Biology:Kobuvirus
| Kobuvirus | |
|---|---|
Virus classification 
| |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
| Phylum: | Pisuviricota |
| Class: | Pisoniviricetes |
| Order: | Picornavirales |
| Family: | Picornaviridae |
| Genus: | Kobuvirus |
Kobuvirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Picornaviridae. Humans and cattle serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: gastroenteritis.[1][2] The genus was named because of the virus particles' lumpy appearance by electron microscopy; "kobu" means "knob" in Japanese.[3]
Three species of the genus include Aichivirus A (formerly Aichi virus), Aichivirus B (formerly Bovine kobuvirus) and Aichivirus C (formerly Porcine kobuvirus) each possessing a single serotype. Canine kobuvirus belong to species Aichivirus A.[4] Aichi virus infects humans,[5][6] while bovine kobuvirus,[7] porcine kobuvirus[8][9] and canine kobuvirus, as suggested by their names, infects cattle, swine, dogs and cats.
In 2014 a novel caprine kobuvirus was characterised after isolation from a Korean black goat.[10]
Nucleic acid sequence analysis and RT-PCR are used prevalently as detection and genotyping methods of kobuvirus although, there are some other techniques such as EM, and ELISA.[11]
Taxonomy
The genus contains the following species:[2]
- Aichivirus A
- Aichivirus B
- Aichivirus C
- Aichivirus D
- Aichivirus E
- Aichivirus F
Virus particles
Viruses in Kobuvirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 8.25kb in length.[1] The molecular mass of a typical virion particle of this genus is typically eight to nine million. The virions of the viruses in this genus consist of capsids that are 27 to 30 nm in diameter.[5] The capsid is believed to consist of 12 capsomers and the capsid shell structure of these virions has a monolayer composition.[5] Using conventional electron microscopy, the structure of the capsid surface can be visualized.[5][6] The virus particles contain a single species of ssRNA. These virions have a sedimentation coefficient of 140–165 S20w. The particles are described to be “relatively stable” in vitro (in comparison to other viruses) and stable in acidic conditions of pH 3.5.[6] They have also been found to be insensitive to treatment with some chemicals including chloroform, ether and non-ionic detergents.[6]
| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kobuvirus | Icosahedral | Pseudo T=3 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. Human and cattle serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal–oral.[1]
| Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kobuvirus | Humans | None | Cell receptor endocytosis | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Oral–fecal; blood |
Genetics
The viruses in this genus have single-stranded, linear non-segmented, positive-sense RNA genomes with lengths of approximately 8.2–8.3 kb.[6][7]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/652.html.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. https://ictv.global/taxonomy.
- ↑ "Kobuviruses - a comprehensive review". Reviews in Medical Virology 21 (1): 32–41. January 2011. doi:10.1002/rmv.677. PMID 21294214.
- ↑ "Phylogeny and prevalence of kobuviruses in dogs and cats in the UK". Veterinary Microbiology 164 (3–4): 246–52. June 2013. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.014. PMID 23490561.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Isolation of cytopathic small round viruses with BS-C-1 cells from patients with gastroenteritis". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 164 (5): 954–7. November 1991. doi:10.1093/infdis/164.5.954. PMID 1658159.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Complete nucleotide sequence and genetic organization of Aichi virus, a distinct member of the Picornaviridae associated with acute gastroenteritis in humans". Journal of Virology 72 (10): 8408–12. October 1998. doi:10.1128/JVI.72.10.8408-8412.1998. PMID 9733894.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Isolation and characterization of a new species of kobuvirus associated with cattle". The Journal of General Virology 84 (Pt 11): 3069–3077. November 2003. doi:10.1099/vir.0.19266-0. PMID 14573811.
- ↑ "Candidate new species of Kobuvirus in porcine hosts". Emerging Infectious Diseases 14 (12): 1968–70. December 2008. doi:10.3201/eid1412.080797. PMID 19046542.
- ↑ "Complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences and genetic organization of porcine kobuvirus, a member of a new species in the genus Kobuvirus, family Picornaviridae". Archives of Virology 154 (1): 101–8. 2009. doi:10.1007/s00705-008-0288-2. PMID 19096904.
- ↑ "Novel Kobuvirus species identified from black goat with diarrhea". Veterinary Microbiology 172 (3–4): 563–7. August 2014. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.009. PMID 24984842.
- ↑ "Epidemiology of human and animal kobuviruses". Virusdisease 25 (2): 195–200. 2014. doi:10.1007/s13337-014-0200-5. PMID 25674585.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q1778010 entry
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