Social:Rouran language
| Rouran | |
|---|---|
| Ruanruan, Ruan-ruan, Juan-juan | |
| Native to | Rouran Khaganate |
| Region | Mongolia and northern China |
| Era | 4th century AD – 6th century AD |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
Rouran (Chinese: 柔然), also called Ruanruan, Ruan-ruan or Juan-juan (Chinese: 蠕蠕), is an unclassified extinct language of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, spoken in the Rouran Khaganate from the 4th to the 6th centuries AD, The Rouran state was undoubtedly multi-ethnic, but there is no definite evidence as to their language.[1] The received view is that the relationships of the language remain a puzzle and that it may be an isolate.[2] Vovin consider it a likely early precursor to Mongolic.[3]
Peter A. Boodberg claimed in 1935 that the Rouran language was Mongolic by analysing Chinese transcriptions of Rouran names.[4] Atwood (2013) notes that Rourans calqued the Sogdian word pūr "son" into their language as *kʻobun (Chinese transliteration: 去汾 MC *kʰɨʌH-bɨun > Mandarin qùfén); which, according to Atwood, is cognate with Middle Mongol kö'ün "son".[5] Alexander Vovin noted that Old Turkic had borrowed some words from an unknown language not part of the Altaic sprachbund that might have been Rouran,[6] arguing that if so, the language would be possibly a language isolate, though evidence was scant.[4] In 2019, with the emergence of new evidence through the analysis of the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi, Vovin changed his view, suggesting Rouran was, in fact, a Mongolic language, close but not identical to Middle Mongolian.[3]
Phonology
Features of Rouran included:[4]
- no mid vowels
- presence of initial l-
- final consonantal cluster -nd unusual for any "Altaic" languages
Morphology
Rouran had the feminine gender suffix -tu-.[4]
Lexicon
Rouran vocabulary included:[4][3]
- and – 'oath' < Old Turkic: 𐰦, romanized: ant 'oath'
- aq – 'dung'
- beg – 'elder'
- bitig – 'inscription' < Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏, romanized: bitig 'inscription, book'
- bod – 'people' < Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰑, romanized: bod 'clan, tribe, kin'
- drö – 'law'
- küǰü – 'strength' < Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰲, romanized: küč 'strength, power'
- küskü – 'rat'
- laɣzïn – 'pig'
- luu – 'dragon' < Middle Chinese luŋ – 'dragon'
- ordu – 'camp'
- qaɣan – 'emperor'
- qaɣatun – 'empress'
- qan – 'khan'
- qatun – 'khan's wife'
- tal- – 'to plunder'
- törö – 'to be born'
- türǖg – 'Turk'
- ud – 'ox'
- yund – 'horse' < Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰆𐰣𐱃, romanized: yunt - 'horse'[7]
References
- ↑ History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. 2006. pp. 317. ISBN 978-9231032110.
- ↑ Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2019). Hammer and Anvil: Nomad Rulers at the Forge of the Modern World. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 49. ISBN 9781442214453.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Vovin, Alexander (2019). "A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions" (in en). International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 1 (1): 162–197. doi:10.1163/25898833-12340008. ISSN 2589-8825. https://www.academia.edu/39716045.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Vovin, Alexander (3–5 December 2010). "Once Again on the Ruanruan Language". Ötüken'den İstanbul'a Türkçenin 1290 Yılı (720–2010) Sempozyumu From Ötüken to Istanbul, 1290 Years of Turkish (720–2010). https://www.academia.edu/1804244.
- ↑ Christopher P., Atwood (2013). "Some Early Inner Asian Terms Related to the Imperial Family and the Comitatus". Central Asiatic Journal (Harrassowitz Verlag) 56: 49–86. https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=ealc.
- ↑ Vovin, Alexander (2004). "Some thoughts on the origins of the old Turkic 12-year animal cycle". Central Asiatic Journal 48 (1): 118–132. ISSN 0008-9192. https://www.academia.edu/1804008.
- ↑ Clauson, Gerard (1972). "yunt". yunt. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 946.
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