Physics:Isotopes of tin

Main isotopes of Chemistry:tin (₅₀Sn)
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Sn)	118.710(7);
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Short description: Nuclides with atomic number of 50 but with different mass numbers

Tin (₅₀Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes (ten; three of them are potentially radioactive but have not been observed to decay). Moreover, tin is not only the element with the greatest number of observationally stable isotopes, but also the element with the greatest number of theoretically stable isotopes (it is the only one element with seven theoretically stable isotopes, all other elements have at most five theoretically stable isotopes, the elements with five theoretically stable isotopes are titanium, ruthenium, xenon, and barium). This is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons. In addition, twenty-nine unstable tin isotopes are known, including tin-100 (¹⁰⁰Sn) (discovered in 1994)^[2] and tin-132 (¹³²Sn), which are both "doubly magic". The longest-lived tin radioisotope is tin-126 (¹²⁶Sn), with a half-life of 230,000 years. The other 28 radioisotopes have half-lives of less than a year.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (u) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 4]}			Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
⁹⁹Sn^{[n 8]}	50	49	98.94850(63)#	24(4) ms	β⁺ (95%)	⁹⁹In	9/2+#
⁹⁹Sn^{[n 8]}	50	49	98.94850(63)#	24(4) ms	β⁺, p (5%)	⁹⁸Cd	9/2+#
¹⁰⁰Sn	50	50	99.93865(26)	1.18(8) s	β⁺ (>83%)	¹⁰⁰In	0+
¹⁰⁰Sn	50	50	99.93865(26)	1.18(8) s	β⁺, p (<17%)	⁹⁹Cd	0+
¹⁰¹Sn	50	51	100.93526(32)	2.22(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰¹In	(7/2+)
¹⁰¹Sn	50	51	100.93526(32)	2.22(5) s	β⁺, p?	¹⁰⁰Cd	(7/2+)
¹⁰²Sn	50	52	101.93029(11)	3.8(2) s	β⁺	¹⁰²In	0+
^102mSn	2017(2) keV			367(8) ns	IT	¹⁰²Sn	(6+)
¹⁰³Sn	50	53	102.92797(11)#	7.0(2) s	β⁺ (98.8%)	¹⁰³In	5/2+#
¹⁰³Sn	50	53	102.92797(11)#	7.0(2) s	β⁺, p (1.2%)	¹⁰²Cd	5/2+#
¹⁰⁴Sn	50	54	103.923105(6)	20.8(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁴In	0+
¹⁰⁵Sn	50	55	104.921268(4)	32.7(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁵In	(5/2+)
¹⁰⁵Sn	50	55	104.921268(4)	32.7(5) s	β⁺, p (0.011%)	¹⁰⁴Cd	(5/2+)
¹⁰⁶Sn	50	56	105.916957(5)	1.92(8) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁶In	0+
¹⁰⁷Sn	50	57	106.915714(6)	2.90(5) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁷In	(5/2+)
¹⁰⁸Sn	50	58	107.911894(6)	10.30(8) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁸In	0+
¹⁰⁹Sn	50	59	108.911293(9)	18.1(2) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁹In	5/2+
¹¹⁰Sn	50	60	109.907845(15)	4.154(4) h	EC	¹¹⁰In	0+
¹¹¹Sn	50	61	110.907741(6)	35.3(6) min	β⁺	¹¹¹In	7/2+
^111mSn	254.71(4) keV			12.5(10) μs	IT	¹¹¹Sn	1/2+
¹¹²Sn	50	62	111.9048249(3)	Observationally Stable^{[n 9]}			0+	0.0097(1)
¹¹³Sn	50	63	112.9051759(17)	115.08(4) d	β⁺	¹¹³In	1/2+
^113mSn	77.389(19) keV			21.4(4) min	IT (91.1%)	¹¹³Sn	7/2+
^113mSn	77.389(19) keV			21.4(4) min	β⁺ (8.9%)	¹¹³In	7/2+
¹¹⁴Sn	50	64	113.90278013(3)	Stable			0+	0.0066(1)
^114mSn	3087.37(7) keV			733(14) ns	IT	¹¹⁴Sn	7−
¹¹⁵Sn	50	65	114.903344696(16)	Stable			1/2+	0.0034(1)
^115m1Sn	612.81(4) keV			3.26(8) µs			7/2+
^115m2Sn	713.64(12) keV			159(1) µs			11/2−
¹¹⁶Sn	50	66	115.90174283(10)	Stable			0+	0.1454(9)
¹¹⁷Sn	50	67	116.9029540(5)	Stable			1/2+	0.0768(7)
^117m1Sn	314.58(4) keV			13.76(4) d	IT	¹¹⁷Sn	11/2−
^117m2Sn	2406.4(4) keV			1.75(7) µs			(19/2+)
¹¹⁸Sn	50	68	117.9016066(5)	Stable			0+	0.2422(9)
¹¹⁹Sn	50	69	118.9033113(8)	Stable			1/2+	0.0859(4)
^119m1Sn	89.531(13) keV			293.1(7) d	IT	¹¹⁹Sn	11/2−
^119m2Sn	2127.0(10) keV			9.6(12) µs			(19/2+)
¹²⁰Sn	50	70	119.9022026(10)	Stable			0+	0.3258(9)
^120m1Sn	2481.63(6) keV			11.8(5) µs			(7−)
^120m2Sn	2902.22(22) keV			6.26(11) µs			(10+)#
¹²¹Sn^{[n 10]}	50	71	120.9042435(11)	27.03(4) h	β⁻	¹²¹Sb	3/2+
^121m1Sn	6.30(6) keV			43.9(5) y	IT (77.6%)	¹²¹Sn	11/2−
^121m1Sn	6.30(6) keV			43.9(5) y	β⁻ (22.4%)	¹²¹Sb	11/2−
^121m2Sn	1998.8(9) keV			5.3(5) µs			(19/2+)#
^121m3Sn	2834.6(18) keV			0.167(25) µs			(27/2−)
¹²²Sn^{[n 10]}	50	72	121.9034455(26)	Observationally Stable^{[n 11]}			0+	0.0463(3)
¹²³Sn^{[n 10]}	50	73	122.9057271(27)	129.2(4) d	β⁻	¹²³Sb	11/2−
^123m1Sn	24.6(4) keV			40.06(1) min	β⁻	¹²³Sb	3/2+
^123m2Sn	1945.0(10) keV			7.4(26) µs			(19/2+)
^123m3Sn	2153.0(12) keV			6 µs			(23/2+)
^123m4Sn	2713.0(14) keV			34 µs			(27/2−)
¹²⁴Sn^{[n 10]}	50	74	123.9052796(14)	Observationally Stable^{[n 12]}			0+	0.0579(5)
^124m1Sn	2204.622(23) keV			0.27(6) µs			5-
^124m2Sn	2325.01(4) keV			3.1(5) µs			7−
^124m3Sn	2656.6(5) keV			45(5) µs			(10+)#
¹²⁵Sn^{[n 10]}	50	75	124.9077894(14)	9.64(3) d	β⁻	¹²⁵Sb	11/2−
^125mSn	27.50(14) keV			9.52(5) min	β⁻	¹²⁵Sb	3/2+
¹²⁶Sn^{[n 13]}	50	76	125.907659(11)	2.30(14)×10⁵ y	β⁻ (66.5%)	^126m2Sb	0+		< 10⁻¹⁴^[3]
¹²⁶Sn^{[n 13]}	50	76	125.907659(11)	2.30(14)×10⁵ y	β⁻ (33.5%)	^126m1Sb	0+		< 10⁻¹⁴^[3]
^126m1Sn	2218.99(8) keV			6.6(14) µs			7−
^126m2Sn	2564.5(5) keV			7.7(5) µs			(10+)#
¹²⁷Sn	50	77	126.910392(10)	2.10(4) h	β⁻	¹²⁷Sb	(11/2−)
^127mSn	4.7(3) keV			4.13(3) min	β⁻	¹²⁷Sb	(3/2+)
¹²⁸Sn	50	78	127.910508(19)	59.07(14) min	β⁻	¹²⁸Sb	0+
^128mSn	2091.50(11) keV			6.5(5) s	IT	¹²⁸Sn	(7−)
¹²⁹Sn	50	79	128.913482(19)	2.23(4) min	β⁻	¹²⁹Sb	(3/2+)#
^129mSn	35.2(3) keV			6.9(1) min	β⁻ (99.99%)	¹²⁹Sb	(11/2−)#
^129mSn	35.2(3) keV			6.9(1) min	IT (.002%)	¹²⁹Sn	(11/2−)#
¹³⁰Sn	50	80	129.9139745(20)	3.72(7) min	β⁻	¹³⁰Sb	0+
^130m1Sn	1946.88(10) keV			1.7(1) min	β⁻	¹³⁰Sb	(7−)#
^130m2Sn	2434.79(12) keV			1.61(15) µs			(10+)
¹³¹Sn	50	81	130.917053(4)	56.0(5) s	β⁻	¹³¹Sb	(3/2+)
^131m1Sn	80(30)# keV			58.4(5) s	β⁻ (99.99%)	¹³¹Sb	(11/2−)
^131m1Sn	80(30)# keV			58.4(5) s	IT (.0004%)	¹³¹Sn	(11/2−)
^131m2Sn	4846.7(9) keV			300(20) ns			(19/2− to 23/2−)
¹³²Sn	50	82	131.9178239(21)	39.7(8) s	β⁻	¹³²Sb	0+
¹³³Sn	50	83	132.9239138(20)	1.45(3) s	β⁻ (99.97%)	¹³³Sb	(7/2−)#
¹³³Sn	50	83	132.9239138(20)	1.45(3) s	β⁻, n (.0294%)	¹³²Sb	(7/2−)#
¹³⁴Sn	50	84	133.928680(3)	1.050(11) s	β⁻ (83%)	¹³⁴Sb	0+
¹³⁴Sn	50	84	133.928680(3)	1.050(11) s	β⁻, n (17%)	¹³³Sb	0+
¹³⁵Sn	50	85	134.934909(3)	530(20) ms	β⁻	¹³⁵Sb	(7/2−)
¹³⁵Sn	50	85	134.934909(3)	530(20) ms	β⁻, n	¹³⁴Sb	(7/2−)
¹³⁶Sn	50	86	135.93970(22)#	0.25(3) s	β⁻	¹³⁶Sb	0+
¹³⁶Sn	50	86	135.93970(22)#	0.25(3) s	β⁻, n	¹³⁵Sb	0+
¹³⁷Sn	50	87	136.94616(32)#	190(60) ms	β⁻	¹³⁷Sb	5/2−#
¹³⁸Sn	50	88	137.95114(43)#	140 ms +30-20	β⁻	¹³⁸Sb
^138mSn	1344(2) keV			210(45) ns
¹³⁹Sn	50	89	138.95780(43)#	130 ms	β⁻	¹³⁹Sb
¹⁴⁰Sn	50	90	139.96297(32)#	50# ms [>550 ns]	β⁻?	¹⁴⁰Sb	0+
					β⁻, n?	¹³⁹Sb
					β⁻, 2n?	¹³⁸Sb

↑ ^mSn – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
↑ Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
↑ Heaviest known nuclide with more protons than neutrons
↑ Believed to decay by β⁺β⁺ to ¹¹²Cd
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Fission product
↑ Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²²Te
↑ Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²⁴Te with a half-life over 100×10¹⁵ years
↑ Long-lived fission product

Tin-117m

Tin-117m is a radioisotope of tin. One of its uses is in a particulate suspension to treat canine synovitis (radiosynoviorthesis).^[4]

Tin-121m

Tin-121m (^121mSn) is a radioisotope and nuclear isomer of tin with a half-life of 43.9 years.

In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste. Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides will produce tin-121 at higher yields. For example, its yield from uranium-235 is 0.0007% per thermal fission and 0.002% per fast fission.^[5]

Tin-126

Yield, % per fission^[5]
	Thermal	Fast	14 MeV
²³²Th	not fissile	0.0481 ± 0.0077	0.87 ± 0.20
²³³U	0.224 ± 0.018	0.278 ± 0.022	1.92 ± 0.31
²³⁵U	0.056 ± 0.004	0.0137 ± 0.001	1.70 ± 0.14
²³⁸U	not fissile	0.054 ± 0.004	1.31 ± 0.21
²³⁹Pu	0.199 ± 0.016	0.26 ± 0.02	2.02 ± 0.22
²⁴¹Pu	0.082 ± 0.019	0.22 ± 0.03	?

Tin-126 is a radioisotope of tin and one of the only seven long-lived fission products of uranium and plutonium. While tin-126's half-life of 230,000 years translates to a low specific activity of gamma radiation, its short-lived decay products, two isomers of antimony-126, emit 17 and 40 keV gamma radiation and a 3.67 MeV beta particle on their way to stable tellurium-126, making external exposure to tin-126 a potential concern.

Tin-126 is in the middle of the mass range for fission products. Thermal reactors, which make up almost all current nuclear power plants, produce it at a very low yield (0.056% for ²³⁵U), since slow neutrons almost always fission ²³⁵U or ²³⁹Pu into unequal halves. Fast fission in a fast reactor or nuclear weapon, or fission of some heavy minor actinides such as californium, will produce it at higher yields.

ANL factsheet

References

↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
↑ K. Sümmerer; R. Schneider; T Faestermann; J. Friese; H. Geissel; R. Gernhäuser; H. Gilg; F. Heine et al. (April 1997). "Identification and decay spectroscopy of ¹⁰⁰Sn at the GSI projectile fragment separator FRS". Nuclear Physics A 616 (1–2): 341–345. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00106-1. Bibcode: 1997NuPhA.616..341S.
↑ H.-T. Shen. "Research on measurement of ¹²⁶Sn by AMS". https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/HIAT2009/papers/g-07.pdf.
↑ "https://www.nrc.gov/site-help/search.html?site=AllSites&searchtext=synovetin". https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML2017/ML20178A657.pdf.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 M. B. Chadwick et al, "Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) : ENDF/B-VII.1: Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields, and Decay Data", Nucl. Data Sheets 112(2011)2887. (accessed at https://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/endf.htm)

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/.
- Lide, David R., ed (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes of tin. Read more

[3] Sn – Excited nuclear isomer.

[4] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-5] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[TNN-6] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[7] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission

[8] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[9] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[10] Heaviest known nuclide with more protons than neutrons

[11] Believed to decay by β⁺β⁺ to ¹¹²Cd

[FP-12] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Fission product

[13] Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²²Te

[14] Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²⁴Te with a half-life over 100×10¹⁵ years

[15] Long-lived fission product

[CIAAW2013-1] Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

[2] K. Sümmerer; R. Schneider; T Faestermann; J. Friese; H. Geissel; R. Gernhäuser; H. Gilg; F. Heine et al. (April 1997). "Identification and decay spectroscopy of ¹⁰⁰Sn at the GSI projectile fragment separator FRS". Nuclear Physics A 616 (1–2): 341–345. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00106-1. Bibcode: 1997NuPhA.616..341S.

[16] H.-T. Shen. "Research on measurement of ¹²⁶Sn by AMS". https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/HIAT2009/papers/g-07.pdf.

[17] "https://www.nrc.gov/site-help/search.html?site=AllSites&searchtext=synovetin". https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML2017/ML20178A657.pdf.

[Chadwick-18] 5.0 ^5.1 M. B. Chadwick et al, "Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) : ENDF/B-VII.1: Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields, and Decay Data", Nucl. Data Sheets 112(2011)2887. (accessed at https://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/endf.htm)

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[n 1]

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EC:	Electron capture
IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission

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