Biology:Baculoviridae

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Baculoviridae is a family of viruses. Arthropods, among the most studied being Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, serve as natural hosts. Currently, 85 species are placed in this family, assigned to four genera.[1][2][3]

Baculoviruses are known to infect insects, with over 600 host species having been described. Immature (larval) forms of lepidopteran species (moths and butterflies) are the most common hosts, but these viruses have also been found infecting sawflies, and mosquitoes. Although baculoviruses are capable of entering mammalian cells in culture,[4] they are not known to be capable of replication in mammalian or other vertebrate animal cells.

Starting in the 1940s, they were used and studied widely as biopesticides in crop fields. Baculoviruses contain a circular, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome ranging from 80 to 180 kbp.

Historical influence

The earliest records of baculoviruses can be found in the literature from as early as the 16th century in reports of "wilting disease" infecting silkworm larvae.[5] Starting in the 1940s, the viruses were used and studied widely as biopesticides in crop fields. Since the 1990s, they have been employed to produce complex eukaryotic proteins in insect cell cultures (see Sf21, High Five cells). These recombinant proteins have been used in research and as vaccines in both human and veterinary medical treatments (for example, the most widely used vaccine for prevention of H5N1 avian influenza in chickens was produced in a baculovirus expression vector). More recently, baculoviruses were found to transduce mammalian cells with a suitable promoter.[6]

Baculovirus lifecycle

Diagram of a NPV lifecycle
A dead caterpillar infected by NPV


Baculovirus dispersal pathways in the environment
  • Early (0–6 h),
  • Late (6–24 h)
  • Very late phase (18–24 to 72 h)


When infecting a caterpillar, the advanced stages of infection cause the host to feed without resting, and then to climb to the higher parts of trees, including exposed places they would normally avoid due to the risk of predators. This is an advantage for the virus since (when the host dissolves) it can drip down onto leaves, which will be consumed by new hosts.[7]

Transmissibility

Another victim of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus

The virus is unable to infect humans in the way it does insects, because human stomachs are acid-based and NPV requires an alkaline digestive system in order to replicate. It is possible for the virus crystals to enter human cells, but not to replicate to the point of causing illness.[8]

Structure of the virion

Diagram of a nucleopolyhedrovirus

The most studied baculovirus is Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). The virus was originally isolated from the alfalfa looper (a lepidopteran) and contains a 134 kbp genome with 154 open reading frames. The major capsid protein VP39 together with some minor proteins forms the nucleocapsid (21 nm x 260 nm) that encloses the DNA with p6.9 protein.[9] Using cryo–electron microscopy, it has been shown that the major capsid protein VP39 forms a covalently cross-linked helical tube protecting a highly compacted 134-kilobase pair DNA genome. The ends of the tube are sealed by the base and cap substructures, which share a 126-subunit hub but differ in components that promote actin tail–mediated propulsion and nuclear entry of the nucleocapsid, respectively.[9]

The fold of VP39 is novel and is unrelated to those of major capsid proteins encoded by non-baculo-like dsDNA viruses that belond to realms Varidnaviria and Duplodnaviria. The N terminus of VP39 contains a CCCH zinc finger motif with an unusual extension in the “knuckle” turn of the zinc finger containing the first two cysteines. This extension has a structural role as it projects away from the main body of the major capsid protein to form a interdimer disulfide bond between two Cys29 residues from neighboring VP39 strands in the nucleocapsid.[9]


A nucleocapsid assembly-essential element (NAE) was identified in the AcMNPV genome. The NAE is an internal cis-element within the ac83 gene. The nucleocapsid assembly is not dependent on the ac83 protein product.[10]

Major envelope glycoprotein gp64

Applications

Baculovirus expression in insect cells represents a robust method for producing recombinant glycoproteins or membrane proteins.[11][12][13] In the early 1990s, a system was developed by Monsanto that allows for easy and fast generation of recombinant baculoviruses.[14] Baculovirus-produced proteins have been in use since 2007 as vaccines against human papillomavirus infection, successfully protecting against cervical cancer.[15] Baculovirus-produced proteins are currently under study as therapeutic cancer vaccines with several immunologic advantages over proteins derived from mammalian sources.[16]



Biosafety

Baculoviruses are incapable of replicating within the cells of mammals and plants.[17] They have a restricted range of hosts they can infect that is typically restricted to a limited number of closely related insect species. Because baculoviruses are not harmful to humans, they are considered a safe option for use in research applications. They are also used as biological agents as in the case of the Indian mealmoth, a grain-feeding pest.[18] However, in the scope of biosafety, it must be considered that baculoviruses are harmful, if not lethal to insect populations, as described above. Therefore, their usage should preferably occur in controlled settings limiting the dissemination into the environment.

Taxonomy

The name of this family has been derived from the Latin word baculus, meaning "stick". The family has been divided into four genera: Alphabaculovirus (lepidopteran-specific nucleopolyhedroviruses), Betabaculovirus (lepidopteran-specific granuloviruses), Gammabaculovirus (hymenopteran-specific nucleopolyhedroviruses), and Deltabaculovirus (dipteran-specific nucleopolyhedroviruses).[19]

Nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Not to be confused with Nucleopolyhedrovirus, which was a genus of the family Baculoviridae from 1993 until 2008, when it was abolished.

The polyhedral capsid from which the virus gets its name is an extremely stable protein crystal that protects the virus in the external environment. It dissolves in the alkaline midgut of moths and butterflies to release the virus particle and infect the larva.[20] An example of an insect that it infects is the fall webworm.[21]

Evolution

Baculoviruses are thought to have evolved from the Nudiviridae family of viruses 310 million years ago.[22]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Harrison, RL; Herniou, EA; Jehle, JA; Theilmann, DA; Burand, JP; Becnel, JJ; Krell, PJ; van Oers, MM et al. (September 2018). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Baculoviridae.". The Journal of General Virology 99 (9): 1185–1186. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001107. PMID 29947603. 
  2. ↑ "Viral Zone". ExPASy. http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/13.html. 
  3. ↑ "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. https://ictv.global/taxonomy. 
  4. ↑ Hofmann, C.; Sandig, V.; Jennings, G.; Rudolph, M.; Schlag, P.; Strauss, M. (1995). "Efficient Gene Transfer into Human Hepatocytes by Baculovirus Vectors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92 (22): 10099–10103. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.22.10099. PMID 7479733. Bibcode: 1995PNAS...9210099H. 
  5. ↑ "Baculovirus - Baculovirus Lab Techniques". http://www.baculovirus.com. Retrieved 16 August 2024. 
  6. ↑ Lackner, A; Genta, K; Koppensteiner, H; Herbacek, I; Holzmann, K; Spiegl-Kreinecker, S; Berger, W; Grusch, M (2008). "A bicistronic baculovirus vector for transient and stable protein expression in mammalian cells". Analytical Biochemistry 380 (1): 146–8. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2008.05.020. PMID 18541133. 
  7. ↑ Zimmer, Carl (November 2014). "Mindsuckers – Meet Nature's Nightmare". National Geographic. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/11/mindsuckers/zimmer-text. 
  8. ↑ Chiu, E; Coulibaly, F; Metcalf, P (2012). "Insect virus polyhedra, infectious protein crystals that contain virus particles". Curr Opin Struct Biol 22 (2): 234–40. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2012.02.003. PMID 22475077. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Johnstone, BA; Hardy, JM; Ha, J; Butkovic, A; Koszalka, P; Accurso, C; Venugopal, H; de Marco, A et al. (20 December 2024). "The nucleocapsid architecture and structural atlas of the prototype baculovirus define the hallmarks of a new viral realm.". Science Advances 10 (51). doi:10.1126/sciadv.ado2631. PMID 39693434. Bibcode: 2024SciA...10O2631J.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  10. ↑ Huang, Zhihong; Pan, Mengjia; Zhu, Silei; Zhang, Hao; Wu, Wenbi; Yuan, Meijin; Yang, Kai (2017). "The Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus ac83 Gene Contains a cis-Acting Element That Is Essential for Nucleocapsid Assembly". Journal of Virology 91 (5). doi:10.1128/JVI.02110-16. PMID 28031366. 
  11. ↑ Altmann, Friedrich; Staudacher, E; Wilson, IB; März, L (1999). "Insect cells as hosts for the expression of recombinant glycoproteins". Glycoconjugate Journal 16 (2): 109–23. doi:10.1023/A:1026488408951. PMID 10612411. 
  12. ↑ Kost, T; Condreay, JP (1999). "Recombinant baculoviruses as expression vectors for insect and mammalian cells". Current Opinion in Biotechnology 10 (5): 428–33. doi:10.1016/S0958-1669(99)00005-1. PMID 10508635. 
  13. ↑ Madeo, Marianna; Carrisi, Chiara; Iacopetta, Domenico; Capobianco, Loredana; Cappello, Anna Rita; Bucci, Cecilia; Palmieri, Ferdinando; Mazzeo, Giancarlo et al. (23 July 2009). "Abundant expression and purification of biologically active mitochondrial citrate carrier in baculovirus-infected insect cells" (in en). Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 41 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1007/s10863-009-9226-6. ISSN 0145-479X. PMID 19629661. 
  14. ↑ Luckow, V A; Lee, S C; Barry, G F; Olins, P O (1993). "Efficient generation of infectious recombinant baculoviruses by site-specific transposon-mediated insertion of foreign genes into a baculovirus genome propagated in Escherichia coli.". Journal of Virology 67 (8): 4566–4579. doi:10.1128/jvi.67.8.4566-4579.1993. ISSN 0022-538X. PMID 8392598. 
  15. ↑ "Cervarix : European Public Assessment Report – Scientific Discussion". European Medical Agency. 2007. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-discussion/cervarix-epar-scientific-discussion_en.pdf. 
  16. ↑ Betting, David J.; Mu, Xi Y.; Kafi, Kamran; McDonnel, Desmond; Rosas, Francisco; Gold, Daniel P.; Timmerman, John M. (2009). "Enhanced immune stimulation by a therapeutic lymphoma tumor antigen vaccine produced in insect cells involves mannose receptor targeting to antigen presenting cells". Vaccine 27 (2): 250–9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.055. PMID 19000731. 
  17. ↑ Ignoffo CM. (1975) Baculoviruses for Insect Pest Control: Safety Considerations, Summers M, Engler R, Falcon LA, Vail PV (eds.) American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, p52
  18. ↑ Sait, S.M.; Begon, M.; Thompson, D.J. (1994). "The Effects of a Sublethal Baculovirus Infection in the Indian Meal Moth, Plodia interpunctella". Journal of Animal Ecology 63 (3): 541–550. doi:10.2307/5220. Bibcode: 1994JAnEc..63..541S. 
  19. ↑ Jehle, JAExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2006). "On the classification and nomenclature of baculoviruses: a proposal for revision". Arch Virol 151 (7): 1257–1266. doi:10.1007/s00705-006-0763-6. PMID 16648963. https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/348770. Retrieved 1 February 2019. 
  20. ↑ Chiu E.; Coulibaly F.; Metcalf P. (April 2012). "Insect virus polyhedra, infectious protein crystals that contain virus particles.". Curr Opin Struct Biol 22 (2): 234–40. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2012.02.003. PMID 22475077. 
  21. ↑ Boucias, D. G.; Nordin, G. L. (1 July 1977). "Interinstar susceptibility of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, to its nucleopolyhedrosis and granulosis viruses". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 30 (1): 68–75. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(77)90038-6. Bibcode: 1977JInvP..30...68B. 
  22. ↑ Theze, J.; Bezier, A.; Periquet, G.; Drezen, J.-M.; Herniou, E. A. (2011). "Paleozoic origin of insect large dsDNA viruses". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (38): 15931–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.1105580108. PMID 21911395. Bibcode: 2011PNAS..10815931T. 

General sources

Further reading

Wikidata ☰ Q763221 entry



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