713
Performance
Max. CPU clock rateUp to 4.8 GHz
QPI speeds16 GT/s
DMI speeds16 GT/s
Cache
L1 cache80 KB per core (32 KB instruction + 48 KB data)
L2 cache2 MB per core
L3 cacheUp to 112.5 MB (1.875 MB per core)
L4 cache64 GB HBM2a (Xeon Max only)
Architecture and classification
ApplicationServer
Workstation
Embedded
Min. feature sizeIntel 7 (previously known as 10ESF)
MicroarchitectureGolden Cove
Instruction setx86-64
InstructionsMMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, AVX2, FMA3, AVX-512, AVX-VNNI, TSX, AMX, AES-NI, CLMUL, RDRAND
Extensions
  • SHA, TXT, VT-x, VT-d, DSA, QAT, DLB, IAA
Physical specifications
Cores
  • Up to 60 P-cores
Package(s)
Socket(s)
  • LGA 4677
Products, models, variants
Product code name(s)
  • SPR
Model(s)
  • Sapphire Rapids-SP
  • Sapphire Rapids-WS
  • Sapphire Rapids-HBM
Brand name(s)
  • Xeon Bronze/Sliver/Gold/Platinum
  • Xeon Max Series
  • Xeon w3/w5/w7/w9
History
PredecessorIce Lake (workstations, 1S and 2S servers)
Cooper Lake (4S and 8S servers)
SuccessorEmerald Rapids (1S and 2S servers)
Granite Rapids (workstations, 4S and 8S servers)

Sapphire Rapids is a codename for Intel's server (fourth generation Xeon Scalable) and workstation (Xeon W-2400 and Xeon W-3400) processors based on the Golden Cove microarchitecture and produced using Intel 7.[1][2][3][4] It features up to 60 cores and an array of accelerators.

Sapphire Rapids is part of the Eagle Stream server platform.[5][6] In addition, it powers Aurora, an exascale supercomputer in the United States , at Argonne National Laboratory.[7]

History

Sapphire Rapids has been a long-standing Intel project along Alder Lake in development for over five years and has been subjected to many delays.[8] Sapphire Rapids was first announced by Intel at their Investor Meeting in May 2019 with the intention of Sapphire Rapids succeeding Ice Lake and Cooper Lake in 2021.[9][10] Intel again announced details on Sapphire Rapids in their August 2021 Architecture Day presentation with no mention of a launch date.[11] Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger tacitly blamed the previous Intel leadership as a reason for Sapphire Rapid's many delays.[8] One industry analyst firm claimed that Intel was having problems with yields from its Intel 7 node with yields of 50–60% on higher core-count silicon.[12] Sapphire Rapids was originally scheduled for a launch in the first half of 2022.[13] It was later scheduled for release in Q4 2022 but was again delayed to early 2023.[14] The specific announcement date of January 10, 2023 was not revealed by Intel until November 2022.[15] The server processor lineup was released on January 10, 2023, and the workstation processor lineup was released on February 15, 2023.[16] Nevine Nassif is a chief engineer for this generation.[17] Those processors were available for shipping on March 14 of that year.[18] Intel shipped millionth of this generation Xeon processors at 2023.[19]

Features

CPU

Further information: Engineering:Golden Cove

Accelerators

  • In-Field Scan (IFS), a technology that allows for testing the processor for potential hardware faults without taking it completely offline[24]
  • Data Streaming Accelerator (DSA), allows for speeding up data copy and transformation between different kinds of storage[25][26]
  • QuickAssist Technology (QAT), allows for improved performance of compression and encryption tasks[26]
  • Dynamic Load Balancer (DLB), allows for offloading tasks of load balancing, packet prioritization and queue management[26]
  • In-Memory Analytics Accelerator (IAA), allows accelerating in-memory databases and big data analytics[26]

Not all accelerators are available in all processor models. Some accelerators are available under the Intel On Demand program, also known as Software Defined Silicon (SDSi), where a license is required to activate a given accelerator that is physically present in the processor. The license can be obtained as a one-time purchase or as a paid subscription. Activating the license requires support in the operating system. A driver with the necessary support was added in Linux kernel version 6.2.[27][26]

I/O

Die configurations

Sapphire Rapids come in two varieties: the low-core-count variety uses a single die (MCC), and the high-core-count variety uses multiple dies on a single package (XCC).

XCC multi-die configuration

  • Multi-die chip with four tiles linked by 2.5D Embedded Multi-die Interconnect Bridges. Each tile is a 400mm2 SoC, providing both compute cores and I/O.[30]
    • Each tile contains 15 Golden Cove cores
    • Each tile's memory controller provides two channels of DDR5 with a maximum of eight channels across 4 tiles[31]
    • A tile provides up to 32 PCIe 5.0 lanes, but one of the eight PCIe controllers of a CPU is usually reserved for DMI, resulting in a maximum of 112 non-chipset lanes. This maximum is only reached in the W-3400 series processors, while the server processors have 80.[32]

List of Sapphire Rapids processors

Sapphire Rapids-HBM (High Banwidth Memory/Xeon Max Series)

Xeon Max processors contain 64 GB of High Bandwidth Memory.

Model
number 		Cores
(Threads) 		Base
clock 		All core
turbo
boost 		Max
turbo
boost 		Smart
Cache 		TDP Maximum
scalability 		Registered
DDR5
w. ECC
support 		UPI
links 		Release
MSRP
(United States dollar )
9480 56 (112) 1.9 GHz 2.6 GHz 3.5 GHz 112.5 MB 350 W 2S 4800 MT/s 4 $12980
9470 52 (104) 2.0 GHz 2.7 GHz 105.0 MB $11590
9468 48 (96) 2.1 GHz 2.6 GHz $9900
9460 40 (80) 2.2 GHz 2.7 GHz 97.5 MB 3 $8750
9462 32 (64) 2.7 GHz 3.1 GHz 75.0 MB $7995

Sapphire Rapids-SP (Scalable Performance)

With its maximum of 60 cores, Sapphire Rapids-SP competes with AMD's EPYC Genoa with up to 96 cores and Bergamo with up to 128 cores. Sapphire Rapids Xeon server processors are scalable from single-socket configurations up to 8 socket configurations.[33][34]

  • +: Includes 1 of each of the four accelerators: DSA, IAA, QAT, DLB
  • H: Database and analytics workloads, supports 4S (Xeon Gold) and/or 8S (Xeon Platinum) configurations and includes all of the accelerators
  • M: Media transcode workloads
  • N: Network/5G/Edge workloads (High TPT/Low Latency), some are uniprocessor
  • P: Cloud and infrastructure as a service (IaaS) workloads
  • Q: Liquid cooling
  • S: Storage & Hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI) workloads
  • T: Long-life use/High thermal case
  • U: Uniprocessor (some workload-specific SKUs may also be uniprocessor)
  • V: Optimized for cloud and software as a service (SaaS) workloads, some are uniprocessor
  • Y: Speed Select Technology-Performance Profile (SST-PP) enabled (some workload-specific SKUs may also support SST-PP)
  • Y+: Speed Select Technology-Performance Profile (SST-PP) enabled and includes 1 of each of the accelerators.
Model
number 		Cores
(Threads) 		Base
clock 		All core
turbo
boost 		Max
turbo
boost 		Smart
Cache 		TDP Maximum
scalability 		Registered
DDR5
w. ECC
support 		UPI
links 		Release
MSRP
(United States dollar )
Xeon Platinum (8400)
8490H 60 (120) 1.9 GHz 2.9 GHz 3.5 GHz 112.5 MB 350 W 8S 4800 MT/s 4 $17000
8488C 48 (96) 2.4 GHz 3.2 GHz 3.8 GHz 105.0 MB 385 W 2S ?
8487C 56 (112) 1.9 GHz ? 3.8 GHz 350 W ?
8481C 2.0 GHz 2.9 GHz ?
8480+ 3.0 GHz 4 $10710
8480C
8478C 48 (96) 2.2 GHz ? ?
8475B 2.7 GHz 3.2 GHz 97.5 MB ?
8474C 2.1 GHz ? ?
8473C 52 (104) 2.9 GHz 105.0 MB ?
8471N 1.8 GHz 2.8 GHz 3.6 GHz 97.5 MB 300 W 1S 4 $5171
8470Q 2.1 GHz 3.2 GHz 3.8 GHz 105.0 MB 350 W 2S $9410
8470N 1.7 GHz 2.7 GHz 3.6 GHz 97.5 MB 300 W $9520
8470 2.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 3.8 GHz 105.0 MB 350 W $9359
8469C 48 (96) 2.6 GHz 3.1 GHz 97.5 MB ?
8468V 2.4 GHz 2.9 GHz 330 W 3 $7121
8468H 2.1 GHz 3.0 GHz 105.0 MB 8S 4 $13923
8468 3.1 GHz 350 W 2S $7214
8465C 52 (104) 2.9 GHz ?
8462Y+ 32 (64) 2.8 GHz 3.6 GHz 4.1 GHz 60.0 MB 300 W 3 $5945
8461V 48 (96) 2.2 GHz 2.8 GHz 3.7 GHz 97.5 MB 1S 0 $4491
8460Y+ 40 (80) 2.0 GHz 105.0 MB 2S 4 $5558
8460H 2.2 GHz 3.1 GHz 3.8 GHz 330 W 8S $10710
8458P 44 (88) 2.7 GHz 3.2 GHz 82.5 MB 350 W 2S 3 $7121
8454H 32 (64) 2.1 GHz 2.7 GHz 3.4 GHz 270 W 8S 4 $6540
8452Y 36 (72) 2.0 GHz 2.8 GHz 3.2 GHz 67.5 MB 300 W 2S $3995
8450H 28 (56) 2.6 GHz 3.5 GHz 75.0 MB 250 W 8S $4708
8444H 16 (32) 2.9 GHz 3.2 GHz 4.0 GHz 45.0 MB 270 W $4234
8432C 40 (80) ? ? 3.8 GHz ? 350 W 2S ?
8422C 36 (72) ? ? ? ? ?
Xeon Gold (5400 and 6400)
6462C 32 (64) 3.3 GHz ? ? 60.0 MB ? 2S 4800 MT/s ?
6458Q 3.1 GHz 4.0 GHz 350 W 3 $6416
6456C 2.9 GHz 3.3 GHz 4.1 GHz 280 W ?
6454S 2.2 GHz 2.8 GHz 3.4 GHz 270 W 4 $3157
6448Y 2.1 GHz 3.0 GHz 4.1 GHz 225 W 3 $3583
6448H 2.4 GHz 3.2 GHz 250 W 4S $3658
6444Y 16 (32) 3.6 GHz 4.0 GHz 45.0 MB 270 W 2S $3622
6442Y 24 (48) 2.6 GHz 3.3 GHz 4.0 GHz 60.0 MB 225 W $2878
6438Y+ 32 (64) 2.0 GHz 2.8 GHz 205 W $3141
6438N 2.7 GHz 3.6 GHz $3351
6438M 2.2 GHz 2.8 GHz 3.9 GHz $3273
6434H 8 (16) 3.7 GHz 4.1 GHz 22.5 MB 195 W 4S $3070
6434 2S $2607
6430 32 (64) 2.1 GHz 2.6 GHz 3.4 GHz 60.0 MB 270 W 4400 MT/s $2128
6428N 1.8 GHz 2.5 GHz 3.8 GHz 185 W 4000 MT/s $3200
6426Y 16 (32) 2.5 GHz 3.3 GHz 4.1 GHz 37.5 MB 4800 MT/s $1517
6421N 32 (64) 1.8 GHz 2.6 GHz 3.6 GHz 60.0 MB 1S 4400 MT/s $2368
6418H 24 (48) 2.1 GHz 2.9 GHz 4.0 GHz 4S 4800 MT/s $2065
6416H 18 (36) 2.2 GHz 4.2 GHz 45.0 MB 165 W $1444
6414U 32 (64) 2.0 GHz 2.6 GHz 3.4 GHz 60.0 MB 250 W 1S 0 $2296
5420+ 28 (56) 2.7 GHz 4.1 GHz 52.5 MB 205 W 2S 4400 MT/s 3 $1848
5418Y 24 (48) 2.8 GHz 3.8 GHz 45.0 MB 185 W $1483
5418N 1.8 GHz 2.6 GHz 165 W 4000 MT/s $1664
5416S 16 (32) 2.0 GHz 2.8 GHz 4.0 GHz 30.0 MB 150 W 4400 MT/s $944
5415+ 8 (16) 2.9 GHz 3.6 GHz 4.1 GHz 22.5 MB $1066
5412U 24 (48) 2.1 GHz 2.9 GHz 3.9 GHz 45.0 MB 185 W 1S 0 $1113
5411N 1.9 GHz 2.8 GHz 165 W 3 $1388
Xeon Silver (4400)
4416+ 20 (40) 2.0 GHz 2.9 GHz 3.9 GHz 37.5 MB 165 W 2S 4000 MT/s 2 $1176
4410Y 12 (24) 2.8 GHz 30.0 MB 150 W $563
4410T 10 (20) 2.7 GHz 3.4 GHz 4.0 GHz 26.25 MB $624
Xeon Bronze (3400, 3500)
3508U 8 (8) 2.1 GHz 2.2 GHz 22.5 MB 125 W 1S 4400 MT/s 0 $415-$425
3408U 1.8 GHz 1.9 GHz 4000 MT/s

Sapphire Rapids-WS (Workstation)

With its maximum of 56 cores, Sapphire Rapids-WS competes with AMD's Threadripper PRO Chagall with up to 64 cores.[35] Like Intel's Core product segmentation into i3, i5, i7 and i9, Sapphire Rapids-WS is labeled Xeon w3, w5, w7 and w9.[36] Sapphire Rapids-WS was unveiled in February 2023, and was made available for OEMs in March.[37][38] CPUs with "X" suffix have its multiplier unlocked for overclocking.[39]

  • No suffix letter: Locked clock multiplier
  • X: Unlocked clock multiplier (adjustable with no ratio limit)
  • Xeon W-2400 supports uses a monolithic design up to 64 PCI Express 5.0 lanes, while Xeon W-3400 uses a multi-chip module design and supports up to 112 lanes. Both support 8 Direct Media Interface 4.0 lanes.
Processor
branding 		Model Cores
(Threads) 		Base
clock 		Max
boost 		Smart
Cache 		Registered
DDR5
w. ECC
support 		TDP Release
MSRP
(United States dollar )
Base Turbo
Xeon w9 3495X 56 (112) 1.9 GHz 4.8 GHz 105 MB 8-channel
4800 MT/s
4 TB 		350 W 420 W $5889
3475X 36 (72) 2.2 GHz 82.5 MB 300 W $3739
Xeon w7 3465X 28 (56) 2.5 GHz 75.0 MB 300 W 360 W $2889
3455 24 (48) 67.5 MB 270 W 324 W $2489
3445 20 (40) 2.6 GHz 52.5 MB $1989
Xeon w5 3435X 16 (32) 3.1 GHz 4.7 GHz 45.0 MB $1589
3425 12 (24) 3.2 GHz 4.6 GHz 30.0 MB $1189
Xeon w7 2495X 24 (48) 2.5 GHz 4.8 GHz 45.0 MB 4-channel
4800 MT/s
2 TB 		225 W 270 W $2189
2475X 20 (40) 2.6 GHz 37.5 MB $1789
Xeon w5 2465X 16 (32) 3.1 GHz 4.7 GHz 33.7 MB 200 W 240 W $1389
2455X 12 (24) 3.2 GHz 4.6 GHz 30.0 MB $1039
2445 10 (20) 3.1 GHz 26.2 MB 175W 210 W $839
Xeon w3 2435 8 (16) 4.5 GHz 22.5 MB 4-channel
4400 MT/s
2 TB 		165 W 198 W $669
2425 6 (12) 3.0 GHz 4.4 GHz 15.0 MB 130 W 156 W $529
2423 2.1 GHz 4.2 GHz 120 W 144 W $359

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cutress, Ian (August 13, 2020). "Intel's 11th Gen Core Tiger Lake SoC Detailed: SuperFin, Willow Cove and Xe-LP" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/15971/intels-11th-gen-core-tiger-lake-soc-detailed-superfin-willow-cove-and-xelp. 
  2. ↑ Mujtaba, Hassan (October 14, 2019). "Intel Sapphire Rapids & Granite Rapids Xeons Are LGA 4677 Compatible" (in en-US). https://wccftech.com/intel-xeon-sapphire-rapids-granite-rapids-cpus-lga-4677-compatible-ddr5-pcie-5/. 
  3. ↑ Cutress, Ian (February 17, 2022). "Intel Discloses Multi-Generation Xeon Scalable Roadmap: New E-Core Only Xeons in 2024" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/17259/intel-discloses-multigeneration-xeon-scalable-roadmap-new-ecore-only-xeons-in-2024. 
  4. ↑ Shilov, Anton (October 27, 2020). "Intel: Alder Lake Sampling, Sapphire Rapids Samples in Q4" (in en-US). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-alder-lake-sampling-sapphire-rapids. 
  5. ↑ Mujtaba, Hassan (May 21, 2019). "Intel Xeon Roadmap Leak, 10nm Ice Lake, Sapphire Rapids CPU Detailed" (in en-US). https://wccftech.com/intel-xeon-roadmap-leak-10nm-ice-lake-sp-2020-sapphire-rapids-sp-2021/. 
  6. ↑ Alcorn, Paul (June 29, 2021). "Intel's Sapphire Rapids Roadmap Slips: Enters Production in 2022" (in en-US). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intels-timeline-slips-10nm-sapphire-rapids-to-enter-production-in-2022. 
  7. ↑ Russell, John (November 17, 2019). "Intel Debuts New GPU – Ponte Vecchio – and Outlines Aspirations for oneAPI" (in en-US). https://www.hpcwire.com/2019/11/17/intel-debuts-new-gpu-ponte-vecchio-and-outlines-aspirations-for-oneapi/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Patel, Nilay (October 4, 2022). "Pat Gelsinger came back to turn Intel around — here's how it's going" (in en-US). https://www.theverge.com/2022/10/4/23385652/pat-gelsinger-intel-chips-act-ohio-manufacturing-chip-shortage. 
  9. ↑ Schor, David (May 21, 2019). "Leaked Intel Server Roadmap Shows Sapphire Rapids With DDR5/PCIe 5.0 For 2021, Granite Rapids For 2022" (in en-US). https://fuse.wikichip.org/news/2336/leaked-intel-server-roadmap-shows-sapphire-rapids-with-ddr5-pcie-5-0-for-2021-granite-rapids-for-2022/. 
  10. ↑ Mujtaba, Hassan (May 21, 2019). "Intel Xeon Roadmap Leaked Out, Unveils 10nm Ice Lake-SP With PCIe Gen 4 & Up To 26 Cores in 2020, Next-Gen Sapphire Rapids With PCIe Gen 5 & DDR5 in 2021" (in en-US). https://wccftech.com/intel-xeon-roadmap-leak-10nm-ice-lake-sp-2020-sapphire-rapids-sp-2021/. 
  11. ↑ Intel Technology (August 19, 2021). "Sapphire Rapids – Architecture Day 2021 | Intel Technology" (in en-US). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zyQNiJw82U&ab_channel=IntelTechnology. 
  12. ↑ Wheatley, Mike (November 1, 2022). "Intel's Sapphire Rapids server chips face yet more delays, with AMD set to benefit" (in en-US). https://siliconangle.com/2022/11/01/intels-sapphire-rapids-server-chips-face-yet-delays-amd-set-benefit/. 
  13. ↑ Cutress, Ian (June 29, 2021). "Update on Intel Sapphire Rapids in 2022: Q1 for Production, Q2 for Ramp, H1 Launch" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/16796/update-on-intel-sapphire-rapids-in-2022-q1-for-production-q2-for-ramp-h1-launch. 
  14. ↑ Cunningham, Andrew (November 2, 2022). "Intel's oft-delayed "Sapphire Rapids" Xeon CPUs are finally coming in early 2023" (in en-US). https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/11/intels-oft-delayed-sapphire-rapids-xeon-cpus-are-finally-coming-in-early-2023/. 
  15. ↑ Shilov, Anton (November 2, 2022). "Intel's Sapphire Rapids Formal Launch Date Revealed" (in en-US). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-sapphire-rapids-launch-date-revealed. 
  16. ↑ "Intel Launches New Xeon Workstation Processors – the Ultimate..." (in en). https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/intel-launches-new-xeon-workstation-processors.html. 
  17. ↑ "Crafting and Testing the Do-Anything Server Chip" (in en-US). February 7, 2023. https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/crafting-testing-do-anything-server-chip.html. 
  18. ↑ "4th Gen Intel Xeon Sprints into the Market" (in en-US). https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/4th-gen-intel-xeon-sprints-into-market.html. 
  19. ↑ Intel Corporation, Intel Unveils Future-Generation Xeon with Robust Performance and Efficiency Architectures
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Cutress, Ian (August 31, 2021). "Intel Xeon Sapphire Rapids: How To Go Monolithic with Tiles" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/16921/intel-sapphire-rapids-nextgen-xeon-scalable-gets-a-tiling-upgrade. 
  21. ↑ "Intel® AVX512-FP16 Architecture Specification, June 2021, Revision 1.0, Ref. 347407-001US" (in en-US). June 30, 2021. https://software.intel.com/content/dam/develop/external/us/en/documents-tps/intel-avx512-fp16.pdf. 
  22. ↑ "Intel® Architecture Instruction Set Extensions and Future Features Programming Reference" (in en-US). May 2021. https://software.intel.com/content/dam/develop/external/us/en/documents/architecture-instruction-set-extensions-programming-reference.pdf. 
  23. ↑ Shah, Agam (April 25, 2023). "Intel's TDX Goes Through the Grind Ahead of Mass Release to Cloud". https://www.enterpriseai.news/2023/04/25/intels-tdx-goes-through-the-grind-ahead-of-mass-release-to-cloud/. 
  24. ↑ Larabel, Michael (December 16, 2022). "Intel IFS Ready To Weed Out Faulty Silicon With Linux 6.2" (in en-US). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.2-x86-Microcode. 
  25. ↑ Jiang, Dave (November 20, 2019). "Introducing the Intel® Data Streaming Accelerator (Intel® DSA)" (in en-US). https://01.org/blogs/2019/introducing-intel-data-streaming-accelerator. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Larabel, Michael (January 13, 2023). "Setting Up Intel 4th Gen Xeon Scalable "Sapphire Rapids" For Accelerator Use" (in en-US). https://www.phoronix.com/review/intel-accelerators-linux. 
  27. ↑ Larabel, Michael (November 23, 2022). "Intel Details The Accelerators & Security Features For On Demand / Software Defined Silicon" (in en-US). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Intel-On-Demand-Details. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Shilov, Anton (December 30, 2020). "Intel Confirms On-Package HBM Memory Support for Sapphire Rapids" (in en-US). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/sapphire-rapids-hbm. 
  29. ↑ Cutress, Ian (November 15, 2021). "Intel: Sapphire Rapids With 64 GB of HBM2e, Ponte Vecchio with 408 MB L2 Cache" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/17067/intel-sapphire-rapids-with-64-gb-of-hbm2e-ponte-vecchio-with-408-mb-l2-cache. 
  30. ↑ Tyson, Mark (August 19, 2021). "Intel Sapphire Rapids utillises tiled, modular SoC architecture" (in en-GB). https://hexus.net/tech/news/cpu/148266-intel-sapphire-rapids-utillises-tiled-modular-soc-architecture/. 
  31. ↑ "Intel "Sapphire Rapids" Xeon 4-tile MCM Annotated" (in en-US). February 21, 2022. https://www.techpowerup.com/292204/intel-sapphire-rapids-xeon-4-tile-mcm-annotated. 
  32. ↑ Kennedy, Patrick (February 15, 2023). "New Workstation Kingpins Intel Xeon W-3400 Xeon W-2400 and W790 Launch". https://www.servethehome.com/new-workstation-kingpins-intel-xeon-w-3400-xeon-w-2400-and-w790-launch-asus/. 
  33. ↑ Robinson, Cliff (October 6, 2022). "Intel Xeon Sapphire Rapids to Scale to 4 and 8 Sockets" (in en-US). https://www.servethehome.com/intel-xeon-sapphire-rapids-to-scale-to-4-and-8-sockets/. 
  34. ↑ "Intel 4th Gen Xeon Scalable "Sapphire Rapids" Server Processors Launch in January" (in en-US). November 2, 2022. https://www.techpowerup.com/300576/intel-4th-gen-xeon-scalable-sapphire-rapids-server-processors-launch-in-january. 
  35. ↑ Liu, Zhiye (July 23, 2022). "Intel Sapphire Rapids Workstation Specs Leaked: Up To 56 Cores, 350W TDP" (in en-US). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-xeon-sapphire-rapids-ws-specs-leaked-up-to-56-cores-350w-tdp. 
  36. ↑ Mujtaba, Hassan (July 23, 2022). "Intel Sapphire Rapids-WS Xeon Workstation CPU Lineup Specs Leaked: Xeon W9 Up To 56 Cores, Xeon W7 Up To 28 Cores, Xeon W5 Up To 16 Cores" (in en-US). https://wccftech.com/intel-sapphire-rapids-ws-xeon-workstation-cpu-lineup-specs-leaked-xeon-w9-up-to-56-cores-xeon-w7-up-to-28-cores-xeon-w5-up-to-16-cores/. 
  37. ↑ "Intel Launches New Xeon Workstation Processors – the Ultimate Solution for Professionals" (in en-US). https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/intel-launches-new-xeon-workstation-processors.html. 
  38. ↑ Chiappetta, Marco (February 16, 2023). "New Intel Xeon W Processors Offer Massive Performance Boosts For High-End Desktops And Workstations" (in en-US). https://www.forbes.com/sites/marcochiappetta/2023/02/16/new-intel-xeon-w-processors-offer-massive-performance-boosts-for-high-end-desktops-and-workstations/. 
  39. ↑ Alcorn, Paul (February 15, 2023). "Intel Launches Overclockable Xeon W CPUs up to 56 Cores: a Return to HEDT-Class Chips" (in en). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-xeon-w-3400-w-2400-cpu-launch-hedt-overclock. 



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