Astronomy:List of natural satellites

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Solar System
Solar sys8.jpg
Objects
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Planets

Of the Solar System's eight planets and its nine most likely dwarf planets, six planets and seven dwarf planets are known to be orbited by at least 297 natural satellites, or moons. At least 19 of them are large enough to be gravitationally rounded; of these, all are covered by a crust of ice except for Earth's Moon and Jupiter's Io.[1] Several of the largest ones are in hydrostatic equilibrium and would therefore be considered dwarf planets or planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun and not in their current states (orbiting planets or dwarf planets).

Moons are classed into two separate categories according to their orbits: regular moons, which have prograde orbits (they orbit in the direction of their planets' rotation) and lie close to the plane of their equators, and irregular moons, whose orbits can be pro- or retrograde (against the direction of their planets' rotation) and often lie at extreme angles to their planets' equators. Irregular moons are probably minor planets that have been captured from surrounding space. Most irregular moons are less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in diameter.

The earliest published discovery of a moon other than Earth's was by Galileo Galilei, who discovered the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter in 1610. Over the following three centuries, only a few more moons were discovered. Missions to other planets in the 1970s, most notably the Voyager 1 and 2 missions, saw a surge in the number of moons detected, and observations since the year 2000, using mostly large, ground-based optical telescopes, have discovered many more, all of which are irregular.

Moons by primary

Some moons, minor planets and comets of the Solar System to scale (major planets not to scale)
Selected moons, with Earth to scale. Nineteen moons are large enough to be round, and one, Titan, has a substantial atmosphere.
The number of moons discovered in each year until November 2019

Mercury, the smallest and innermost planet, has no moons, or at least none that can be detected to a diameter of 1.6 km (1.0 mi).[2] For a very short time in 1974, Mercury was thought to have a moon.

Venus also has no moons,[3] though reports of a moon around Venus have circulated since the 17th century.

Earth has one Moon, the largest moon of any rocky planet in the Solar System. Earth also has more than 20 known co-orbitals, including the asteroids 3753 Cruithne and 469219 Kamoʻoalewa, and the occasional temporary satellite, like 2020 CD3; however, since they do not permanently orbit Earth, they are not considered moons. (See Other moons of Earth and Quasi-satellite.)

Mars has two known moons, Phobos and Deimos ("fear" and "dread", after attendants of Ares, the Greek god of war, equivalent to the Roman Mars). Searches for more satellites have been unsuccessful, putting the maximum radius of any other satellites at 90 m (100 yd).[4]

Jupiter has 95 moons with known orbits; 72 of them have received permanent designations, and 57 have been named. Its eight regular moons are grouped into the planet-sized Galilean moons and the far smaller Amalthea group. They were named after lovers of Zeus, the Greek equivalent of Jupiter. Among them is Ganymede, the largest and most massive moon in the Solar System. Its 87 known irregular moons are organized into two categories: prograde and retrograde. The prograde satellites consist of the Himalia group and three others in groups of one. The retrograde moons are grouped into the Carme, Ananke and Pasiphae groups.

Saturn has 146 moons with known orbits; 66 of them have received permanent designations, and 63 have been named. Most of them are quite small. Seven moons are large enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, including Titan, the second largest moon in the Solar System. Including these large moons, 24 of Saturn's moons are regular, and traditionally named after Titans or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn. The remaining 122 are irregular, and classified by their orbital characteristics into Inuit, Norse, and Gallic groups, and their names are chosen from the corresponding mythologies the groups are named after. The rings of Saturn are made up of icy objects ranging in size from one centimetre to hundreds of metres, each of which is on its own orbit about the planet. Thus, a precise number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, as there is no objective boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. At least 150 "moonlets" embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects.

Uranus has 27 known moons, five of which are massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium. There are 13 moons that orbit within Uranus's ring system, and another nine outer irregular moons. Unlike most planetary moons, which are named from antiquity, all the moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope's work The Rape of the Lock.

Neptune has 14 known moons; the largest, Triton, accounts for more than 99.5 percent of all the mass orbiting the planet. Triton is large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, but, uniquely for a large moon, has a retrograde orbit, suggesting it was a dwarf planet that was captured. Neptune also has seven known inner regular satellites, and six outer irregular satellites.

Pluto, a dwarf planet, has five moons. Its largest moon Charon, named after the ferryman who took souls across the River Styx, is more than half as large as Pluto itself, and large enough to orbit a point outside Pluto's surface. In effect, each orbits the other, forming a binary system informally referred to as a double-dwarf-planet. Pluto's four other moons, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos and Styx are far smaller and orbit the Pluto–Charon system.[5]

Among the other dwarf planets, Ceres has no known moons. It is 90 percent certain that Ceres has no moons larger than 1 km in size, assuming that they would have the same albedo as Ceres itself.[6] Eris has one large known moon, Dysnomia. Accurately determining its size is difficult: one indicative estimate of its radius is 350±57.5 km.[7]

Two objects were named as dwarf planets, under the expectation that they would prove to be so (though this remains uncertain). Haumea has two moons, Hiʻiaka and Namaka, of radii ~195 and ~100 km, respectively.[8] Makemake has one moon, discovered in April 2016.

A number of other objects in the Kuiper belt and scattered disk may turn out to be dwarf planets. Orcus, Quaoar, Gonggong, and Sedna are generally agreed to be dwarf planets among astronomers, and all but Sedna are known to have moons.[9] A number of other smaller objects, such as Salacia, Varda, and 2013 FY27, also have moons, although their dwarf planethood is more doubtful. This list includes all objects with a best estimated diameter above 700 km, including 2003 AZ84 whose satellite has not been seen since its initial discovery.

(As of October 2022), 365 asteroid moons and 128 trans-Neptunian moons (including those of Pluto and the other dwarf planets) had been discovered.[10]

Summary – number of moons
Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Number of moons 0 0 1 2 95 146 27 14
Likely dwarf planets Ceres Orcus Pluto Haumea Quaoar Makemake Gonggong Eris Sedna
Number of moons 0 1 5 2 1 1 1 1 0
Possible dwarf planet candidates 2003 AZ84 Ixion Salacia 2002 MS4 Varda 2002 AW197 2013 FY27
Number of moons 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Minor planet
See list

Due to Earth's varying distance from these planets (as well as their distance to the Sun), the limits at which we are able to detect new moons are very inconsistent. As the below graph demonstrates, the absolute magnitude (total inherent brightness, abbreviated H) of moons we have detected around planets peaks at H = 17 for Jupiter, H = 16 for Saturn, H = 13 for Uranus, and H = 11 for Neptune.[clarification needed] Smaller moons may (and most likely do) exist around each of these planets, but are currently undetectable from Earth. Although spacecraft have visited all of these planets, Earth-based telescopes continue to outperform them in moon-detection ability due to their greater availability for wide-field surveys.[citation needed]

Planetary moons by absolute magnitude
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List

This is a list of the recognized moons of the planets and of the largest potential dwarf planets of the Solar System, ordered by their official Roman numeral designations. Moons that do not yet have official Roman numeral designations (because their orbits are not yet known well enough) are listed after those that do.

The 19 moons that are known to be large enough to have been rounded by their own gravity are listed in bold. The seven largest moons, which are larger than any of the known dwarf planets, are listed in bold and italic. Sidereal period differs from semi-major axis because a moon's speed depends both on the mass of its primary and its distance from it.

Satellites of planets
Satellite of Earth Satellites of Jupiter Satellites of Uranus
Satellites of Mars Satellites of Saturn Satellites of Neptune
Satellites of generally agreed dwarf planets
Satellite of Orcus Satellites of Pluto Satellites of Haumea
Satellite of Quaoar Satellite of Makemake Satellite of Gonggong
Satellite of Eris
Satellites of other dwarf planet candidates
Satellite of 2003 AZ84 Satellite of Salacia Satellite of Varda
Satellite of 2013 FY27
Name Image Parent Numeral Mean radius (km) Orbital semi-major axis (km) Sidereal period (d)
(r = retrograde) 		Discovery year Year Announced Discovered by Notes Ref(s)
Moon
FullMoon2010.jpg
 Earth I (1) 01738 1,738 384,399 27.321582 0 Prehistoric 0 Prehistory — Synchronous rotation (Binary) [11]
Phobos
Phobos colour 2008.jpg
 Mars I (1) 00011.267 11.267 9,380 0.319 1877 1877 Hall Synchronous rotation [12][13][14]
Deimos
Deimos-MRO.jpg
 Mars II (2) 0006.2 6.2±0.18 23,460 1.262 1877 1877 Hall Synchronous rotation [12][13][14]
Io
Jupiter I (1) 1821.6 1,821.6±0.5 421,800 1.769 1610 1610 Galileo Main-group moon (Galilean) [14][15]
Europa
Europa in natural color.png
 Jupiter II (2) 01560.8 1,560.8±0.5 671,100 3.551 1610 1610 Galileo Main-group moon (Galilean) [14][15]
Ganymede
Ganymede - Perijove 34 Composite.png
 Jupiter III (3) 2634.1 2,634.1±0.3 1,070,400 7.155 1610 1610 Galileo Main-group moon (Galilean) [14][15]
Callisto
Callisto - July 8 1979 (38926064465).jpg
 Jupiter IV (4) 02410.3 2,410.3±1.5 1,882,700 16.69 1610 1610 Galileo Main-group moon (Galilean) [14][15]
Amalthea
Amalthea (moon).png
 Jupiter V (5) 0083.5 83.5±2 181,400 0.498 1892 1892 Barnard Inner moon (Amalthea) [13][14][16]
Himalia
Cassini-Huygens Image of Himalia.png
 Jupiter VI (6) 00069.8 69.8 11,461,000 250.56 1904 1905 Perrine Prograde irregular (Himalia) [13][14][17][18]
Elara
Elara - New Horizons.png
 Jupiter VII (7) 00043 43 11,741,000 259.64 1905 1905 Perrine Prograde irregular (Himalia) [13][14][19]
Pasiphae
Pasiphaé.jpg
 Jupiter VIII (8) 00030 30 23,624,000 743.63 (r) 1908 1908 Melotte Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [13][14][20]
Sinope
Sinopé.jpg
 Jupiter IX (9) 00019 19 23,939,000 758.90 (r) 1914 1914 Nicholson Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [13][14][21]
Lysithea
Lysithea 2MASS JHK color composite.png
 Jupiter X (10) 00018 18 11,717,000 259.20 1938 1938 Nicholson Prograde irregular (Himalia) [13][14][22]
Carme
Carmé.jpg
 Jupiter XI (11) 00023 23 23,404,000 734.17 (r) 1938 1938 Nicholson Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14][22]
Ananke
Ananké.jpg
 Jupiter XII (12) 00014 14 21,276,000 629.77 (r) 1951 1951 Nicholson Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14][23]
Leda
Leda WISE-W3.jpg
 Jupiter XIII (13) 00010 10 11,165,000 240.92 1974 1974 Kowal Prograde irregular (Himalia) [13][14][24]
Thebe
Thebe.jpg
 Jupiter XIV (14) 0049.3 49.3±2.0 221,900 0.675 1979 1980 Synnott (Voyager 1) Inner moon (Amalthea) [13][14][25]
Adrastea
Adrastea.jpg
 Jupiter XV (15) 0008.2 8.2±2.0 129,000 0.298 1979 1979 Jewitt, Danielson (Voyager 1) Inner moon (Amalthea) [13][14][26]
Metis
Metis.jpg
 Jupiter XVI (16) 0021.5 21.5±2.0 128,000 0.295 1979 1980 Synnott (Voyager 1) Inner moon (Amalthea) [13][14][27]
Callirrhoe
Callirrhoe - New Horizons.gif
 Jupiter XVII (17) 00004.5 4.5 24,103,000 758.77 (r) 1999 2000 Scotti, Spahr, McMillan, Larsen, Montani, Gleason, Gehrels Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [13][14][28]
Themisto
S 2000 J 1.jpg
 Jupiter XVIII (18) 00004 4 7,284,000 130.02 1975/2000 1975/2000 Kowal and Roemer (original); Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier (rediscovery) Prograde irregular (Themisto) [13][14][29][30]
Megaclite
Megaclite-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XIX (19) 0002.7 2.7 23,493,000 752.86 (r) 2000 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [13][14][31]
Taygete
Taygete-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XX (20) 0002.5 2.5 23,280,000 732.41 (r) 2000 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14][31]
Chaldene
Chaldene-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXI (21) 0001.90 1.9 23,100,000 723.72 (r) 2000 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14][31]
Harpalyke
Harpalyke-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXII (22) 0002.2 2.2 20,858,000 623.32 (r) 2000 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14][31]
Kalyke
Kalyke-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXIII (23) 0002.6 2.6 23,483,000 742.06 (r) 2000 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14][31]
Iocaste
Iocaste-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXIV (24) 0002.6 2.6 21,060,000 631.60 (r) 2000 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14][31]
Erinome
Erinome-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXV (25) 00001.60 1.6 23,196,000 728.46 (r) 2000 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14][31]
Isonoe
Isonoe-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXVI (26) 00001.9 1.9 23,155,000 726.23 (r) 2000 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14][31]
Praxidike
Praxidike-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXVII (27) 00003.5 3.5 20,908,000 625.39 (r) 2000 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14][31]
Autonoe
Autonoe-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXVIII (28) 00002 2 24,046,000 760.95 (r) 2001 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae)
Thyone
Thyone-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXIX (29) 00002 2 20,939,000 627.21 (r) 2001 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14][32]
Hermippe
Hermippe-discovery.gif
 Jupiter XXX (30) 00002 2 21,131,000 633.9 (r) 2001 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14][32]
Aitne
Aitne-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXI (31) 0001.50 1.5 23,229,000 730.18 (r) 2001 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14][32]
Eurydome
Eurydome-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXII (32) 0001.50 1.5 22,865,000 717.33 (r) 2001 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [13][14][32]
Euanthe
Euanthe-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXIII (33) 0001.50 1.5 20,797,000 620.49 (r) 2001 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14][32]
Euporie
Euporie-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXIV (34) 00001 1 19,304,000 550.74 (r) 2001 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14][32]
Orthosie
Orthosie-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXV (35) 00001 1 20,720,000 622.56 (r) 2001 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14][32]
Sponde
Sponde-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXVI (36) 00001 1 23,487,000 748.34 (r) 2001 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [13][14][32]
Kale
Kale-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXVII (37) 00001 1 23,217,000 729.47 (r) 2001 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14][32]
Pasithee
Pasithee-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXVIII (38) 00001 1 23,004,000 719.44 (r) 2001 2002 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14][32]
Hegemone Jupiter XXXIX (39) 0001.50 1.5 23,577,000 739.88 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [13][14]
Mneme
Mneme Discovery Image.jpg
 Jupiter XL (40) 00001 1 21,035,000 620.04 (r) 2003 2003 Gladman, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14]
Aoede Jupiter XLI (41) 00002 2 23,980,000 761.50 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [13][14]
Thelxinoe Jupiter XLII (42) 00001 1 21,164,000 628.09 (r) 2003 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14]
Arche
Bigs2002j1barrow.png
 Jupiter XLIII (43) 0001.50 1.5 23,355,000 731.95 (r) 2002 2002 Sheppard, Meech, Hsieh, Tholen, Tonry Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14][32]
Kallichore Jupiter XLIV (44) 00001 1 23,288,000 728.73 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14]
Helike
Helike CFHT 2003-02-25 annotated.gif
 Jupiter XLV (45) 00002 2 21,069,000 626.32 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14]
Carpo
Carpo CFHT 2003-02-25 annotated.gif
 Jupiter XLVI (46) 0001.50 1.5 17,058,000 456.30 2003 2003 Sheppard, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen, Jewitt, Kleyna Prograde irregular (Carpo) [13][14]
Eukelade
Eukelade s2003j1movie arrow.gif
 Jupiter XLVII (47) 00002 2 23,328,000 730.47 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14]
Cyllene Jupiter XLVIII (48) 00001 1 23,809,000 752 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [13][14]
Kore
Kore s2003j14movie circled.gif
 Jupiter XLIX (49) 00001 1 24,543,000 779.17 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [13][14]
Herse Jupiter L (50) 00001 1 22,983,000 714.51 (r) 2003 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][14]
S/2010 J 1
2010 J 1 CFHT image.gif
 Jupiter LI (51) 00001 1 23,314,300 723.2 (r) 2010 2011 Jacobson, Brozović, Gladman, Alexandersen Retrograde irregular (Carme) [33]
S/2010 J 2
2010 J 2 CFHT discovery full.gif
 Jupiter LII (52) 0000.50 0.5 20,307,200 588.1 (r) 2010 2011 Veillet Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [33]
Dia
Dia-Jewitt-CFHT image-crop.png
 Jupiter LIII (53) 00002 2 12,118,000 287.0 2000 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Prograde irregular (Himalia) [33]
S/2016 J 1
2016 J 1 CFHT 2003-02-26 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LIV (54) 00001 1 20,595,500 602.7 (r) 2016 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [33]
S/2003 J 18
2003 J 18 CFHT recovery full.gif
 Jupiter LV (55) 00001 1 20,274,000 588.0 (r) 2003 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [33]
S/2011 J 2 Jupiter LVI (56) 0000.50 0.5 23,329,700 726.8 (r) 2011 2012 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [33]
Eirene Jupiter LVII (57) 00002 2 23,731,800 759.7 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Carme) [33]
Philophrosyne Jupiter LVIII (58) 00001 1 22,820,000 701.3 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [33]
S/2017 J 1
2016 J 1 CFHT 2003-02-26 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LIX (59) 00002 2 23,484,000 734.2 (r) 2017 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [33]
Eupheme
Eupheme CFHT 2003-02-25 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LX (60) 00001 1 21,199,710 627.8 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [33]
S/2003 J 19 Jupiter LXI (61) 00001 1 22,757,000 697.6 (r) 2003 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Carme) [33]
Valetudo
Valetudo CFHT precovery 2003-02-28 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LXII (62) 0000.50 0.5 18,928,100 532.0 2016 2018 Sheppard Prograde irregular (Valetudo) [33]
S/2017 J 2
2017 J 2 CFHT 2003-02-26 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LXIII (63) 00001 1 23,241,000 723.8 (r) 2017 2018 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [33]
S/2017 J 3
2017 J 3 CFHT 2003-12-25 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LXIV (64) 00001 1 20,639,300 605.8 (r) 2017 2018 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [33]
Pandia
Pandia CFHT precovery 2003-02-28.png
 Jupiter LXV (65) 00001.5 1.5 11,494,800 251.8 2017 2018 Sheppard Prograde irregular (Himalia) [33]
S/2017 J 5 Jupiter LXVI (66) 00001 1 23,169,400 720.5 (r) 2017 2018 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [33]
S/2017 J 6 Jupiter LXVII (67) 00001 1 22,394,700 684.7 (r) 2017 2018 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [33]
S/2017 J 7 Jupiter LXVIII (68) 00001 1 20,571,500 602.8 (r) 2017 2018 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [33]
S/2017 J 8
2017 J 8 CFHT precovery full.gif
 Jupiter LXIX (69) 0000.50 0.5 23,174,400 720.7 (r) 2017 2018 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [33]
S/2017 J 9 Jupiter LXX (70) 00001 1 21,430,000 640.9 (r) 2017 2018 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [33]
Ersa
Ersa CFHT precovery 2003-02-24.png
 Jupiter LXXI (71) 1.5 11,453,000 250.4 2018 2018 Sheppard Prograde irregular (Himalia) [33]
S/2011 J 1 Jupiter LXXII (72) 0000.50 0.5 20,155,300 580.7 (r) 2011 2012 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [33]
S/2003 J 2
2003 J 2 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 Jupiter — 00001 1 20,554,400 602.02 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14]
S/2003 J 4
2003 J 4 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 Jupiter — 00001 1 22,048,600 668.85 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [13][14]
S/2003 J 9
2003 J 9 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 Jupiter — 0000.50 0.5 24,168,700 767.6 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Carme) [13][34]
S/2003 J 10
2003 J 10 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 Jupiter — 00001 1 22,896,000 707.78 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Carme?) [13][14]
S/2003 J 12
2003 J 12 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 Jupiter — 0000.50 0.5 21,557,700 646.64 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][14]
S/2003 J 16
2003 J 16 CFHT recovery full.gif
 Jupiter — 00001 1 20,512,500 600.18 (r) 2003 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [13][35]
S/2003 J 23
S2003j23ccircle.gif
 Jupiter — 00001 1 24,678,100 792.00 (r) 2003 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [13][14]
S/2003 J 24 Jupiter — 00001.5 1.5 23,088,000 715.4 (r) 2003 2021 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Veillet Retrograde irregular (Carme) [36]
S/2011 J 3 Jupiter — 00001.5 1.5 11,797,200 261.77 2011 2022 Sheppard Prograde irregular (Himalia) [37]
S/2016 J 3 Jupiter — 00001 1 22,213,500 676.37 (r) 2016 2023 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [38]
S/2016 J 4 Jupiter — 00001 1 23,664,100 743.69 (r) 2016 2023 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [39]
S/2018 J 2 Jupiter — 00001.5 1.5 11,467,500 250.88 2018 2022 Sheppard Prograde irregular (Himalia) [40]
S/2018 J 3 Jupiter — 00000.50 0.5 22,826,600 704.56 (r) 2018 2023 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [41]
S/2018 J 4 Jupiter — 00001 1 16,504,300 433.16 2018 2023 Sheppard Prograde irregular (Carpo) [42]
S/2021 J 1 Jupiter — 00000.50 0.5 20,667,200 606.99 (r) 2021 2023 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [43]
S/2021 J 2 Jupiter — 00000.50 0.5 21,140,600 627.96 (r) 2021 2023 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [44]
S/2021 J 3 Jupiter — 00001 1 21,495,700 643.85 (r) 2021 2023 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [45]
S/2021 J 4 Jupiter — 00000.50 0.5 22,946,700 710.13 (r) 2021 2023 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [46]
S/2021 J 5 Jupiter — 00001 1 22,831,800 704.80 (r) 2021 2023 Sheppard, Tholen, Trujillo Retrograde irregular (Carme) [47]
S/2021 J 6 Jupiter — 00000.50 0.5 23,427,200 732.55 (r) 2021 2023 Sheppard, Tholen, Trujillo Retrograde irregular (Carme) [48]
S/2022 J 1 Jupiter — 00000.50 0.5 22,015,500 667.34 (r) 2022 2023 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [49]
S/2022 J 2 Jupiter — 00000.50 0.5 22,413,200 685.51 (r) 2022 2023 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [50]
S/2022 J 3 Jupiter — 00000.50 0.5 20,912,400 617.82 (r) 2022 2023 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [51]
Mimas
Mimas Cassini.jpg
 Saturn I (1) 0198.2 198.2±0.4 185,540 0.942 1789 1789 Herschel Main-group moon [13][14]
Enceladus
PIA17202 - Approaching Enceladus.jpg
 Saturn II (2) 00252.1 252.1±0.2 238,040 1.370 1789 1789 Herschel Main-group moon [13][14]
Tethys
PIA18317-SaturnMoon-Tethys-Cassini-20150411.jpg
 Saturn III (3) 00533 533.1±0.7 294,670 1.888 1684 1686 Cassini Main-group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [13][14]
Dione
Dione3 cassini big.jpg
 Saturn IV (4) 00561.4 561.4±0.4 377,420 2.737 1684 1686 Cassini Main-group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [13][14]
Rhea
PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg
 Saturn V (5) 00763.8 763.8±1.0 527,070 4.518 1672 1673 Cassini Main-group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [13][14]
Titan
Titan in true color by Kevin M. Gill.jpg
 Saturn VI (6) 02574.73 2,574.73±0.09 1,221,870 15.95 1655 1656 Huygens Main-group moon [13][14]
Hyperion
Hyperion true.jpg
 Saturn VII (7) 00135 135 1,500,880 21.28 1848 1848 W.Bond, G. Bond, and Lassell Main-group moon [13][14]
Iapetus
Iapetus 706 1419 1.jpg
 Saturn VIII (8) 00735.6 735.6±1.5 3,560,840 79.33 1671 1673 Cassini Main-group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [13][14]
Phoebe
Phoebe cassini.jpg
 Saturn IX (9) 00106.5 106.5±0.7 12,947,780 550.31 (r) 1898 1899 Pickering Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Janus
PIA12714 Janus crop.jpg
 Saturn X (10) 00089.5 89.5±1.4 151,460 0.695 1966 1967 Dollfus; Voyager 1 (confirmed) Inner moon (co-orbital) [13][14]
Epimetheus PIA09813 Epimetheus S. polar region.jpg Saturn XI (11) 00058.1 58.1±1.8 151,410 0.694 1966 1967 Walker; Voyager 1 (confirmed) Inner moon (co-orbital) [13][14]
Helene
Cassini Helene N00086698 CL.jpg
 Saturn XII (12) 00017.6 17.6±0.4 377,420 2.737 1980 1980 Laques, Lecacheux Main-group trojan [13][14]
Telesto
Telesto cassini closeup.jpg
 Saturn XIII (13) 00012.4 12.4±0.4 294,710 1.888 1980 1980 Smith, Reitsema, Larson, Fountain (Voyager 1) Main-group trojan [13][14]
Calypso
Calypso N1644755236 1.jpg
 Saturn XIV (14) 00010.7 10.7±0.7 294,710 1.888 1980 1980 Pascu, Seidelmann, Baum, Currie Main-group trojan [13][14]
Atlas
Atlas color PIA21449.png
 Saturn XV (15) 00015.1 15.1±0.9 137,670 0.602 1980 1980 Terrile (Voyager 1) Inner moon (shepherd) [13][14]
Prometheus
Prometheus 12-26-09b.jpg
 Saturn XVI (16) 00043.1 43.1±2.7 139,380 0.613 1980 1980 Collins (Voyager 1) Inner moon (shepherd) [13][14]
Pandora
Pandora PIA07632.jpg
 Saturn XVII (17) 00040.7 40.7±1.5 141,720 0.629 1980 1980 Collins (Voyager 1) Inner moon (shepherd) [13][14]
Pan
Pan by Cassini, March 2017.jpg
 Saturn XVIII (18) 00014.1 14.1 133,580 0.575 1981 1990 Showalter (Voyager 2) Inner moon (shepherd) [13][14]
Ymir
Ymir-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XIX (19) 0009 9 23,140,400 1,315.58 (r) 2000 2000 Gladman Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Paaliaq
Paaliaq-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XX (20) 0011 11 15,200,000 686.95 2000 2000 Gladman Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Paaliaq) [13][14]
Tarvos
Tarvos discovery.gif
 Saturn XXI (21) 0007.5 7.5 17,983,000 926.23 2000 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Gallic) [13][14]
Ijiraq
Ijiraq-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXII (22) 0006 6 11,124,000 451.42 2000 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Kiviuq) [13][14]
Suttungr
Suttungr-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXIII (23) 0003.5 3.5 19,459,000 1,016.67 (r) 2000 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Kiviuq
Kiviuq-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXIV (24) 0008 8 11,110,000 449.22 2000 2000 Gladman Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Kiviuq) [13][14]
Mundilfari
Mundilfari-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXV (25) 0003.5 3.5 18,628,000 952.77 (r) 2000 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Albiorix
Albiorix WISE-W4.jpg
 Saturn XXVI (26) 0016 16 16,182,000 783.45 2000 2000 Holman, Spahr Prograde irregular (Gallic) [13][14]
Skathi
Skathi-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXVII (27) 0004 4 15,540,000 728.20 (r) 2000 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Erriapus
Erriapus-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXVIII (28) 0005 5 17,343,000 871.19 2000 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Gallic) [13][14]
Siarnaq
Siarnaq-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXIX (29) 0020 20 18,015,400 896.44 2000 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Siarnaq) [13][14]
Thrymr
Thrymr-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXX (30) 0003.5 3.5 20,314,000 1,094.11 (r) 2000 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Narvi
Narvi.jpg
 Saturn XXXI (31) 0003.5 3.5 19,007,000 1,003.86 (r) 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Methone
Methone PIA14633.jpg
 Saturn XXXII (32) 0001.45 1.45 194,440 1.010 2004 2004 Porco, Charnoz, Brahic, Dones (Cassini–Huygens) Alkyonide moon [14]
Pallene
Pallene N1665945513 1.jpg
 Saturn XXXIII (33) 00002.22 2.22 212,280 1.154 2004 2004 Gordon, Murray, Beurle, et al. (Cassini–Huygens) Alkyonide moon [14]
Polydeuces
Polydeuces.jpg
 Saturn XXXIV (34) 00001.3 1.3 377,200 2.737 2004 2004 Porco et al. (Cassini–Huygens) Main-group trojan [14]
Daphnis
Daphnis (Saturn's Moon).jpg
 Saturn XXXV (35) 0003.80 3.8±0.8 136,500 0.594 2005 2005 Porco et al. (Cassini–Huygens) Inner moon (shepherd) [14]
Aegir Saturn XXXVI (36) 0003 3 20,751,000 1,117.52 (r) 2004 2005 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Bebhionn
Bebhionn-cassini.png
 Saturn XXXVII (37) 0003 3 17,119,000 834.84 2004 2005 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular (Gallic) [13][14]
Bergelmir
Bergelmir.png
 Saturn XXXVIII (38) 0003 3 19,336,000 1,005.74 (r) 2004 2005 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Bestla
Bestla-cassini.png
 Saturn XXXIX (39) 0003.5 3.5 20,192,000 1,088.72 (r) 2004 2005 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Farbauti Saturn XL (40) 0002.5 2.5 20,377,000 1,085.55 (r) 2004 2005 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Fenrir Saturn XLI (41) 0002 2 22,454,000 1,260.35 (r) 2004 2005 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Fornjot
Fornjot-cassini.png
 Saturn XLII (42) 0003 3 25,146,000 1,494.2 (r) 2004 2005 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Hati
Hati-cassini.png
 Saturn XLIII (43) 0003 3 19,846,000 1,038.61 (r) 2004 2005 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
Hyrrokkin
Hyrrokkin-cassini.png
 Saturn XLIV (44) 0004 4 18,437,000 931.86 (r) 2004 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14]
Kari
Kari-cassini.png
 Saturn XLV (45) 0003.5 3.5 22,089,000 1,230.97 (r) 2006 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14]
Loge
Loge N00177425.jpg
 Saturn XLVI (46) 0003 3 23,058,000 1,311.36 (r) 2006 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14]
Skoll
Skoll-Cassini.png
 Saturn XLVII (47) 0003 3 17,665,000 878.29 (r) 2006 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14]
Surtur Saturn XLVIII (48) 0003 3 22,704,000 1,297.36 (r) 2006 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14]
Anthe
Anthe crop.jpg
 Saturn XLIX (49) 0000.90 0.9 197,700 1.0365 2007 2007 Porco et al. (Cassini–Huygens) Alkyonide moon [52]
Jarnsaxa Saturn L (50) 0003 3 18,811,000 964.74 (r) 2006 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14]
Greip
Greip-cassini.png
 Saturn LI (51) 0003 3 18,206,000 921.19 (r) 2006 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14]
Tarqeq
Tarqeq-cassini.png
 Saturn LII (52) 0003.5 3.5 18,009,000 887.48 2007 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Siarnaq) [14]
Aegaeon
N1643264379 1.jpg
 Saturn LIII (53) 0000.33 0.33 167,500 0.808 2008 2009 Cassini Imaging Science Team Cassini–Huygens G-ring moonlet [53][54]
Gridr Saturn LIV (54) 0003 3 19,418,000 1,010.55 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [55]
Angrboda Saturn LV (55) 0003 3 20,636,000 1,107.13 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [56]
Skrymir Saturn LVI (56) 0004 4 21,163,000 1,149.82 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [57]
Gerd Saturn LVII (57) 0004 4 21,174,000 1,150.69 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [58]
S/2004 S 26 Saturn LVIII (58) 0004 4 26,676,000 1,627.18 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [59]
Eggther Saturn LIX (59) 0006 6 19,976,000 1,054.45 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden, Jacobson Retrograde irregular (Norse) [60]
S/2004 S 29 Saturn LX (60) 0004 4 16,981,000 826.44 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular (Gallic) [61]
Beli Saturn LXI (61) 0003 3 20,396,000 1,087.84 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [62]
Gunnlod Saturn LXII (62) 0004 4 21,214,000 1,153.96 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [63]
Thiazzi Saturn LXIII (63) 0004 4 24,168,000 1,403.18 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [64]
S/2004 S 34 Saturn LXIV (64) 0003 3 24,299,000 1,414.59 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [65]
Alvaldi Saturn LXV (65) 0006 6 22,412,000 1,253.08 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [66]
Geirrod Saturn LXVI (66) 0004 4 21,908,000 1,211.02 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [67]
S/2004 S 7 Saturn — 0003 3 20,999,000 1,140.24 (r) 2004 2005 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [13][14]
S/2004 S 12 Saturn — 0002.5 2.5 19,878,000 1,046.19 (r) 2004 2005 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [13][14]
S/2004 S 13 Saturn — 0003 3 18,404,000 933.48 (r) 2004 2005 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [13][14]
S/2004 S 17 Saturn — 0002 2 19,447,000 1,014.70 (r) 2004 2005 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [13][14]
S/2004 S 21 Saturn — 0003 3 22,645,000 1,272.61 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [68]
S/2004 S 24 Saturn — 0003 3 22,901,000 1,294.25 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular (group unknown, possibly Gallic) [69]
S/2004 S 28 Saturn — 0004 4 22,020,000 1,220.31 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [70]
S/2004 S 31 Saturn — 0004 4 17,568,000 869.65 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Siarnaq) [71]
S/2004 S 36 Saturn — 0003 3 23,192,000 1,319.07 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [72]
S/2004 S 37 Saturn — 0004 4 15,892,000 748.18 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [73]
S/2004 S 39 Saturn — 0003 3 23,575,000 1,351.83 (r) 2004 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [74]
S/2004 S 40 Saturn — 0002 2 16,075,600 765.92 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [75]
S/2004 S 41 Saturn — 0002 2 18,095,000 895.76 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [76]
S/2004 S 42 Saturn — 0002 2 18,240,800 910.61 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [77]
S/2004 S 43 Saturn — 0002 2 18,935,000 971.48 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [78]
S/2004 S 44 Saturn — 0002.5 2.5 19,515,400 1,014.98 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [79]
S/2004 S 45 Saturn — 0002 2 19,693,600 1,058.95 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [80]
S/2004 S 46 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 20,513,000 1,107.57 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [81]
S/2004 S 47 Saturn — 0002 2 16,050,600 755.69 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [82]
S/2004 S 48 Saturn — 0002 2 22,136,700 1,248.52 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [83]
S/2004 S 49 Saturn — 0002 2 22,399,700 1,290.34 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [84]
S/2004 S 50 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 22,346,000 1,219.11 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [85]
S/2004 S 51 Saturn — 0002 2 25,208,200 1,544.65 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [86]
S/2004 S 52 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 26,448,100 1,573.49 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [87]
S/2004 S 53 Saturn — 0002 2 23,279,800 1,367.72 (r) 2004 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [88]
S/2005 S 4 Saturn — 0002.5 2.5 11,324,500 448.63 2005 2023 Sheppard et al. Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Kiviuq) [89]
S/2005 S 5 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 21,366,200 1,138.62 (r) 2005 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [90]
S/2006 S 1 Saturn — 0003 3 18,790,000 963.37 (r) 2006 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14]
S/2006 S 3 Saturn — 0003 3 22,096,000 1,227.21 (r) 2006 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14]
S/2006 S 9 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 14,406,600 648.71 (r) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [91]
S/2006 S 10 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 18,979,900 965.26 (r) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [92]
S/2006 S 11 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 19,711,900 1,018.45 (r) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [93]
S/2006 S 12 Saturn — 0002 2 19,569,800 1,043.16 2006 2023 Sheppard et al. Prograde irregular (group unknown, possibly Gallic) [94]
S/2006 S 13 Saturn — 0002 2 19,953,800 1,061.74 (r) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [95]
S/2006 S 14 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 21,062,100 1,150.64 (r) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [96]
S/2006 S 15 Saturn — 0002 2 21,799,400 1,183.57 (r) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [97]
S/2006 S 16 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 21,720,700 1,217.36 (r) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [98]
S/2006 S 17 Saturn — 0002 2 22,384,900 1,262.48 (r) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [99]
S/2006 S 18 Saturn — 0002 2 22,760,700 1,324.09 (r) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [100]
S/2006 S 19 Saturn — 0002 2 23,801,100 1,324.68 (r) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [101]
S/2006 S 20 Saturn — 0002.5 2.5 13,193,800 563.89 (r) 2006 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [102]
S/2007 S 2 Saturn — 0003 3 16,725,000 808.08 (r) 2007 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14]
S/2007 S 3 Saturn — 0003 3 18,975,000 977.8 (r) 2007 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [14]
S/2007 S 5 Saturn — 0002 2 15,835,700 748.50 (r) 2007 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [103]
S/2007 S 6 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 18,544,900 944.31 (r) 2007 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [104]
S/2007 S 7 Saturn — 0002 2 15,931,700 742.79 (r) 2007 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [105]
S/2007 S 8 Saturn — 0002 2 17,049,000 826.94 2007 2023 Sheppard et al. Prograde irregular (Gallic) [106]
S/2007 S 9 Saturn — 0002 2 20,174,600 1,099.69 (r) 2007 2023 Sheppard et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [107]
S/2009 S 1
PIA11665 moonlet in B Ring cropped.jpg
 Saturn — 0000.15 0.15 117,000 0.471 2009 2009 Cassini Imaging Science Team Cassini–Huygens B-ring moonlet [108]
S/2019 S 1
2019 S 1 CFHT 2019-07-01 5x205s stack annotated.png
 Saturn — 0003 3 11,221,000 443.8 2019 2021 Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Kiviuq) [109]
S/2019 S 2 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 16,559,900 796.22 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [110]
S/2019 S 3 Saturn — 0002 2 17,077,200 836.68 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [111]
S/2019 S 4 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 17,956,700 898.40 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [112]
S/2019 S 5 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 19,076,900 971.54 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [113]
S/2019 S 6 Saturn — 0002 2 18,198,700 905.41 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Siarnaq) [114]
S/2019 S 7 Saturn — 0002 2 20,181,300 1,093.86 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [115]
S/2019 S 8 Saturn — 0002 2 20,284,400 1,080.60 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [116]
S/2019 S 9 Saturn — 0002 2 20,359,000 1,104.27 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [117]
S/2019 S 10 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 20,713,400 1,129.53 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [118]
S/2019 S 11 Saturn — 0002 2 20,663,700 1,097.33 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [119]
S/2019 S 12 Saturn — 0002 2 20,904,500 1,130.40 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [120]
S/2019 S 13 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 20,965,800 1,132.90 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [121]
S/2019 S 14 Saturn — 0002 2 17,853,000 902.00 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Siarnaq) [122]
S/2019 S 15 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 21,189,700 1,156.21 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [123]
S/2019 S 16 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 23,266,700 1,360.26 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [124]
S/2019 S 17 Saturn — 0002 2 22,724,100 1,322.15 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [125]
S/2019 S 18 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 23,140,700 1,349.74 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [126]
S/2019 S 19 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 23,047,200 1,342.57 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [127]
S/2019 S 20 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 23,678,600 1,343.58 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [128]
S/2019 S 21 Saturn — 0002 2 26,439,000 1,572.06 (r) 2019 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [129]
S/2020 S 1 Saturn — 0002 2 11,338,700 450.83 2020 2023 Ashton et al. Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Kiviuq) [130]
S/2020 S 2 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 17,869,300 907.00 (r) 2020 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [131]
S/2020 S 3 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 18,054,700 896.35 2020 2023 Ashton et al. Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Siarnaq) [132]
S/2020 S 4 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 18,235,500 910.34 2020 2023 Ashton et al. Prograde irregular (Gallic) [133]
S/2020 S 5 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 18,391,300 933.52 2020 2023 Ashton et al. Prograde irregular (Inuit) (Siarnaq) [134]
S/2020 S 6 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 21,265,300 1,149.11 (r) 2020 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [135]
S/2020 S 7 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 17,400,000 844.85 (r) 2020 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [136]
S/2020 S 8 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 21,966,700 1,201.72 (r) 2020 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [137]
S/2020 S 9 Saturn — 0002 2 25,434,100 1,565.23 (r) 2020 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [138]
S/2020 S 10 Saturn — 0001.5 1.5 25,314,800 1,479.87 (r) 2020 2023 Ashton et al. Retrograde irregular (Norse) [139]
Ariel
Ariel (moon).jpg
 Uranus I (1) 0578.9 578.9±0.6 190,900 2.520 1851 1851 Lassell Main-group moon [13][14]
Umbriel
PIA00040 Umbrielx2.47.jpg
 Uranus II (2) 0584.7 584.7±2.8 266,000 4.144 1851 1851 Lassell Main-group moon [13][14]
Titania
Titania (moon) color cropped.jpg
 Uranus III (3) 00788.9 788.9±1.8 436,300 8.706 1787 1787 Herschel Main-group moon [13][14]
Oberon
Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg
 Uranus IV (4) 0761.4 761.4±2.6 583,500 13.46 1787 1787 Herschel Main-group moon [13][14]
Miranda
Miranda - January 24 1986 (30906319004).jpg
 Uranus V (5) 0235.8 235.8±0.7 129,900 1.413 1948 1949 Kuiper Main-group moon [13][14]
Cordelia
Cordeliamoon.png
 Uranus VI (6) 0020.1 20.1±3 49,800 0.335 1986 1986 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon (shepherd) [13][14]
Ophelia
Opheliamoon.png
 Uranus VII (7) 0021.4 21.4±4 53,800 0.376 1986 1986 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon (shepherd) [13][14]
Bianca
Biancamoon.png
 Uranus VIII (8) 0025.7 25.7±2 59,200 0.435 1986 1986 Smith (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Cressida
Cressida.png
 Uranus IX (9) 0039.8 39.8±2 61,800 0.464 1986 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Desdemona
Desdemonamoon.png
 Uranus X (10) 00032 32±4 62,700 0.474 1986 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Juliet
Julietmoon.png
 Uranus XI (11) 0046.8 46.8±4 64,400 0.493 1986 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Portia
Portia1.jpg
 Uranus XII (12) 0067.6 67.6±4.0 66,100 0.513 1986 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Rosalind
Rosalindmoon.png
 Uranus XIII (13) 00036 36±6 69,900 0.558 1986 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Belinda
Belinda.gif
 Uranus XIV (14) 0040.3 40.3±8 75,300 0.624 1986 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Puck
Puck.png
 Uranus XV (15) 00081 81±2 86,000 0.762 1985 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Caliban
Caliban discovery.jpg
 Uranus XVI (16) 00036.4 36.4 7,231,100 579.73 (r) 1997 1997 Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [140][14]
Sycorax
Uranus-sycorax2.gif
 Uranus XVII (17) 00093 93 12,179,400 1,288.38 (r) 1997 1997 Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [140][14]
Prospero
Prospero - Uranus moon.jpg
 Uranus XVIII (18) 00025 25 16,256,000 1,978.29 (r) 1999 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [13][14]
Setebos
Uranus - Setebos image.jpg
 Uranus XIX (19) 00024 24 17,418,000 2,225.21 (r) 1999 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [13][14]
Stephano
Stephano - Uranus moon.jpg
 Uranus XX (20) 00016 16 8,004,000 677.36 (r) 1999 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [13][14]
Trinculo Uranus XXI (21) 00009.5 9.5 8,504,000 749.24 (r) 2001 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [13][14]
Francisco Uranus XXII (22) 00011 11 4,276,000 266.56 (r) 2001 2003 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic, Gladman Retrograde irregular [13][14]
Margaret
S2003u3acircle.gif
 Uranus XXIII (23) 00010 10 14,345,000 1,687.01 2003 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt Prograde irregular [13][14]
Ferdinand
Uranus moon 021002 02.jpg
 Uranus XXIV (24) 00010 10 20,901,000 2,887.21 (r) 2001 2003 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic, et al. Retrograde irregular [13][14]
Perdita
Perditamoon.png
 Uranus XXV (25) 0015 15 76,417 0.638 1986 1999/2003 Karkoschka (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14]
Mab
Mabmoon.png
 Uranus XXVI (26) 00012 12 97,736 0.923 2003 2003 Showalter, Lissauer Inner moon [14]
Cupid
Cupidmoon.png
 Uranus XXVII (27) 0009 9 74,392 0.613 2003 2003 Showalter, Lissauer Inner moon [14]
Triton
Triton2.jpg
 Neptune I (1) 1353.4 1,353.4±0.9 354,800 5.877 (r) 1846 1846 Lassell Retrograde irregular [13][14]
Nereid
Nereid-Voyager2.jpg
 Neptune II (2) 00170 170±25 5,513,820 360.14 1949 1949 Kuiper Prograde irregular [141][14]
Naiad
Naiad Voyager.png
 Neptune III (3) 00033 33±3 48,224 0.294 1989 1989 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Thalassa
Neptune Trio.jpg
 Neptune IV (4) 00041 41±3 50,075 0.311 1989 1989 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Despina
Despina.jpg
 Neptune V (5) 00078 78±4.7 52,526 0.335 1989 1989 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Galatea
Galatea moon.jpg
 Neptune VI (6) 00088 88±4 61,953 0.429 1989 1989 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Larissa
Larissa 1.jpg
 Neptune VII (7) 00097 97±3 73,548 0.555 1981/1989 1981/1989 Reitsema, Hubbard, Lebofsky, Tholen (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Proteus
Proteus (Voyager 2).jpg
 Neptune VIII (8) 0210 210±7 117,647 1.122 1989 1989 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [13][14]
Halimede
N2002n1b.jpg
 Neptune IX (9) 00031 31 15,728,000 1,879.71 (r) 2002 2003 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [13][14]
Psamathe
Psmathe feat.jpg
 Neptune X (10) 00020 20 46,695,000 9,115.91 (r) 2003 2003 Jewitt, Kleyna, Sheppard, Holman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [13][14]
Sao
Sao VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03 annotated.gif
 Neptune XI (11) 00022 22 22,422,000 2,914.07 2002 2003 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Prograde irregular [13][14]
Laomedeia
Laomedeia VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03 annotated.gif
 Neptune XII (12) 00021 21 23,571,000 3,167.85 2002 2003 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Prograde irregular [13][14]
Neso
Neso VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03.gif
 Neptune XIII (13) 00030 30 48,387,000 9,740.73 (r) 2002 2003 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [13][14]
Hippocamp Hippocamp-heic1904b.jpg Neptune XIV (14) 0017.4 17.4 105,283 0.9362 2004/2013 2013 Showalter et al. Inner moon [142]
Vanth Orcus-vanth hst2.jpg Orcus I (1) 0221 221±5 9000 9,000±9 9.539 2005 2007 Brown & Suer Synchronous rotation (Binary) [143]
S/2005 (208996) 1
2003AZ84 Hubble.png
 (208996) 2003 AZ84 — 00072 72±12 7200 7,200±300 12 ≈12


2005 2007 Brown & Suer unrecovered natural satellite [144]
Charon Charon in True Color - High-Res.jpg Pluto I (1) 00606 606±0.5 19,591 6.387 1978 1978 Christy Synchronous rotation (Binary) [13][14]
Nix Nix best view.jpg Pluto II (2) 22.5 48,671 24.85 2005 2005 Weaver, Stern, Buie, et al. Chaotic rotation [13][14]
Hydra Hydra Enhanced Color.jpg Pluto III (3) 27.5 64,698 38.20 2005 2005 Weaver, Stern, Buie, et al. Chaotic rotation [13][14]
Kerberos Kerberos (moon).jpg Pluto IV (4) 7 57,729 32.17 2011 2011 Showalter (Hubble) Chaotic rotation [13][14][145][146]
Styx Styx (moon).jpg Pluto V (5) 5.5 42,393 20.16 2012 2012 Showalter (Hubble) Chaotic rotation [13][14][147]
Actaea Salacia Hubble.png Salacia I (1) 00142 142±5 5724 5,724±27 5.494 2006 2006 Noll et al. Binary system [143]
Hiʻiaka Haumea Hubble.png Haumea I (1) 00160 ≈160 49,880 49.12 2005 2005 Brown et al. assuming a chaotic rotation [8][148][149]
Namaka Haumea II (2) 00085 ≈85 25,657 18.2783 2005 2005 Brown et al. assuming a chaotic rotation [8][148][149]
Weywot Quaoar-weywot hst.jpg Quaoar I (1) 00040.5 40.5±5.5

[150] || 14500 14,500±800

12.438 2006 2007 Brown Binary system [150][151]
S/2015 (136472) 1 Makemake moon Hubble image with legend (cropped).jpg Makemake — 0087.5 ≈87.5 21000 >21,000 12.4 >12.4


2015 2016 Parker et al. [152][153]
Ilmarë Varda-ilmare hst.jpg Varda I (1) 00163 163±18

[154] || 4809 4,809±39

5.751 2009 2011 Noll et al. Binary system [155]
S/2018 (532037) 1
2013FY27.gif
 (532037) 2013 FY27 — 0095 ≈95

[156] || 09800 >9,800 ± 40

19 ≈19 2018 2018 Sheppard likely a prograde orbit [157]
Xiangliu 2007 OR10 and its moon.png Gonggong I (1) 00100 <100[158] 24020 24,020±200 25.22073 25.221


2010 2016 Marton, Kiss & Müller assuming a prograde orbit [158]
Dysnomia
Eris and dysnomia2.jpg
 Eris I (1) 00350 350±60[7] 37273 37,273±64 15.786 2005 2005 Brown, Rabinowitz, Trujillo et al. Synchronous rotation (Binary) [159]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ice in the Solar System – NASA
  2. ↑ Warell, J.; Karlsson, O. (2007). "A search for natural satellites of Mercury". Planetary and Space Science 55 (14): 2037–2041. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2007.06.004. Bibcode: 2007P&SS...55.2037W. 
  3. ↑ "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Venus: Moons". NASA. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/moons. 
  4. ↑ Sheppard, Scott (2004). "A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars: Limits to Completeness". The Astronomical Journal 128 (5): 2542–2546. doi:10.1086/424541. Bibcode: 2004AJ....128.2542S. 
  5. ↑ Buie, Marc W.; Grundy, William M.; Young, Eliot F.; Young, Leslie A.; Stern, S. Alan (2006). "Orbits and Photometry of Pluto's Satellites: Charon, S/2005 P1, and S/2005 P2". The Astronomical Journal 132 (1): 290–298. doi:10.1086/504422. Bibcode: 2006AJ....132..290B. . a, i, e per JPL (site updated 2008 Aug 25)
  6. ↑ Bieryla, Allyson; Parker, J. W. (December 2006). "Search for Satellites around Ceres". 2007 AAS/AAPT Joint Meeting, American Astronomical Society Meeting 209, #25.02; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 38: 933. Bibcode: 2006AAS...209.2502B. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Johnston, W. R. (30 December 2008). "(136199) Eris and Dysnomia". http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-136199.html. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Dumas, C.; Carry, B.; Hestroffer, D.; Merlin, F. (2011). "High-contrast observations of (136108) Haumea". Astronomy & Astrophysics 528: A105. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015011. Bibcode: 2011A&A...528A.105D. 
  9. ↑ Daniel W. E. Green (2007-02-22). "IAUC 8812: Sats OF 2003 AZ_84, (50000), (55637), (90482)". IAU Circular. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08800/08812.html. 
  10. ↑ Johnston, Wm. Robert (1 October 2022). "Asteroids with Satellites". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoons.html. 
  11. ↑ Wieczorek, M. (2006). "The constitution and structure of the lunar interior". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 60 (1): 221–364. doi:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3. Bibcode: 2006RvMG...60..221W. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Notes: The Satellites of Mars". The Observatory 1 (6): 181–185. 20 September 1877. Bibcode: 1877Obs.....1..181.. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0001//0000181.000.html. Retrieved 9 March 2008. 
  13. ↑ 13.000 13.001 13.002 13.003 13.004 13.005 13.006 13.007 13.008 13.009 13.010 13.011 13.012 13.013 13.014 13.015 13.016 13.017 13.018 13.019 13.020 13.021 13.022 13.023 13.024 13.025 13.026 13.027 13.028 13.029 13.030 13.031 13.032 13.033 13.034 13.035 13.036 13.037 13.038 13.039 13.040 13.041 13.042 13.043 13.044 13.045 13.046 13.047 13.048 13.049 13.050 13.051 13.052 13.053 13.054 13.055 13.056 13.057 13.058 13.059 13.060 13.061 13.062 13.063 13.064 13.065 13.066 13.067 13.068 13.069 13.070 13.071 13.072 13.073 13.074 13.075 13.076 13.077 13.078 13.079 13.080 13.081 13.082 13.083 13.084 13.085 13.086 13.087 13.088 13.089 13.090 13.091 13.092 13.093 13.094 13.095 13.096 13.097 13.098 13.099 13.100 13.101 13.102 13.103 13.104 13.105 13.106 13.107 13.108 13.109 13.110 13.111 13.112 13.113 13.114 13.115 13.116 13.117 13.118 13.119 13.120 13.121 13.122 13.123 13.124 13.125 13.126 13.127 13.128 13.129 13.130 13.131 13.132 13.133 13.134 13.135 13.136 "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL, NASA. 19 February 2015. http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par. , and references therein.
  14. ↑ 14.000 14.001 14.002 14.003 14.004 14.005 14.006 14.007 14.008 14.009 14.010 14.011 14.012 14.013 14.014 14.015 14.016 14.017 14.018 14.019 14.020 14.021 14.022 14.023 14.024 14.025 14.026 14.027 14.028 14.029 14.030 14.031 14.032 14.033 14.034 14.035 14.036 14.037 14.038 14.039 14.040 14.041 14.042 14.043 14.044 14.045 14.046 14.047 14.048 14.049 14.050 14.051 14.052 14.053 14.054 14.055 14.056 14.057 14.058 14.059 14.060 14.061 14.062 14.063 14.064 14.065 14.066 14.067 14.068 14.069 14.070 14.071 14.072 14.073 14.074 14.075 14.076 14.077 14.078 14.079 14.080 14.081 14.082 14.083 14.084 14.085 14.086 14.087 14.088 14.089 14.090 14.091 14.092 14.093 14.094 14.095 14.096 14.097 14.098 14.099 14.100 14.101 14.102 14.103 14.104 14.105 14.106 14.107 14.108 14.109 14.110 14.111 14.112 14.113 14.114 14.115 14.116 14.117 14.118 14.119 14.120 14.121 14.122 14.123 14.124 14.125 14.126 14.127 14.128 14.129 14.130 14.131 14.132 14.133 14.134 14.135 14.136 14.137 14.138 14.139 14.140 14.141 14.142 14.143 14.144 14.145 14.146 14.147 14.148 14.149 14.150 14.151 14.152 14.153 14.154 14.155 14.156 14.157 14.158 14.159 14.160 "Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters". JPL, NASA. 23 August 2013. http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_elem. , and references therein.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Showman, Adam P.; Malhotra, Renu (1999). "The Galilean Satellites". Science 286 (5437): 77–84. doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.77. PMID 10506564. http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/showman-malhotra-1999.pdf. Retrieved 10 March 2008. 
  16. ↑ Barnard, E. E. (1892). "Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 12: 81–85. doi:10.1086/101715. Bibcode: 1892AJ.....12...81B. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0012//0000081.000.html. 
  17. ↑ Crommelin, A. C. D. (10 March 1905). "Provisional Elements of Jupiter's Satellite VI". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 65 (5): 524–527. doi:10.1093/mnras/65.5.524. Bibcode: 1905MNRAS..65..524C. https://zenodo.org/record/1431871. 
  18. ↑ Porco, Carolyn C. (March 2003). "Cassini Imaging of Jupiter's Atmosphere, Satellites, and Rings". Science 299 (5612): 1541–1547. doi:10.1126/science.1079462. PMID 12624258. Bibcode: 2003Sci...299.1541P. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10867818. 
  19. ↑ Perrine, C. D. (1905). "The Seventh Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 17 (101): 62–63. doi:10.1086/121624. Bibcode: 1905PASP...17...56.. 
  20. ↑ Melotte, P. J. (1908). "Note on the Newly Discovered Eighth Satellite of Jupiter, Photographed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 68 (6): 456–457. doi:10.1093/mnras/68.6.456. Bibcode: 1908MNRAS..68..456.. 
  21. ↑ Nicholson, S. B. (1914). "Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 26 (1): 197–198. doi:10.1086/122336. PMID 16586574. Bibcode: 1914PASP...26..197N. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0026//0000197.000.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Nicholson, S.B. (1938). "Two New Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 50 (297): 292–293. doi:10.1086/124963. Bibcode: 1938PASP...50..292N. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0050//0000292.000.html. 
  23. ↑ Nicholson, S. B. (1951). "An unidentified object near Jupiter, probably a new satellite". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 63 (375): 297–299. doi:10.1086/126402. Bibcode: 1951PASP...63..297N. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0063//0000297.000.html. 
  24. ↑ Kowal, C. T.; Aksnes, K.; Marsden, B. G.; Roemer, E. (1974). "Thirteenth satellite of Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 80: 460–464. doi:10.1086/111766. Bibcode: 1975AJ.....80..460K. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0080//0000460.000.html. 
  25. ↑ Synnott, S.P. (1980). "1979J2: The Discovery of a Previously Unknown Jovian Satellite". Science 210 (4471): 786–788. doi:10.1126/science.210.4471.786. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17739548. Bibcode: 1980Sci...210..786S. 
  26. ↑ Jewitt, D. C.; Danielson, G.E.; Synnott, S.P. (1979). "Discovery of a New Jupiter Satellite". Science 206 (4421): 951. doi:10.1126/science.206.4421.951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17733911. Bibcode: 1979Sci...206..951J. 
  27. ↑ Synnott, S.P. (1981). "1979J3: Discovery of a Previously Unknown Satellite of Jupiter". Science 212 (4501): 1392. doi:10.1126/science.212.4501.1392. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17746259. Bibcode: 1981Sci...212.1392S. 
  28. ↑ "IAUC 7460: S/1999 J 1". 20 July 2000. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07400/07460.html. 
  29. ↑ "IAUC 2845: Probable New Satellite of Jupiter". 3 October 1975. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02845.html. 
  30. ↑ "IAUC 7525: S/1975 J 1 = S/2000 J 1". 25 November 2000. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07500/07525.html. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 31.8 "IAUC 7555: Satellites of Jupiter". 5 January 2001. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07500/07555.html. 
  32. ↑ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 32.11 "IAUC 7900: Satellites of Jupiter". 16 May 2002. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07900/07900.html. 
  33. ↑ 33.00 33.01 33.02 33.03 33.04 33.05 33.06 33.07 33.08 33.09 33.10 33.11 33.12 33.13 33.14 33.15 33.16 33.17 33.18 33.19 33.20 33.21 "Jupiter's Known Satellites". http://home.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/jupsatdata.html. 
  34. ↑ "MPEC 2020-V19: S/2003 J 9". Minor Planet Center. 5 November 2020. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K20/K20V19.html. 
  35. ↑ "MPEC 2020-V10: S/2003 J 16". Minor Planet Center. 4 November 2020. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K20/K20V10.html. 
  36. ↑ "MPEC 2021-V333: S/2003 J 24". https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K21/K21VX3.html. 
  37. ↑ "MPEC 2022-Y69: S/2011 J 3". 20 December 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K22/K22Y69.html. 
  38. ↑ "MPEC 2023-A13: S/2016 J 3". 5 January 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23A13.html. 
  39. ↑ "MPEC 2023-B96: S/2016 J 4". 24 January 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23B96.html. 
  40. ↑ "MPEC 2022-Y68: S/2018 J 2". 20 December 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K22/K22Y68.html. 
  41. ↑ "MPEC 2023-B38: S/2018 J 3". 19 January 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23B38.html. 
  42. ↑ "MPEC 2023-B51: S/2018 J 4". 20 January 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23B51.html. 
  43. ↑ "MPEC 2023-A14: S/2021 J 1". 5 January 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23A14.html. 
  44. ↑ "MPEC 2023-B37: S/2021 J 2". 19 January 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23B37.html. 
  45. ↑ "MPEC 2023-B39: S/2021 J 3". 19 January 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23B39.html. 
  46. ↑ "MPEC 2023-B40: S/2021 J 4". 19 January 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23B40.html. 
  47. ↑ "MPEC 2023-B41: S/2021 J 5". 19 January 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23B41.html. 
  48. ↑ "MPEC 2023-B50: S/2021 J 6". 20 January 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23B50.html. 
  49. ↑ "MPEC 2023-D44: S/2022 J 1". 22 February 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23D44.html. 
  50. ↑ "MPEC 2023-D45: S/2022 J 2". 22 February 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23D45.html. 
  51. ↑ "MPEC 2023-D46: S/2022 J 3". 22 February 2023. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23D45.html. 
  52. ↑ C. Porco; the Cassini Imaging Team (18 July 2007). "S/ 2007 S 4". IAU Circular 8857. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08800/08857.html. 
  53. ↑ "IAU Circular No. 9023". International Astronomical Union. 2009. http://ciclops.org/view/5518/S2008_S_1?js=1. 
  54. ↑ Thomas, P. C.; Burns, J. A.; Tiscareno, M. S.; Hedman, M. M.; Helfenstein, P. (2013). "Saturn's Mysterious Arc-Embedded Moons: Recycled Fluff?". pp. 1598. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/1598.pdf. Retrieved 2013-05-21. 
  55. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T126: S/2004 S 20". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TC6.html. 
  56. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T128: S/2004 S 22". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TC8.html. 
  57. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T129: S/2004 S 23". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TC9.html. 
  58. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T132: S/2004 S 25". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD2.html. 
  59. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T133: S/2004 S 26". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD3.html. 
  60. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T134: S/2004 S 27". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD4.html. 
  61. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T136: S/2004 S 29". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD6.html. 
  62. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T137: S/2004 S 30". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD7.html. 
  63. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T154: S/2004 S 32". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF4.html. 
  64. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T155: S/2004 S 33". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF5.html. 
  65. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T156: S/2004 S 34". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF6.html. 
  66. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T157: S/2004 S 35". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF7.html. 
  67. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T160: S/2004 S 38". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TG0.html. 
  68. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T127: S/2004 S 21". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TC7.html. 
  69. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T131: S/2004 S 24". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD1.html. 
  70. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T135: S/2004 S 28". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD5.html. 
  71. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T153: S/2004 S 31". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF3.html. 
  72. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T158: S/2004 S 36". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF8.html. 
  73. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T159: S/2004 S 37". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF9.html. 
  74. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T161: S/2004 S 39". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TG1.html. 
  75. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J24: S/2004 S 40". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J24.html. 
  76. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J37: S/2004 S 41". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J41.html. 
  77. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J41: S/2004 S 42". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J41.html. 
  78. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J45: S/2004 S 43". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J45.html. 
  79. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J46: S/2004 S 44". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J46.html. 
  80. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J47: S/2004 S 45". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J47.html. 
  81. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J60: S/2004 S 46". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J60.html. 
  82. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J62: S/2004 S 47". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J62.html. 
  83. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J166: S/2004 S 48". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JG6.html. 
  84. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J168: S/2004 S 49". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JG8.html. 
  85. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J169: S/2004 S 50". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JG9.html. 
  86. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J177: S/2004 S 51". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JH7.html. 
  87. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J179: S/2004 S 52". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JH9.html. 
  88. ↑ "MPEC 2023-K03: S/2004 S 53". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23K03.html. 
  89. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J79: S/2005 S 4". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J79.html. 
  90. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J85: S/2005 S 5". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J85.html. 
  91. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J22: S/2006 S 9". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J22.html. 
  92. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J42: S/2006 S 10". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J42.html. 
  93. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J48: S/2006 S 11". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J48.html. 
  94. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J49: S/2006 S 12". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J49.html. 
  95. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J56: S/2006 S 13". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J56.html. 
  96. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J64: S/2006 S 14". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J64.html. 
  97. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J163: S/2006 S 15". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JG3.html. 
  98. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J164: S/2006 S 16". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JG4.html. 
  99. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J165: S/2006 S 17". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JG5.html. 
  100. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J170: S/2006 S 18". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JH0.html. 
  101. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J176: S/2006 S 19". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JH6.html. 
  102. ↑ "MPEC 2023-K118: S/2006 S 20". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23KB8.html. 
  103. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J34: S/2007 S 5". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J34.html. 
  104. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J40: S/2007 S 6". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J40.html. 
  105. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J80: S/2007 S 7". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J80.html. 
  106. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J81: S/2007 S 8". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J81.html. 
  107. ↑ "MPEC 2023-K02: S/2007 S 9". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23K02.html. 
  108. ↑ "IAU Circular No. 9091". International Astronomical Union. 2009. http://ciclops.org/view_popup.php?id=5926. 
  109. ↑ "MPEC 2021-W14: S/2019 S 1". https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K21/K21W14.html. 
  110. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J25: S/2019 S 2". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J25.html. 
  111. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J26: S/2019 S 3". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J26.html. 
  112. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J36: S/2019 S 4". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J36.html. 
  113. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J43: S/2019 S 5". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J43.html. 
  114. ↑ "MPEC 2023-N12: S/2019 S 6". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23N12.html. 
  115. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J57: S/2019 S 7". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J57.html. 
  116. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J58: S/2019 S 8". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J58.html. 
  117. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J59: S/2019 S 9". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J59.html. 
  118. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J61: S/2019 S 10". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J61.html. 
  119. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J63: S/2019 S 11". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J63.html. 
  120. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J67: S/2019 S 12". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J67.html. 
  121. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J69: S/2019 S 13". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J69.html. 
  122. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J83: S/2019 S 14". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J83.html. 
  123. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J84: S/2019 S 15". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J84.html. 
  124. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J171: S/2019 S 16". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JH1.html. 
  125. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J172: S/2019 S 17". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JH2.html. 
  126. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J173: S/2019 S 18". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JH3.html. 
  127. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J174: S/2019 S 19". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JH4.html. 
  128. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J175: S/2019 S 20". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JH5.html. 
  129. ↑ "MPEC 2023-K05: S/2019 S 21". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23K05.html. 
  130. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J21: S/2020 S 1". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J21.html. 
  131. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J27: S/2020 S 2". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J27.html. 
  132. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J35: S/2020 S 3". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J35.html. 
  133. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J38: S/2020 S 4". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J38.html. 
  134. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J39: S/2020 S 5". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J39.html. 
  135. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J68: S/2020 S 6". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J68.html. 
  136. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J82: S/2020 S 7". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J82.html. 
  137. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J167: S/2020 S 8". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JG7.html. 
  138. ↑ "MPEC 2023-J178: S/2020 S 9". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23JH8.html. 
  139. ↑ "MPEC 2023-K04: S/2020 S 10". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23K04.html. 
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 Farkas-Takács, A. et al. (September 2017). "Properties of the Irregular Satellite System around Uranus Inferred from K2, Herschel, and Spitzer Observations". The Astronomical Journal 154 (3): 13. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8365. 119. Bibcode: 2017AJ....154..119F. 
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  142. ↑ Kelly Beatty (2013-07-15). "Neptune's Newest Moon". Sky & Telescope. http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/neptunes-newest-moon/. 
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  144. ↑ Johnston, Wm. Robert (20 September 2014). "(208996) 2003 AZ84". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-208996.html. 
  145. ↑ Showalter, M. R.; Hamilton, D. P. (20 July 2011). "New Satellite of (134340) Pluto: S/2011 (134340) 1". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iau/cbet/002700/CBET002769.txt. 
  146. ↑ "NASA's Hubble Discovers Another Moon Around Pluto". NASA. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2011/23/full/. 
  147. ↑ "Hubble Discovers a Fifth Moon Orbiting Pluto". NASA. http://www.hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2012/32/. 
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  151. ↑ Fraser, Wesley C.; Brown, Michael E. (May 2010). "Quaoar: A Rock in the Kuiper Belt". The Astrophysical Journal 714 (2): 1547–1550. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1547. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...714.1547F. 
  152. ↑ "Hubble Discovers Moon Orbiting the Dwarf Planet Makemake". 2016. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2016/18/full/. 
  153. ↑ Parker, A. H.; Buie, M. W.; Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S. (2016-04-25). "Discovery of a Makemakean Moon". The Astrophysical Journal 825 (1): L9. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/825/1/L9. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...825L...9P. 
  154. ↑ Grundy, W. M.; Porter, S. B.; Benecchi, S. D.; Roe, H. G.; Noll, K. S.; Trujillo, C. A.; Thirouin, A.; Stansberry, J. A. et al. (1 September 2015). "The mutual orbit, mass, and density of the large transneptunian binary system Varda and Ilmarë". Icarus 257: 130–138. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.04.036. Bibcode: 2015Icar..257..130G. 
  155. ↑ Grundy, W. M.; Porter, S. B.; Benecchi, S. D.; Roe, H. G.; Noll, K. S.; Trujillo, C. A. et al. (September 2015). "The mutual orbit, mass, and density of the large transneptunian binary system Varda and Ilmarë". Icarus 257: 130–138. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.04.036. Bibcode: 2015Icar..257..130G. 
  156. ↑ Johnston, Wm. Robert (27 May 2019). "(532037) 2013 FY27". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-532037.html. 
  157. ↑ Sheppard, Scott; Fernandez, Yanga; Moullet, Arielle (6 September 2018). "The Albedos, Sizes, Colors and Satellites of Dwarf Planets Compared with Newly Measured Dwarf Planet 2013 FY27". The Astronomical Journal 156 (6): 270. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aae92a. Bibcode: 2018AJ....156..270S. 
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 Kiss, Csaba; Marton, Gabor; Parker, Alex H.; Grundy, Will; Farkas-Takacs, Aniko; Stansberry, John; Pal, Andras; Muller, Thomas et al. (October 2018). "The mass and density of the dwarf planet (225088) 2007 OR10". Icarus 334: 3–10. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.013. 311.02. Bibcode: 2018DPS....5031102K. 
    Initial publication at the American Astronomical Society DPS meeting #50, with the publication ID 311.02
  159. ↑ Holler, Bryan J.; Grundy, William M.; Buie, Marc W.; Noll, Keith S. (February 2021). "The Eris/Dysnomia system I: The orbit of Dysnomia". Icarus 355: 114130. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114130. 114130. Bibcode: 2021Icar..35514130H. 

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