Engineering:Sapphire Rapids

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Short description: Intel microprocessor, released in 2023

Sapphire Rapids
General Info
LaunchedJanuary 10, 2023; 3 years ago (2023-01-10)
Marketed byIntel
Designed byIntel
Common manufacturer(s)
  • Intel
CPUID code806F6
Product code80713
Performance
Max. CPU clock rateUp to 4.8 GHz
QPI speeds16 GT/s
DMI speeds16 GT/s
Cache
L1 cache80 KB per core (32 KB instruction + 48 KB data)
L2 cache2 MB per core
L3 cacheUp to 112.5 MB (1.875 MB per core)
L4 cache64 GB HBM2a (Xeon Max only)
Architecture and classification
ApplicationServer
Workstation
Embedded
Min. feature sizeIntel 7 (previously known as 10ESF)
MicroarchitectureGolden Cove
Instruction setx86-64
InstructionsMMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, AVX2, FMA3, AVX-512, AVX-VNNI, TSX, AMX, AES-NI, CLMUL, RDRAND, UINTR
Extensions
  • SHA, TXT, VT-x, VT-d, DSA, QAT, DLB, IAA
Physical specifications
Cores
  • 6-60 per socket
Package(s)
Socket(s)
  • LGA 4677
Products, models, variants
Product code name(s)
  • SPR
Model(s)
  • Sapphire Rapids-SP
  • Sapphire Rapids-WS
  • Sapphire Rapids-HBM
Brand name(s)
  • Xeon Bronze/Sliver/Gold/Platinum
  • Xeon Max Series
  • Xeon w3/w5/w7/w9
History
PredecessorIce Lake (workstations, 1S and 2S servers)
Cooper Lake (4S and 8S servers)
SuccessorEmerald Rapids

Sapphire Rapids is a codename for Intel's server (fourth generation Xeon Scalable) and workstation (Xeon W-2400/2500 and Xeon W-3400/3500) processors based on the Golden Cove microarchitecture and produced using Intel 7.[1][2][3][4] It features up to 60 cores and an array of accelerators, and it is the first generation of Intel server and workstation processors to use a chiplet design.

Sapphire Rapids is part of the Eagle Stream server platform.[5][6] In addition, it powers Aurora, an exascale supercomputer in the United States, at Argonne National Laboratory.[7]

History

Sapphire Rapids has been a long-standing Intel project along Alder Lake in development for over five years and has been subjected to many delays.[8] It was first announced by Intel at their Investor Meeting in May 2019 with the intention of Sapphire Rapids succeeding Ice Lake and Cooper Lake in 2021.[9][10] Intel again announced details on Sapphire Rapids in their August 2021 Architecture Day presentation with no mention of a launch date.[11]

Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger tacitly blamed the previous Intel leadership as a reason for Sapphire Rapids' many delays.[8] One industry analyst firm claimed that Intel was having problems with yields from its Intel 7 node with yields of 50–60% on higher core-count silicon.[12] Sapphire Rapids was originally scheduled for a launch in the first half of 2022.[13] It was later scheduled for release in Q4 2022 but was again delayed to early 2023.[14] The specific announcement date of January 10, 2023 was not revealed by Intel until November 2022.[15]

The server processor lineup was released on January 10, 2023, and the workstation processor lineup was released on February 15, 2023.[16] Those processors were available for shipping on March 14 of that year.[17] Intel shipped more than million of this generation Xeon processors in 2023.[18]

Features

CPU

Accelerators

  • In-Field Scan (IFS), a technology that allows for testing the processor for potential hardware faults without taking it completely offline[27]
  • Data Streaming Accelerator (DSA), allows for speeding up data copy and transformation between different kinds of storage[28][29]
  • QuickAssist Technology (QAT), allows for improved performance of compression and encryption tasks[29]
  • Dynamic Load Balancer (DLB), allows for offloading tasks of load balancing, packet prioritization and queue management[29]
  • In-Memory Analytics Accelerator (IAA), allows accelerating in-memory databases and big data analytics[29]

Not all accelerators are available in all processor models. Some accelerators are available under the Intel On Demand program, also known as Software Defined Silicon (SDSi), where a license is required to activate a given accelerator that is physically present in the processor. The license can be obtained as a one-time purchase or as a paid subscription. Activating the license requires support in the operating system. A driver with the necessary support was added in Linux kernel version 6.2.[30][29]

I/O

Die configurations

Sapphire Rapids come in two varieties: the low-core-count variety uses a single die (MCC), and the high-core-count variety uses multiple dies on a single package (XCC).

XCC multi-die configuration

  • Multi-chiplet chip with four tiles linked by 2.5D Embedded Multi-die Interconnect Bridges. Each tile is a 400mm2 system on a chip, providing both compute cores and I/O.[33]
    • Each tile contains 15 Golden Cove cores, and a single UPI link
    • Each tile's memory controller provides two channels of DDR5 ECC supporting 4 DIMMs (2 per channel) and 1 TB of memory with a maximum of 8 channels, 16 DIMMs, and 4 TB memory across 4 tiles[34]
    • A tile provides up to 32 PCIe 5.0 lanes, but one of the eight PCIe controllers of a CPU is usually reserved for DMI, resulting in a maximum of 112 non-chipset lanes. This maximum is only reached in the W-3400 series processors, while the server processors have 80 (20 per tile).[35]

List of Sapphire Rapids processors

Sapphire Rapids-HBM (High Bandwidth Memory/Xeon Max Series)

Xeon Max processors contain 64 GB of High Bandwidth Memory.

Model
number 		Cores
(threads) 		Base
clock 		Turbo Boost Smart
cache 		TDP Maxi-
mum
scala-
bility 		Registered
DDR5
w. ECC
support 		UPI
links 		Release
MSRP
(USD)
All
core 		Single
core
9480 56 (112) 1.9 GHz 2.6 GHz 3.5 GHz 112.5 MB 350 W 2S 4800 MT/s 4 $12980
9470 52 (104) 2.0 GHz 2.7 GHz 105.0 MB $11590
9468 48 (96) 2.1 GHz 2.6 GHz $9900
9460 40 (80) 2.2 GHz 2.7 GHz 97.5 MB 3 $8750
9462 32 (64) 2.7 GHz 3.1 GHz 75.0 MB $7995

Sapphire Rapids-SP (Scalable Performance)

With its maximum of 60 cores, Sapphire Rapids-SP competes with AMD's Epyc 8004/9004 Genoa with up to 96 cores and Bergamo with up to 128 cores. Sapphire Rapids Xeon server processors are scalable from single-socket configurations up to 8 socket configurations.[36][37]

Suffixes to denote:[38]

  • +: Includes 1 of each of the four accelerators: DSA, IAA, QAT, DLB
  • H: Database and analytics workloads, supports 4S (Xeon Gold) and/or 8S (Xeon Platinum) configurations and includes all of the accelerators
  • M: Media transcode workloads
  • N: Network/5G/Edge workloads (High TPT/Low Latency), some are uniprocessor
  • P: Cloud and infrastructure as a service (IaaS) workloads
  • Q: Liquid cooling
  • S: Storage & Hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI) workloads
  • T: Long-life use/High thermal case
  • U: Uniprocessor (some workload-specific SKUs may also be uniprocessor)
  • V: Optimized for cloud and software as a service (SaaS) workloads, some are uniprocessor
  • Y: Speed Select Technology-Performance Profile (SST-PP) enabled (some workload-specific SKUs may also support SST-PP)
  • Y+: Speed Select Technology-Performance Profile (SST-PP) enabled and includes 1 of each of the accelerators.
Model
number 		Cores
(threads) 		Base
clock 		Turbo Boost Smart
cache 		TDP Maxi-
mum
scala-
bility 		Registered
DDR5
w. ECC
support 		UPI
links 		Release
MSRP
(USD)
All
core 		Single
core
Xeon Platinum (8400)
8490H 60 (120) 1.9 GHz 2.9 GHz 3.5 GHz 112.5 MB 350 W 8S 4800 MT/s 4 $17000
8488C 48 (96) 2.4 GHz 3.2 GHz 3.8 GHz 105.0 MB 385 W 2S ?
8487C 56 (112) 1.9 GHz ? 3.8 GHz 350 W ?
8481C 2.0 GHz 2.9 GHz ?
8480+ 3.0 GHz 4 $10710
8480C
8478C 48 (96) 2.2 GHz ? ?
8475B 2.7 GHz 3.2 GHz 97.5 MB ?
8474C 2.1 GHz ? ?
8473C 52 (104) 2.9 GHz 105.0 MB ?
8471N 1.8 GHz 2.8 GHz 3.6 GHz 97.5 MB 300 W 1S 4 $5171
8470Q 2.1 GHz 3.2 GHz 3.8 GHz 105.0 MB 350 W 2S $9410
8470N 1.7 GHz 2.7 GHz 3.6 GHz 97.5 MB 300 W $9520
8470 2.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 3.8 GHz 105.0 MB 350 W $9359
8469C 48 (96) 2.6 GHz 3.1 GHz 97.5 MB ?
8468V 2.4 GHz 2.9 GHz 330 W 3 $7121
8468H 2.1 GHz 3.0 GHz 105.0 MB 8S 4 $13923
8468 3.1 GHz 350 W 2S $7214
8465C 52 (104) 2.9 GHz ?
8462Y+ 32 (64) 2.8 GHz 3.6 GHz 4.1 GHz 60.0 MB 300 W 3 $5945
8461V 48 (96) 2.2 GHz 2.8 GHz 3.7 GHz 97.5 MB 1S 0 $4491
8460Y+ 40 (80) 2.0 GHz 105.0 MB 2S 4 $5558
8460H 2.2 GHz 3.1 GHz 3.8 GHz 330 W 8S $10710
8458P 44 (88) 2.7 GHz 3.2 GHz 82.5 MB 350 W 2S 3 $7121
8454H 32 (64) 2.1 GHz 2.7 GHz 3.4 GHz 270 W 8S 4 $6540
8452Y 36 (72) 2.0 GHz 2.8 GHz 3.2 GHz 67.5 MB 300 W 2S $3995
8450H 28 (56) 2.6 GHz 3.5 GHz 75.0 MB 250 W 8S $4708
8444H 16 (32) 2.9 GHz 3.2 GHz 4.0 GHz 45.0 MB 270 W $4234
8432C 40 (80) ? ? 3.8 GHz ? 350 W 2S ?
8422C 36 (72) ? ? ? ? ?
Xeon Gold (5400 and 6400)
6462C 32 (64) 3.3 GHz ? ? 60.0 MB ? 2S 4800 MT/s ?
6458Q 3.1 GHz 4.0 GHz 350 W 3 $6416
6456C 2.9 GHz 3.3 GHz 4.1 GHz 280 W ?
6454S 2.2 GHz 2.8 GHz 3.4 GHz 270 W 4 $3157
6448Y 2.1 GHz 3.0 GHz 4.1 GHz 225 W 3 $3583
6448H 2.4 GHz 3.2 GHz 250 W 4S $3658
6444Y 16 (32) 3.6 GHz 4.0 GHz 45.0 MB 270 W 2S $3622
6442Y 24 (48) 2.6 GHz 3.3 GHz 4.0 GHz 60.0 MB 225 W $2878
6438Y+ 32 (64) 2.0 GHz 2.8 GHz 205 W $3141
6438N 2.7 GHz 3.6 GHz $3351
6438M 2.2 GHz 2.8 GHz 3.9 GHz $3273
6434H 8 (16) 3.7 GHz 4.1 GHz 22.5 MB 195 W 4S $3070
6434 2S $2607
6430 32 (64) 2.1 GHz 2.6 GHz 3.4 GHz 60.0 MB 270 W 4400 MT/s $2128
6428N 1.8 GHz 2.5 GHz 3.8 GHz 185 W 4000 MT/s $3200
6426Y 16 (32) 2.5 GHz 3.3 GHz 4.1 GHz 37.5 MB 4800 MT/s $1517
6421N 32 (64) 1.8 GHz 2.6 GHz 3.6 GHz 60.0 MB 1S 4400 MT/s $2368
6418H 24 (48) 2.1 GHz 2.9 GHz 4.0 GHz 4S 4800 MT/s $2065
6416H 18 (36) 2.2 GHz 4.2 GHz 45.0 MB 165 W $1444
6414U 32 (64) 2.0 GHz 2.6 GHz 3.4 GHz 60.0 MB 250 W 1S 0 $2296
5420+ 28 (56) 2.7 GHz 4.1 GHz 52.5 MB 205 W 2S 4400 MT/s 3 $1848
5418Y 24 (48) 2.8 GHz 3.8 GHz 45.0 MB 185 W $1483
5418N 1.8 GHz 2.6 GHz 165 W 4000 MT/s $1664
5416S 16 (32) 2.0 GHz 2.8 GHz 4.0 GHz 30.0 MB 150 W 4400 MT/s $944
5415+ 8 (16) 2.9 GHz 3.6 GHz 4.1 GHz 22.5 MB $1066
5412U 24 (48) 2.1 GHz 2.9 GHz 3.9 GHz 45.0 MB 185 W 1S 0 $1113
5411N 1.9 GHz 2.8 GHz 165 W 3 $1388
Xeon Silver (4400)
4416+ 20 (40) 2.0 GHz 2.9 GHz 3.9 GHz 37.5 MB 165 W 2S 4000 MT/s 2 $1176
4410Y 12 (24) 2.8 GHz 30.0 MB 150 W $563
4410T 10 (20) 2.7 GHz 3.4 GHz 4.0 GHz 26.25 MB $624
Xeon Bronze (3400, 3500)
3508U 8 (8) 2.1 GHz 2.2 GHz 22.5 MB 125 W 1S 4400 MT/s 0 $415-$425
3408U 1.8 GHz 1.9 GHz 4000 MT/s

Sapphire Rapids-WS (Workstation)

56-core CPU Intel Xeon w-3495X equipped with 256 GiB DDR5 RAM

With its maximum of 60 cores, Sapphire Rapids-WS competes with AMD's Threadripper PRO 5000WX Chagall with up to 64 cores.[39] Like Intel's Core product segmentation into i3, i5, i7 and i9, Sapphire Rapids-WS is labeled Xeon w3, w5, w7 and w9.[40] Sapphire Rapids-WS was unveiled in February 2023, and was made available for OEMs in March.[41][42] CPUs with "X" suffix have its multiplier unlocked for overclocking.[43]

  • No suffix letter: Locked clock multiplier
  • X: Unlocked clock multiplier (adjustable with no ratio limit)
  • Xeon W-2400/2500 uses a monolithic design and supports up to 64 PCI Express 5.0 lanes, while Xeon W-3400/3500 uses a chiplet design and supports up to 112 lanes. Both support 8 DMI 4.0 lanes.
Model Cores
(threads) 		Clock rate (GHz) Smart
cache 		Registered
DDR5
w. ECC
support 		TDP Release
MSRP
(USD)
Base Turbo Boost Base Turbo
2.0 3.0
Xeon W-3400 (SPR-112L)
w9-3495X 56 (112) 1.9 4.6 4.8 105 MB 8-channel
4800 MT/s
4 TB 		350 W 420 W $5889
w9-3475X 36 (72) 2.2 82.5 MB 300 W $3739
w7-3465X 28 (56) 2.5 75.0 MB 360 W $2889
w7-3455 24 (48) 67.5 MB 270 W 324 W $2489
w7-3445 20 (40) 2.6 52.5 MB $1989
w5-3435X 16 (32) 3.1 4.5 4.7 45.0 MB $1589
w5-3425 12 (24) 3.2 4.4 4.6 30.0 MB $1189
Xeon W-2400 (SPR-64L)
w7-2495X 24 (48) 2.5 4.6 4.8 45.0 MB 4-channel
4800 MT/s
2 TB 		225 W 270 W $2189
w7-2475X 20 (40) 2.6 37.5 MB $1789
w5-2465X 16 (32) 3.1 4.5 4.7 33.75 MB 200 W 240 W $1389
w5-2455X 12 (24) 3.2 4.4 4.6 30.0 MB $1039
w5-2445 10 (20) 3.1 26.25 MB 175 W 210 W $839
w3-2435 8 (16) 4.3 4.5 22.5 MB 4-channel
4400 MT/s
2 TB 		165 W 198 W $669
w3-2425 6 (12) 3.0 4.2 4.4 15.0 MB 130 W 156 W $529
w3-2423 2.1 4.0 4.2 120 W 144 W $359
Model Cores
(threads) 		Clock rate (GHz) Smart
cache 		Registered
DDR5
w. ECC
support 		TDP Release
MSRP
(USD)
Base Turbo Boost Base Turbo
2.0 3.0
Xeon W-3500 (SPR-112L Refresh)
w9-3595X 60 (120) 2.0 4.6 4.8 112.5 MB 8-channel
4800 MT/s
4 TB 		385 W 462 W $5889
w9-3575X 44 (88) 2.2 97.5 MB 340 W 408 W $3789
w7-3565X 32 (64) 2.5 82.5 MB 335 W 402 W $2689
w7-3555 28 (56) 2.7 75.0 MB 325 W 390 W $2339
w7-3545 24 (48) 67.5 MB 315 W 372 W $2039
w5-3535X 20 (40) 2.9 52.5 MB 300 W 360 W $1689
w5-3525 16 (32) 3.2 45.0 MB 290 W 348 W $1389
Xeon W-2500 (SPR-64L Refresh)
w7-2595X 26 (52) 2.8 4.6 4.8 48.75 MB 4-channel
4800 MT/s
2 TB 		250 W 300 W $2039
w7-2575X 22 (44) 3.0 45.0 MB $1689
w5-2565X 18 (36) 3.2 37.5 MB 240 W 288 W $1339
w5-2555X 14 (28) 3.3 33.75 MB 210 W 252 W $1069
w5-2545 12 (24) 3.5 4.5 4.7 30.0 MB $889
w3-2535 10 (20) 4.4 4.6 26.25 MB 185 W 222 W $739
w3-2525 8 (16) 4.3 4.5 22.5 MB 175 W 210 W $609

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cutress, Ian (August 13, 2020). "Intel's 11th Gen Core Tiger Lake SoC Detailed: SuperFin, Willow Cove and Xe-LP" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/15971/intels-11th-gen-core-tiger-lake-soc-detailed-superfin-willow-cove-and-xelp. 
  2. ↑ Mujtaba, Hassan (October 14, 2019). "Intel Sapphire Rapids & Granite Rapids Xeons Are LGA 4677 Compatible" (in en-US). https://wccftech.com/intel-xeon-sapphire-rapids-granite-rapids-cpus-lga-4677-compatible-ddr5-pcie-5/. 
  3. ↑ Cutress, Ian (February 17, 2022). "Intel Discloses Multi-Generation Xeon Scalable Roadmap: New E-Core Only Xeons in 2024" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/17259/intel-discloses-multigeneration-xeon-scalable-roadmap-new-ecore-only-xeons-in-2024. 
  4. ↑ Shilov, Anton (October 27, 2020). "Intel: Alder Lake Sampling, Sapphire Rapids Samples in Q4" (in en-US). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-alder-lake-sampling-sapphire-rapids. 
  5. ↑ Mujtaba, Hassan (May 21, 2019). "Intel Xeon Roadmap Leak, 10nm Ice Lake, Sapphire Rapids CPU Detailed" (in en-US). https://wccftech.com/intel-xeon-roadmap-leak-10nm-ice-lake-sp-2020-sapphire-rapids-sp-2021/. 
  6. ↑ Alcorn, Paul (June 29, 2021). "Intel's Sapphire Rapids Roadmap Slips: Enters Production in 2022" (in en-US). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intels-timeline-slips-10nm-sapphire-rapids-to-enter-production-in-2022. 
  7. ↑ Russell, John (November 17, 2019). "Intel Debuts New GPU – Ponte Vecchio – and Outlines Aspirations for oneAPI" (in en-US). https://www.hpcwire.com/2019/11/17/intel-debuts-new-gpu-ponte-vecchio-and-outlines-aspirations-for-oneapi/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Patel, Nilay (October 4, 2022). "Pat Gelsinger came back to turn Intel around — here's how it's going" (in en-US). https://www.theverge.com/2022/10/4/23385652/pat-gelsinger-intel-chips-act-ohio-manufacturing-chip-shortage. 
  9. ↑ Schor, David (May 21, 2019). "Leaked Intel Server Roadmap Shows Sapphire Rapids With DDR5/PCIe 5.0 For 2021, Granite Rapids For 2022" (in en-US). https://fuse.wikichip.org/news/2336/leaked-intel-server-roadmap-shows-sapphire-rapids-with-ddr5-pcie-5-0-for-2021-granite-rapids-for-2022/. 
  10. ↑ Mujtaba, Hassan (May 21, 2019). "Intel Xeon Roadmap Leaked Out, Unveils 10nm Ice Lake-SP With PCIe Gen 4 & Up To 26 Cores in 2020, Next-Gen Sapphire Rapids With PCIe Gen 5 & DDR5 in 2021" (in en-US). https://wccftech.com/intel-xeon-roadmap-leak-10nm-ice-lake-sp-2020-sapphire-rapids-sp-2021/. 
  11. ↑ Intel Technology (August 19, 2021). "Sapphire Rapids – Architecture Day 2021 | Intel Technology" (in en-US). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zyQNiJw82U&ab_channel=IntelTechnology. 
  12. ↑ Wheatley, Mike (November 1, 2022). "Intel's Sapphire Rapids server chips face yet more delays, with AMD set to benefit" (in en-US). https://siliconangle.com/2022/11/01/intels-sapphire-rapids-server-chips-face-yet-delays-amd-set-benefit/. 
  13. ↑ Cutress, Ian (June 29, 2021). "Update on Intel Sapphire Rapids in 2022: Q1 for Production, Q2 for Ramp, H1 Launch" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/16796/update-on-intel-sapphire-rapids-in-2022-q1-for-production-q2-for-ramp-h1-launch. 
  14. ↑ Cunningham, Andrew (November 2, 2022). "Intel's oft-delayed "Sapphire Rapids" Xeon CPUs are finally coming in early 2023" (in en-US). https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/11/intels-oft-delayed-sapphire-rapids-xeon-cpus-are-finally-coming-in-early-2023/. 
  15. ↑ Shilov, Anton (November 2, 2022). "Intel's Sapphire Rapids Formal Launch Date Revealed" (in en-US). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-sapphire-rapids-launch-date-revealed. 
  16. ↑ "Intel Launches New Xeon Workstation Processors – the Ultimate..." (in en). https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/intel-launches-new-xeon-workstation-processors.html. 
  17. ↑ "4th Gen Intel Xeon Sprints into the Market" (in en-US). https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/4th-gen-intel-xeon-sprints-into-market.html. 
  18. ↑ Intel Corporation, Intel Unveils Future-Generation Xeon with Robust Performance and Efficiency Architectures
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Cutress, Ian (August 31, 2021). "Intel Xeon Sapphire Rapids: How To Go Monolithic with Tiles" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/16921/intel-sapphire-rapids-nextgen-xeon-scalable-gets-a-tiling-upgrade. 
  20. ↑ "Intel® AVX512-FP16 Architecture Specification, June 2021, Revision 1.0, Ref. 347407-001US" (in en-US). June 30, 2021. https://software.intel.com/content/dam/develop/external/us/en/documents-tps/intel-avx512-fp16.pdf. 
  21. ↑ "Intel® Architecture Instruction Set Extensions and Future Features Programming Reference" (in en-US). May 2021. https://software.intel.com/content/dam/develop/external/us/en/documents/architecture-instruction-set-extensions-programming-reference.pdf. 
  22. ↑ Shah, Agam (April 25, 2023). "Intel's TDX Goes Through the Grind Ahead of Mass Release to Cloud". https://www.enterpriseai.news/2023/04/25/intels-tdx-goes-through-the-grind-ahead-of-mass-release-to-cloud/. 
  23. ↑ Larabel, Michael (April 10, 2023). "Intel User Interrupts Still Baking For Linux 6.5+ With Sapphire Rapids" (in en-US). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-SPR-Intel-User-Interrupts. 
  24. ↑ "Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developers Manual, Volume 3, Chapter 7: User Interrupts". https://cdrdv2.intel.com/v1/dl/getContent/671200. 
  25. ↑ "Linux Kernel Patches for User Interrupts". https://github.com/intel/uintr-linux-kernel. 
  26. ↑ "4th Gen Intel Xeon Processor Scalable Family, sapphire rapids" (in en). https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/technical/fourth-generation-xeon-scalable-family-overview.html. 
  27. ↑ Larabel, Michael (December 16, 2022). "Intel IFS Ready To Weed Out Faulty Silicon With Linux 6.2" (in en-US). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.2-x86-Microcode. 
  28. ↑ Jiang, Dave (November 20, 2019). "Introducing the Intel® Data Streaming Accelerator (Intel® DSA)" (in en-US). https://01.org/blogs/2019/introducing-intel-data-streaming-accelerator. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 Larabel, Michael (January 13, 2023). "Setting Up Intel 4th Gen Xeon Scalable "Sapphire Rapids" For Accelerator Use" (in en-US). https://www.phoronix.com/review/intel-accelerators-linux. 
  30. ↑ Larabel, Michael (November 23, 2022). "Intel Details The Accelerators & Security Features For On Demand / Software Defined Silicon" (in en-US). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Intel-On-Demand-Details. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Shilov, Anton (December 30, 2020). "Intel Confirms On-Package HBM Memory Support for Sapphire Rapids" (in en-US). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/sapphire-rapids-hbm. 
  32. ↑ Cutress, Ian (November 15, 2021). "Intel: Sapphire Rapids With 64 GB of HBM2e, Ponte Vecchio with 408 MB L2 Cache" (in en-US). https://www.anandtech.com/show/17067/intel-sapphire-rapids-with-64-gb-of-hbm2e-ponte-vecchio-with-408-mb-l2-cache. 
  33. ↑ Tyson, Mark (August 19, 2021). "Intel Sapphire Rapids utillises tiled, modular SoC architecture" (in en-GB). https://hexus.net/tech/news/cpu/148266-intel-sapphire-rapids-utillises-tiled-modular-soc-architecture/. 
  34. ↑ "Intel "Sapphire Rapids" Xeon 4-tile MCM Annotated" (in en-US). February 21, 2022. https://www.techpowerup.com/292204/intel-sapphire-rapids-xeon-4-tile-mcm-annotated. 
  35. ↑ Kennedy, Patrick (February 15, 2023). "New Workstation Kingpins Intel Xeon W-3400 Xeon W-2400 and W790 Launch". https://www.servethehome.com/new-workstation-kingpins-intel-xeon-w-3400-xeon-w-2400-and-w790-launch-asus/. 
  36. ↑ Robinson, Cliff (October 6, 2022). "Intel Xeon Sapphire Rapids to Scale to 4 and 8 Sockets" (in en-US). https://www.servethehome.com/intel-xeon-sapphire-rapids-to-scale-to-4-and-8-sockets/. 
  37. ↑ "Intel 4th Gen Xeon Scalable "Sapphire Rapids" Server Processors Launch in January" (in en-US). November 2, 2022. https://www.techpowerup.com/300576/intel-4th-gen-xeon-scalable-sapphire-rapids-server-processors-launch-in-january. 
  38. ↑ "Intel Xeon Scalable Processor Reference for Lenovo ThinkSystem Servers" (in en). Lenovo. 19 January 2024. https://lenovopress.lenovo.com/lp1262-intel-xeon-scalable-processor-comparison. 
  39. ↑ Liu, Zhiye (July 23, 2022). "Intel Sapphire Rapids Workstation Specs Leaked: Up To 56 Cores, 350W TDP" (in en-US). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-xeon-sapphire-rapids-ws-specs-leaked-up-to-56-cores-350w-tdp. 
  40. ↑ Mujtaba, Hassan (July 23, 2022). "Intel Sapphire Rapids-WS Xeon Workstation CPU Lineup Specs Leaked: Xeon W9 Up To 56 Cores, Xeon W7 Up To 28 Cores, Xeon W5 Up To 16 Cores" (in en-US). https://wccftech.com/intel-sapphire-rapids-ws-xeon-workstation-cpu-lineup-specs-leaked-xeon-w9-up-to-56-cores-xeon-w7-up-to-28-cores-xeon-w5-up-to-16-cores/. 
  41. ↑ "Intel Launches New Xeon Workstation Processors – the Ultimate Solution for Professionals" (in en-US). https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/intel-launches-new-xeon-workstation-processors.html. 
  42. ↑ Chiappetta, Marco (February 16, 2023). "New Intel Xeon W Processors Offer Massive Performance Boosts For High-End Desktops And Workstations" (in en-US). https://www.forbes.com/sites/marcochiappetta/2023/02/16/new-intel-xeon-w-processors-offer-massive-performance-boosts-for-high-end-desktops-and-workstations/. 
  43. ↑ Alcorn, Paul (February 15, 2023). "Intel Launches Overclockable Xeon W CPUs up to 56 Cores: a Return to HEDT-Class Chips" (in en). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-xeon-w-3400-w-2400-cpu-launch-hedt-overclock. 



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