Astronomy:List of natural satellites

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The Solar System's planets, and its most likely dwarf planets, are known to be orbited by at least 219 natural satellites, or moons. At least 19 of them are large enough to be gravitationally rounded; of these, all are covered by a crust of ice except for Earth's Moon and Jupiter's Io.[1] Several of the largest ones are in hydrostatic equilibrium and would therefore be considered dwarf planets or planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun and not in their current states (orbiting planets or dwarf planets).

Moons are classed in two separate categories according to their orbits: regular moons, which have prograde orbits (they orbit in the direction of their planets' rotation) and lie close to the plane of their equators, and irregular moons, whose orbits can be pro- or retrograde (against the direction of their planets' rotation) and often lie at extreme angles to their planets' equators. Irregular moons are probably minor planets that have been captured from surrounding space. Most irregular moons are less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in diameter.

The earliest published discovery of a moon other than the Earth's was by Galileo Galilei, who discovered the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter in 1610. Over the following three centuries only a few more moons were discovered. Missions to other planets in the 1970s, most notably the Voyager 1 and 2 missions, saw a surge in the number of moons detected, and observations since the year 2000, using mostly large, ground-based optical telescopes, have discovered many more, all of which are irregular.

Moons by primary

Some moons, minor planets and comets of the Solar System to scale
Selected moons, with Earth to scale. Nineteen moons are large enough to be round, and one, Titan, has a substantial atmosphere.
The number of moons discovered in each year until November 2019

Mercury, the smallest and innermost planet, has no moons, or at least none that can be detected to a diameter of 1.6 km (1.0 mi).[2] For a very short time in 1974, Mercury was thought to have a moon.

Venus also has no moons,[3] though reports of a moon around Venus have circulated since the 17th century.

Earth has one Moon, the largest moon of any rocky planet in the Solar System. Earth also has more than 20 known co-orbitals, including the asteroids 3753 Cruithne and 469219 Kamoʻoalewa, and the occasional temporary satellite, like 2020 CD3; however, since they do not permanently orbit Earth, they are not considered moons. (See Other moons of Earth and Quasi-satellite.)

Mars has two known moons, Phobos and Deimos ("fear" and "dread", after attendants of Ares, the Greek god of war, equivalent to the Roman Mars). Searches for more satellites have been unsuccessful, putting the maximum radius of any other satellites at 90 m (100 yd).[4]

Jupiter has 80 moons with known orbits; 72 of them have received permanent designations, and 57 have been named. Its eight regular moons are grouped into the planet-sized Galilean moons and the far smaller Amalthea group. They are named after lovers of Zeus, the Greek equivalent of Jupiter. Its 72 known irregular moons are organized into two categories: prograde and retrograde. The prograde satellites consist of the Himalia group and three others in groups of one. The retrograde moons are grouped into the Carme, Ananke and Pasiphae groups.

Saturn has 83 moons with known orbits; 66 of them have received permanent designations, and 53 have been named. Most of them are quite small. Seven moons are large enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, including Titan, the second largest moon in the Solar System. Including these large moons, 24 of Saturn's moons are regular, and traditionally named after Titans or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn. The remaining 59, all small, are irregular, and classified by their orbital characteristics into Inuit, Norse, and Gallic groups, and their names are chosen from the corresponding mythologies. The rings of Saturn are made up of icy objects ranging in size from one centimetre to hundreds of metres, each of which is on its own orbit about the planet. Thus a precise number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, as there is no objective boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. At least 150 "moonlets" embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects.

Uranus has 27 moons, five of which are massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium. There are 13 moons that orbit within Uranus's ring system, and another nine outer irregular moons. Unlike most planetary moons, which are named from antiquity, all the moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope's work The Rape of the Lock.

Neptune has 14 moons; the largest, Triton, accounts for more than 99.5 percent of all the mass orbiting the planet. Triton is large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, but, uniquely for a large moon, has a retrograde orbit, suggesting it was a dwarf planet that was captured. Neptune also has seven known inner regular satellites, and six outer irregular satellites.

Pluto, a dwarf planet, has five moons. Its largest moon Charon, named after the ferryman who took souls across the River Styx, is more than half as large as Pluto itself, and large enough to orbit a point outside Pluto's surface. In effect, each orbits the other, forming a binary system informally referred to as a double-dwarf-planet. Pluto's four other moons, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos and Styx are far smaller and orbit the Pluto–Charon system.[5]

Among the other dwarf planets, Ceres has no known moons. It is 90 percent certain that Ceres has no moons larger than 1 km in size, assuming that they would have the same albedo as Ceres itself.[6] Eris has one large known moon, Dysnomia. Accurately determining its size is difficult: one indicative estimate of its radius is 350±57.5 km.[7]

Two objects were named as dwarf planets, under the expectation that they would prove to be so (though this remains uncertain). Haumea has two moons, Hiʻiaka and Namaka, of radii ~195 and ~100 km, respectively.[8] Makemake has one moon, discovered in April 2016.

A number of other objects in the Kuiper belt and scattered disk may turn out to be dwarf planets. Orcus, Quaoar, Gonggong, and Sedna are generally agreed to be dwarf planets among astronomers, and all but Sedna are known to have moons.[9] A number of other smaller objects, such as Salacia, Varda, and 2013 FY27, also have moons, although their dwarf planethood is more doubtful. This list includes all objects with best estimated diameter above 700 km, including 2003 AZ84 whose satellite has not been seen since its initial discovery.

(As of August 2020), 309 asteroid moons and 119 trans-Neptunian moons (including those of Pluto and the other dwarf planets) had been discovered.[10]

Summary – number of moons
Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Number of moons 0 0 1 2 80 83 27 14
(Possible) dwarf Ceres Orcus 2003 AZ84 Pluto Ixion Salacia 2002 MS4 Haumea Quaoar Make-
make 		Varda 2002 AW197 2013 FY27 Gong-
gong 		Eris Sedna
Number of moons 0 1 1 5 0 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
Minor planet
See list

Due to Earth's varying distance from these planets (as well as their distance to the Sun), the limits at which we are able to detect new moons is very inconsistent. As the below graph demonstrates, the absolute magnitude (total inherent brightness, abbreviated H) of moons we have detected around planets peaks at H = 17 for Jupiter, H = 16 for Saturn, H = 13 for Uranus, and H = 11 for Neptune. Smaller moons may (and most likely do) exist around each of these planets, but are currently undetectable from Earth. Although spacecraft have visited all of these planets, Earth-based telescopes continue to outperform them in moon-detection ability.

Planetary moons by absolute magnitude
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List

This is a list of the recognized moons of the planets and of the largest potential dwarf planets of the Solar System, ordered by their official Roman numeral designations. Moons that do not yet have official Roman numeral designations (because their orbits are not yet known well enough) are listed after those that do.

The 19 moons that are known to be large enough to have been rounded by their own gravity are listed in bold. The seven largest moons, which are larger than any of the known dwarf planets, are listed in bold and italic. Sidereal period differs from semi-major axis because a moon's speed depends both on the mass of its primary and its distance from it. Angular size from the parent surface actually might differ much depending on the moon location at the given moment and the point where it is observed from the parent surface (and some of these parents might not have a solid surface); the observation point matters especially for moons orbiting very near their parents e.g. Naiad is at average below two times parent radius from the center of Neptune and Cordelia is at average below two times parent radius from the center of Uranus.

Satellites of planets
Satellite of Earth Satellites of Jupiter Satellites of Uranus
Satellites of Mars Satellites of Saturn Satellites of Neptune
Satellites of generally agreed dwarf planets
Satellite of Orcus Satellites of Pluto Satellites of Haumea
Satellite of Quaoar Satellite of Makemake Satellite of Gonggong
Satellite of Eris
Satellites of other dwarf planet candidates
Satellite of 2003 AZ84 Satellite of Salacia Satellite of Varda
Satellite of 2013 FY27
Image Parent Numeral Name Mean radius (km) Orbital semi-major axis (km) Sidereal period (d)
(r = retrograde) 		Angular size from the parent surface [arcmin] Discovery year Discovered by Notes Ref(s)
FullMoon2010.jpg
 Earth I (1) Moon 01738 1,738 384,399 27.321582 31.61038[11] 0 Prehistoric — Synchronous rotation [12]
Phobos colour 2008.jpg
 Mars I (1) Phobos 00011.267 11.267 9,380 0.319 12.93259 1877 Hall [13][14][15]
Deimos-MRO.jpg
 Mars II (2) Deimos 0006.2 6.2±0.18 23,460 1.262 2.12397 1877 Hall [13][14][15]
Jupiter I (1) Io 1821.6 1,821.6±0.5 421,800 1.769 35.59190 1610 Galileo Main-group moon (Galilean) [15][16]
Europa-moon.jpg
 Jupiter II (2) Europa 01560.8 1,560.8±0.5 671,100 3.551 17.85008 1610 Galileo Main-group moon (Galilean) [15][16]
Ganymede JunoGill 2217.jpg
 Jupiter III (3) Ganymede 2634.1 2,634.1±0.3 1,070,400 7.155 18.10189 1610 Galileo Main-group moon (Galilean) [15][16]
Callisto.jpg
 Jupiter IV (4) Callisto 02410.3 2,410.3±1.5 1,882,700 16.69 9.14172 1610 Galileo Main-group moon (Galilean) [15][16]
Amalthea (moon).png
 Jupiter V (5) Amalthea 0083.5 83.5±2 181,400 0.498 5.14942 1892 Barnard Inner moon (Amalthea) [14][15][17]
Cassini-Huygens Image of Himalia.png
 Jupiter VI (6) Himalia 00069.8 69.8 11,461,000 250.56 0.04213 1904 Perrine Prograde irregular (Himalia) [14][15][18][19]
Elara - New Horizons.png
 Jupiter VII (7) Elara 00043 43 11,741,000 259.64 0.02533 1905 Perrine Prograde irregular (Himalia) [14][15][20]
Pasiphaé.jpg
 Jupiter VIII (8) Pasiphae 00030 30 23,624,000 743.63 (r) 0.00876 1908 Melotte Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [14][15][21]
Sinopé.jpg
 Jupiter IX (9) Sinope 00019 19 23,939,000 758.90 (r) 0.00547 1914 Nicholson Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [14][15][22]
Lysithea2.jpg
 Jupiter X (10) Lysithea 00018 18 11,717,000 259.20 0.01063 1938 Nicholson Prograde irregular (Himalia) [14][15][23]
Carmé.jpg
 Jupiter XI (11) Carme 00023 23 23,404,000 734.17 (r) 0.00678 1938 Nicholson Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15][23]
Ananké.jpg
 Jupiter XII (12) Ananke 00014 14 21,276,000 629.77 (r) 0.00454 1951 Nicholson Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15][24]
Leda WISE-W3.jpg
 Jupiter XIII (13) Leda 00010 10 11,165,000 240.92 0.00620 1974 Kowal Prograde irregular (Himalia) [14][15][25]
Thebe.jpg
 Jupiter XIV (14) Thebe 0049.3 49.3±2.0 221,900 0.675 2.23017 1979 Synnott (Voyager 1) Inner moon (Amalthea) [14][15][26]
Adrastea.jpg
 Jupiter XV (15) Adrastea 0008.2 8.2±2.0 129,000 0.298 0.95414 1979 Jewitt, Danielson (Voyager 1) Inner moon (Amalthea) [14][15][27]
Metis.jpg
 Jupiter XVI (16) Metis 0021.5 21.5±2.0 128,000 0.295 2.54477 1979 Synnott (Voyager 1) Inner moon (Amalthea) [14][15][28]
Callirrhoe - New Horizons.gif
 Jupiter XVII (17) Callirrhoe 00004.5 4.5 24,103,000 758.77 (r) 0.00129 2000 Scotti, Spahr, McMillan, Larsen, Montani, Gleason, Gehrels Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [14][15][29]
S 2000 J 1.jpg
 Jupiter XVIII (18) Themisto 00004 4 7,284,000 130.02 0.00381 1975/2000 Kowal and Roemer (original); Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier (rediscovery) Prograde irregular (Themisto) [14][15][30][31]
Megaclite-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XIX (19) Megaclite 0002.7 2.7 23,493,000 752.86 (r) 0.00079 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [14][15][32]
Taygete-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XX (20) Taygete 0002.5 2.5 23,280,000 732.41 (r) 0.00074 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15][32]
Chaldene-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXI (21) Chaldene 0001.90 1.9 23,100,000 723.72 (r) 0.00057 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15][32]
Harpalyke-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXII (22) Harpalyke 0002.2 2.2 20,858,000 623.32 (r) 0.00073 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15][32]
Kalyke-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXIII (23) Kalyke 0002.6 2.6 23,483,000 742.06 (r) 0.00076 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15][32]
Iocaste-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXIV (24) Iocaste 0002.6 2.6 21,060,000 631.60 (r) 0.00085 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15][32]
Erinome-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXV (25) Erinome 0001.60 1.6 23,196,000 728.46 (r) 0.00048 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15][32]
Isonoe-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXVI (26) Isonoe 00002 2 23,155,000 726.23 (r) 0.00060 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15][32]
Praxidike-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXVII (27) Praxidike 00003.5 3.5 20,908,000 625.39 (r) 0.00115 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15][32]
Autonoe-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXVIII (28) Autonoe 00002 2 24,046,000 760.95 (r) 0.00057 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae)
Thyone-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXIX (29) Thyone 00002 2 20,939,000 627.21 (r) 0.00066 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15][33]
Hermippe-discovery.gif
 Jupiter XXX (30) Hermippe 00002 2 21,131,000 633.9 (r) 0.00065 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15][33]
Aitne-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXI (31) Aitne 0001.50 1.5 23,229,000 730.18 (r) 0.00045 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15][33]
Eurydome-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXII (32) Eurydome 0001.50 1.5 22,865,000 717.33 (r) 0.00045 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [14][15][33]
Euanthe-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXIII (33) Euanthe 0001.50 1.5 20,797,000 620.49 (r) 0.00050 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15][33]
Euporie-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXIV (34) Euporie 00001 1 19,304,000 550.74 (r) 0.00036 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15][33]
Orthosie-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXV (35) Orthosie 00001 1 20,720,000 622.56 (r) 0.00033 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15][33]
Sponde-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXVI (36) Sponde 00001 1 23,487,000 748.34 (r) 0.00029 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [14][15][33]
Kale-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXVII (37) Kale 00001 1 23,217,000 729.47 (r) 0.00030 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15][33]
Pasithee-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXVIII (38) Pasithee 00001 1 23,004,000 719.44 (r) 0.00030 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15][33]
Jupiter XXXIX (39) Hegemone 0001.50 1.5 23,577,000 739.88 (r) 0.00044 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [14][15]
Mneme Discovery Image.jpg
 Jupiter XL (40) Mneme 00001 1 21,035,000 620.04 (r) 0.00033 2003 Gladman, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15]
Jupiter XLI (41) Aoede 00002 2 23,980,000 761.50 (r) 0.00058 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [14][15]
Jupiter XLII (42) Thelxinoe 00001 1 21,164,000 628.09 (r) 0.00033 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15]
Bigs2002j1barrow.png
 Jupiter XLIII (43) Arche 0001.50 1.5 23,355,000 731.95 (r) 0.00044 2002 Sheppard, Meech, Hsieh, Tholen, Tonry Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15][33]
Jupiter XLIV (44) Kallichore 00001 1 23,288,000 728.73 (r) 0.00030 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15]
Helike CFHT 2003-02-25 annotated.gif
 Jupiter XLV (45) Helike 00002 2 21,069,000 626.32 (r) 0.00065 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15]
Carpo CFHT 2003-02-25 annotated.gif
 Jupiter XLVI (46) Carpo 0001.50 1.5 17,058,000 456.30 0.00061 2003 Sheppard, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen, Jewitt, Kleyna Prograde irregular (Carpo) [14][15]
Eukelade s2003j1movie arrow.gif
 Jupiter XLVII (47) Eukelade 00002 2 23,328,000 730.47 (r) 0.00059 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15]
Jupiter XLVIII (48) Cyllene 00001 1 23,809,000 752 (r) 0.00029 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [14][15]
Kore s2003j14movie circled.gif
 Jupiter XLIX (49) Kore 00001 1 24,543,000 779.17 (r) 0.00028 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [14][15]
Jupiter L (50) Herse 00001 1 22,983,000 714.51 (r) 0.00030 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][15]
2010 J 1 CFHT image.gif
 Jupiter LI (51) S/2010 J 1 00001 1 23,314,300 723.2 (r) 0.00030 2010 Jacobson, Brozović, Gladman, Alexandersen Retrograde irregular (Carme) [34]
2010 J 2 CFHT discovery full.gif
 Jupiter LII (52) S/2010 J 2 0000.50 0.5 20,307,200 588.1 (r) 0.00017 2010 Veillet Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [34]
Dia-Jewitt-CFHT image-crop.png
 Jupiter LIII (53) Dia 00002 2 12,118,000 287.0 0.00114 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Prograde irregular (Himalia) [34]
2016 J 1 CFHT 2003-02-26 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LIV (54) S/2016 J 1 00003 3 20,595,500 602.7 (r) 0.00100 2016 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [34]
2003 J 18 CFHT recovery full.gif
 Jupiter LV (55) S/2003 J 18 00001 1 20,274,000 588.0 (r) 0.00034 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [34]
Jupiter LVI (56) S/2011 J 2 0000.50 0.5 23,329,700 726.8 (r) 0.00015 2011 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [34]
Jupiter LVII (57) Eirene 00002 2 23,731,800 759.7 (r) 0.00058 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Carme) [34]
Jupiter LVIII (58) Philophrosyne 00001 1 22,820,000 701.3 (r) 0.00030 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [34]
2016 J 1 CFHT 2003-02-26 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LIX (59) S/2017 J 1 00002 2 23,484,000 734.2 (r) 0.00059 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [34]
Eupheme CFHT 2003-02-25 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LX (60) Eupheme 00001 1 21,199,710 627.8 (r) 0.00033 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [34]
Jupiter LXI (61) S/2003 J 19 00001 1 22,757,000 697.6 (r) 0.00030 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Carme) [34]
Valetudo CFHT precovery 2003-02-28 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LXII (62) Valetudo 0000.50 0.5 18,928,100 532.0 0.00018 2016 Sheppard Prograde irregular (Valetudo) [34]
2017 J 2 CFHT 2003-02-26 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LXIII (63) S/2017 J 2 00001 1 23,241,000 723.8 (r) 0.00030 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [34]
2017 J 3 CFHT 2003-12-25 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LXIV (64) S/2017 J 3 00001 1 20,639,300 605.8 (r) 0.00033 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [34]
Pandia CFHT precovery 2003-02-28.png
 Jupiter LXV (65) Pandia 00001.5 1.5 11,494,800 251.8 (r) 0.00090 2017 Sheppard Prograde irregular (Himalia) [34]
Jupiter LXVI (66) S/2017 J 5 00001 1 23,169,400 720.5 (r) 0.00030 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [34]
Jupiter LXVII (67) S/2017 J 6 00001 1 22,394,700 684.7 (r) 0.00031 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [34]
Jupiter LXVIII (68) S/2017 J 7 00001 1 20,571,500 602.8 (r) 0.00034 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [34]
2017 J 8 CFHT precovery full.gif
 Jupiter LXIX (69) S/2017 J 8 0000.50 0.5 23,174,400 720.7 (r) 0.00015 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [34]
Jupiter LXX (70) S/2017 J 9 00001 1 21,430,000 640.9 (r) 0.00032 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [34]
Ersa CFHT precovery 2003-02-24.png
 Jupiter LXXI (71) Ersa 1.5 11,453,000 250.4 (r) 0.00091 2018 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Himalia) [34]
Jupiter LXXII (72) S/2011 J 1 0000.50 0.5 20,155,300 580.7 (r) 0.00017 2011 Sheppard Retrograde irregular (Carme) [34]
2003 J 2 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 Jupiter — S/2003 J 2 00001 1 20,554,400 602.02 (r) 0.00034 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15]
2003 J 4 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 Jupiter — S/2003 J 4 00001 1 22,048,600 668.85 (r) 0.00031 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [14][15]
2003 J 9 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 Jupiter — S/2003 J 9 0000.50 0.5 24,168,700 767.6 (r) 0.00014 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Carme) [14][35]
2003 J 10 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 Jupiter — S/2003 J 10 00001 1 22,896,000 707.78 (r) 0.00030 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Carme?) [14][15]
2003 J 12 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 Jupiter — S/2003 J 12 0000.50 0.5 21,557,700 646.64 (r) 0.00016 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][15]
2003 J 16 CFHT recovery full.gif
 Jupiter — S/2003 J 16 00001 1 20,512,500 600.18 (r) 0.00034 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular (Ananke) [14][36]
S2003j23ccircle.gif
 Jupiter — S/2003 J 23 00001 1 24,678,100 792.00 (r) 0.00028 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular (Pasiphae) [14][15]
Jupiter — S/2003 J 24 00003 3 23,088,000 715.4 (r) 0.00090 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Kleyna, Veillet Retrograde irregular (Carme) [37]
Mimas Cassini.jpg
 Saturn I (1) Mimas 0198.2 198.2±0.4 185,540 0.942 10.70414 1789 Herschel Main-group moon [14][15]
PIA17202 - Approaching Enceladus.jpg
 Saturn II (2) Enceladus 00252.1 252.1±0.2 238,040 1.370 9.63979 1789 Herschel Main-group moon [14][15]
PIA18317-SaturnMoon-Tethys-Cassini-20150411.jpg
 Saturn III (3) Tethys 00533 533.1±0.7 294,670 1.888 15.50227 1684 Cassini Main-group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [14][15]
Dione3 cassini big.jpg
 Saturn IV (4) Dione 00561.4 561.4±0.4 377,420 2.737 12.09288 1684 Cassini Main-group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [14][15]
PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg
 Saturn V (5) Rhea 00763.8 763.8±1.0 527,070 4.518 11.20110 1672 Cassini Main-group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [14][15]
Titan in natural color Cassini.jpg
 Saturn VI (6) Titan 02574.73 2,574.73±0.09 1,221,870 15.95 15.21310 1655 Huygens Main-group moon [14][15]
Hyperion true.jpg
 Saturn VII (7) Hyperion 00135 135 1,500,880 21.28 0.64339 1848 W.Bond, G. Bond, and Lassell Main-group moon [14][15]
Iapetus 706 1419 1.jpg
 Saturn VIII (8) Iapetus 00735.6 735.6±1.5 3,560,840 79.33 1.44396 1671 Cassini Main-group moon (Sidera Lodoicea) [14][15]
Phoebe cassini.jpg
 Saturn IX (9) Phoebe 00106.5 106.5±0.7 12,947,780 550.31 (r) 0.05681 1899 Pickering Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
PIA12714 Janus crop.jpg
 Saturn X (10) Janus 00089.5 89.5±1.4 151,460 0.695 6.60056 1966 Dollfus; Voyager 1 (confirmed) Inner moon (co-orbital) [14][15]
PIA09813 Epimetheus S. polar region.jpg Saturn XI (11) Epimetheus 00058.1 58.1±1.8 151,410 0.694 4.28713 1966 Walker; Voyager 1 (confirmed) Inner moon (co-orbital) [14][15]
Cassini Helene N00086698 CL.jpg
 Saturn XII (12) Helene 00017.6 17.6±0.4 377,420 2.737 0.37911 1980 Laques, Lecacheux Main-group trojan [14][15]
Telesto cassini closeup.jpg
 Saturn XIII (13) Telesto 00012.4 12.4±0.4 294,710 1.888 0.36052 1980 Smith, Reitsema, Larson, Fountain (Voyager 1) Main-group trojan [14][15]
Calypso N1644755236 1.jpg
 Saturn XIV (14) Calypso 00010.7 10.7±0.7 294,710 1.888 0.31110 1980 Pascu, Seidelmann, Baum, Currie Main-group trojan [14][15]
Atlas color PIA21449.png
 Saturn XV (15) Atlas 00015.1 15.1±0.9 137,670 0.602 1.30693 1980 Terrile (Voyager 1) Inner moon (shepherd) [14][15]
Prometheus 12-26-09b.jpg
 Saturn XVI (16) Prometheus 00043.1 43.1±2.7 139,380 0.613 3.65177 1980 Collins (Voyager 1) Inner moon (shepherd) [14][15]
Pandora PIA07632.jpg
 Saturn XVII (17) Pandora 00040.7 40.7±1.5 141,720 0.629 3.35177 1980 Collins (Voyager 1) Inner moon (shepherd) [14][15]
Pan by Cassini, March 2017.jpg
 Saturn XVIII (18) Pan 00014.1 14.1 133,580 0.575 1.28662 1990 Showalter (Voyager 2) Inner moon (shepherd) [14][15]
Ymir-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XIX (19) Ymir 0009 9 23,140,400 1,315.58 (r) 0.00268 2000 Gladman Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Paaliaq-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XX (20) Paaliaq 0011 11 15,200,000 686.95 0.00499 2000 Gladman Prograde irregular (Inuit) [14][15]
Tarvos discovery.gif
 Saturn XXI (21) Tarvos 0007.5 7.5 17,983,000 926.23 0.00288 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Gallic) [14][15]
Ijiraq-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXII (22) Ijiraq 0006 6 11,124,000 451.42 0.00373 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Inuit) [14][15]
Suttungr-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXIII (23) Suttungr 0003.5 3.5 19,459,000 1,016.67 (r) 0.00124 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Kiviuq-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXIV (24) Kiviuq 0008 8 11,110,000 449.22 0.00498 2000 Gladman Prograde irregular (Inuit) [14][15]
Mundilfari-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXV (25) Mundilfari 0003.5 3.5 18,628,000 952.77 (r) 0.00130 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Albiorix WISE-W4.jpg
 Saturn XXVI (26) Albiorix 0016 16 16,182,000 783.45 0.00682 2000 Holman, Spahr Prograde irregular (Gallic) [14][15]
Skathi-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXVII (27) Skathi 0004 4 15,540,000 728.20 (r) 0.00178 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Erriapus-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXVIII (28) Erriapus 0005 5 17,343,000 871.19 0.00199 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Gallic) [14][15]
Siarnaq-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXIX (29) Siarnaq 0020 20 18,015,400 896.44 0.00766 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular (Inuit) [14][15]
Thrymr-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXX (30) Thrymr 0003.5 3.5 20,314,000 1,094.11 (r) 0.00119 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Narvi.jpg
 Saturn XXXI (31) Narvi 0003.5 3.5 19,007,000 1,003.86 (r) 0.00127 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Methone PIA14633.jpg
 Saturn XXXII (32) Methone 0001.45 1.45 194,440 1.010 0.07319 2004 Porco, Charnoz, Brahic, Dones (Cassini–Huygens) Alkyonide moon [15]
Pallene N1665945513 1.jpg
 Saturn XXXIII (33) Pallene 00002.22 2.22 212,280 1.154 0.09908 2004 Gordon, Murray, Beurle, et al. (Cassini–Huygens) Alkyonide moon [15]
Polydeuces.jpg
 Saturn XXXIV (34) Polydeuces 00001.3 1.3 377,200 2.737 0.02802 2004 Porco et al. (Cassini–Huygens) Main-group trojan [15]
Daphnis (Saturn's Moon).jpg
 Saturn XXXV (35) Daphnis 0003.80 3.8±0.8 136,500 0.594 0.33381 2005 Porco et al. (Cassini–Huygens) Inner moon (shepherd) [15]
Saturn XXXVI (36) Aegir 0003 3 20,751,000 1,117.52 (r) 0.00100 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Bebhionn-cassini.png
 Saturn XXXVII (37) Bebhionn 0003 3 17,119,000 834.84 0.00121 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular (Gallic) [14][15]
Bergelmir.png
 Saturn XXXVIII (38) Bergelmir 0003 3 19,336,000 1,005.74 (r) 0.00107 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Bestla-cassini.png
 Saturn XXXIX (39) Bestla 0003.5 3.5 20,192,000 1,088.72 (r) 0.00120 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Saturn XL (40) Farbauti 0002.5 2.5 20,377,000 1,085.55 (r) 0.00085 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Saturn XLI (41) Fenrir 0002 2 22,454,000 1,260.35 (r) 0.00061 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Fornjot-cassini.png
 Saturn XLII (42) Fornjot 0003 3 25,146,000 1,494.2 (r) 0.00082 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Hati-cassini.png
 Saturn XLIII (43) Hati 0003 3 19,846,000 1,038.61 (r) 0.00104 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse) [14][15]
Hyrrokkin-cassini.png
 Saturn XLIV (44) Hyrrokkin 0004 4 18,437,000 931.86 (r) 0.00150 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15]
Kari-cassini.png
 Saturn XLV (45) Kari 0003.5 3.5 22,089,000 1,230.97 (r) 0.00109 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15]
Loge N00177425.jpg
 Saturn XLVI (46) Loge 0003 3 23,058,000 1,311.36 (r) 0.00090 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15]
Saturn XLVII (47) Skoll 0003 3 17,665,000 878.29 (r) 0.00117 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15]
Saturn XLVIII (48) Surtur 0003 3 22,704,000 1,297.36 (r) 0.00091 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15]
Anthe crop.jpg
 Saturn XLIX (49) Anthe 0000.90 0.9 197,700 1.0365 0.04437 2007 Porco et al. (Cassini–Huygens) Alkyonide moon [38]
Saturn L (50) Jarnsaxa 0003 3 18,811,000 964.74 (r) 0.00110 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15]
Greip-cassini.png
 Saturn LI (51) Greip 0003 3 18,206,000 921.19 (r) 0.00114 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse) [15]
Tarqeq-cassini.png
 Saturn LII (52) Tarqeq 0003.5 3.5 18,009,000 887.48 0.00134 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Prograde irregular (Inuit) [15]
N1643264379 1.jpg
 Saturn LIII (53) Aegaeon 0000.33 0.33 167,500 0.808 0.02076 2008 Cassini Imaging Science Team Cassini–Huygens G-ring moonlet [39][40]
Saturn LIV (54) S/2004 S 20 0003 3 19,418,000 1,010.55 (r) 0.00107 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [41]
Saturn LV (55) S/2004 S 22 0003 3 20,636,000 1,107.13 (r) 0.00100 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [42]
Saturn LVI (56) S/2004 S 23 0004 4 21,163,000 1,149.82 (r) 0.00130 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [43]
Saturn LVII (57) S/2004 S 25 0004 4 21,174,000 1,150.69 (r) 0.00130 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [44]
Saturn LVIII (58) S/2004 S 26 0004 4 26,676,000 1,627.18 (r) 0.00103 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [45]
Saturn LIX (59) S/2004 S 27 0006 6 19,976,000 1,054.45 (r) 0.00207 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden, Jacobson Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [46]
Saturn LX (60) S/2004 S 29 0004 4 16,981,000 826.44 0.00163 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular (Inuit) [47]
Saturn LXI (61) S/2004 S 30 0003 3 20,396,000 1,087.84 (r) 0.00101 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [48]
Saturn LXII (62) S/2004 S 32 0004 4 21,214,000 1,153.96 (r) 0.00130 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [49]
Saturn LXIII (63) S/2004 S 33 0004 4 24,168,000 1,403.18 (r) 0.00114 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [50]
Saturn LXIV (64) S/2004 S 34 0003 3 24,299,000 1,414.59 (r) 0.00085 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [51]
Saturn LXV (65) S/2004 S 35 0006 6 22,412,000 1,253.08 (r) 0.00185 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [52]
Saturn LXVI (66) S/2004 S 38 0004 4 21,908,000 1,211.02 (r) 0.00126 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [53]
Saturn — S/2004 S 7 0003 3 20,999,000 1,140.24 (r) 0.00098 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [14][15]
Saturn — S/2004 S 12 0002.5 2.5 19,878,000 1,046.19 (r) 0.00087 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [14][15]
Saturn — S/2004 S 13 0003 3 18,404,000 933.48 (r) 0.00112 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [14][15]
Saturn — S/2004 S 17 0002 2 19,447,000 1,014.70 (r) 0.00071 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [14][15]
Saturn — S/2004 S 21 0003 3 22,645,000 1,272.61 (r) 0.00091 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [54]
Saturn — S/2004 S 24 0003 3 22,901,000 1,294.25 0.00090 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular (group unknown, possibly Gallic?) [55]
Saturn — S/2004 S 28 0004 4 22,020,000 1,220.31 (r) 0.00125 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [56]
Saturn — S/2004 S 31 0004 4 17,568,000 869.65 0.00157 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular (Inuit) [57]
Saturn — S/2004 S 36 0003 3 23,192,000 1,319.07 (r) 0.00089 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [58]
Saturn — S/2004 S 37 0004 4 15,892,000 748.18 (r) 0.00174 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [59]
Saturn — S/2004 S 39 0003 3 23,575,000 1,351.83 (r) 0.00088 2019 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [60]
Saturn — S/2006 S 1 0003 3 18,790,000 963.37 (r) 0.00110 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [15]
Saturn — S/2006 S 3 0003 3 22,096,000 1,227.21 (r) 0.00094 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [15]
Saturn — S/2007 S 2 0003 3 16,725,000 808.08 (r) 0.00124 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [15]
Saturn — S/2007 S 3 0003 3 18,975,000 977.8 (r) 0.00109 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular (Norse?) [15]
PIA11665 moonlet in B Ring cropped.jpg
 Saturn — S/2009 S 1 0000.15 0.15 117,000 0.471 0.01755 2009 Cassini Imaging Science Team Cassini–Huygens B-ring moonlet [61]
Saturn — S/2019 S 1 0003 3 11,221,000 443.8 0.00185 2021 Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen Prograde irregular (Inuit) [62]
Ariel (moon).jpg
 Uranus I (1) Ariel 0578.9 578.9±0.6 190,900 2.520 24.04417 1851 Lassell Main-group moon [14][15]
PIA00040 Umbrielx2.47.jpg
 Uranus II (2) Umbriel 0584.7 584.7±2.8 266,000 4.144 16.70601 1851 Lassell Main-group moon [14][15]
Titania (moon) color, cropped.jpg
 Uranus III (3) Titania 00788.9 788.9±1.8 436,300 8.706 13.19926 1787 Herschel Main-group moon [14][15]
Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg
 Uranus IV (4) Oberon 0761.4 761.4±2.6 583,500 13.46 9.37940 1787 Herschel Main-group moon [14][15]
PIA18185 Miranda's Icy Face.jpg
 Uranus V (5) Miranda 0235.8 235.8±0.7 129,900 1.413 15.50863 1948 Kuiper Main-group moon [14][15]
Cordeliamoon.png
 Uranus VI (6) Cordelia 0020.1 20.1±3 49,800 0.335 5.65502 1986 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon (shepherd) [14][15]
Opheliamoon.png
 Uranus VII (7) Ophelia 0021.4 21.4±4 53,800 0.376 5.17391 1986 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon (shepherd) [14][15]
Biancamoon.png
 Uranus VIII (8) Bianca 0025.7 25.7±2 59,200 0.435 5.22195 1986 Smith (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Cressida.png
 Uranus IX (9) Cressida 0039.8 39.8±2 61,800 0.464 7.50987 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Desdemonamoon.png
 Uranus X (10) Desdemona 00032 32±4 62,700 0.474 5.89254 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Julietmoon.png
 Uranus XI (11) Juliet 0046.8 46.8±4 64,400 0.493 8.24256 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Portia1.jpg
 Uranus XII (12) Portia 0067.6 67.6±4.0 66,100 0.513 11.40909 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Rosalindmoon.png
 Uranus XIII (13) Rosalind 00036 36±6 69,900 0.558 5.55745 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Belinda.gif
 Uranus XIV (14) Belinda 0040.3 40.3±8 75,300 0.624 5.54853 1986 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Puck.png
 Uranus XV (15) Puck 00081 81±2 86,000 0.762 9.18426 1985 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Caliban discovery.jpg
 Uranus XVI (16) Caliban 00036.4 36.4 7,231,100 579.73 (r) 0.03473 1997 Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [63][15]
Uranus-sycorax2.gif
 Uranus XVII (17) Sycorax 00093 93 12,179,400 1,288.38 (r) 0.05261 1997 Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [63][15]
Prospero - Uranus moon.jpg
 Uranus XVIII (18) Prospero 00025 25 16,256,000 1,978.29 (r) 0.01059 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [14][15]
Uranus - Setebos image.jpg
 Uranus XIX (19) Setebos 00024 24 17,418,000 2,225.21 (r) 0.00949 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [14][15]
Stephano - Uranus moon.jpg
 Uranus XX (20) Stephano 00016 16 8,004,000 677.36 (r) 0.01379 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [14][15]
Uranus XXI (21) Trinculo 00009.5 9.5 8,504,000 749.24 (r) 0.00770 2001 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [14][15]
Uranus XXII (22) Francisco 00011 11 4,276,000 266.56 (r) 0.01779 2001 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic, Gladman Retrograde irregular [14][15]
S2003u3acircle.gif
 Uranus XXIII (23) Margaret 00010 10 14,345,000 1,687.01 0.00480 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt Prograde irregular [14][15]
Uranus moon 021002 02.jpg
 Uranus XXIV (24) Ferdinand 00010 10 20,901,000 2,887.21 (r) 0.00329 2001 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic, et al. Retrograde irregular [14][15]
Perditamoon.png
 Uranus XXV (25) Perdita 0015 15 76,417 0.638 2.02003 1999 Karkoschka (Voyager 2) Inner moon [15]
Mabmoon.png
 Uranus XXVI (26) Mab 00012 12 97,736 0.923 1.13999 2003 Showalter, Lissauer Inner moon [15]
Cupidmoon.png
 Uranus XXVII (27) Cupid 0009 9 74,392 0.613 1.26207 2003 Showalter, Lissauer Inner moon [15]
Triton2.jpg
 Neptune I (1) Triton 1353.4 1,353.4±0.9 354,800 5.877 (r) 28.18266 1846 Lassell Retrograde irregular [14][15]
Nereid-Voyager2.jpg
 Neptune II (2) Nereid 00170 170±25 5,513,820 360.14 0.21293 1949 Kuiper Prograde irregular [64][15]
Naiad Voyager.png
 Neptune III (3) Naiad 00033 33±3 48,224 0.294 9.61322 1989 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Neptune Trio.jpg
 Neptune IV (4) Thalassa 00041 41±3 50,075 0.311 11.07513 1989 Terrile (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Despina.jpg
 Neptune V (5) Despina 00078 78±4.7 52,526 0.335 19.21905 1989 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Galatea moon.jpg
 Neptune VI (6) Galatea 00088 88±4 61,953 0.429 16.20753 1989 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Larissa 1.jpg
 Neptune VII (7) Larissa 00097 97±3 73,548 0.555 13.63126 1981 Reitsema, Hubbard, Lebofsky, Tholen (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
Proteus (Voyager 2).jpg
 Neptune VIII (8) Proteus 0210 210±7 117,647 1.122 15.52114 1989 Synnott (Voyager 2) Inner moon [14][15]
N2002n1b.jpg
 Neptune IX (9) Halimede 00031 31 15,728,000 1,879.71 (r) 0.01357 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [14][15]
Psamathe feat.jpg
 Neptune X (10) Psamathe 00020 20 46,695,000 9,115.91 (r) 0.00295 2003 Jewitt, Kleyna, Sheppard, Holman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [14][15]
Sao VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03 annotated.gif
 Neptune XI (11) Sao 00022 22 22,422,000 2,914.07 0.00675 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Prograde irregular [14][15]
Laomedeia VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03 annotated.gif
 Neptune XII (12) Laomedeia 00021 21 23,571,000 3,167.85 0.00613 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Prograde irregular [14][15]
Neso VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03.gif
 Neptune XIII (13) Neso 00030 30 48,387,000 9,373.99 (r) 0.00426 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [14][15]
Hippocamp-heic1904b.jpg Neptune XIV (14) Hippocamp 0017.4 17.4 105,283 0.9362 1.48317 2013 Showalter et al. Inner moon [65]
Orcus-vanth hst2.jpg Orcus I (1) Vanth 0221 221±5 9000 9,000±9 9.539 178.32646[66] 2005 Brown & Suer Synchronous rotation [67]
2003AZ84 Hubble.png
 2003 AZ84 — (unnamed) 00072 72±12 (unknown) (unknown) (unknown) 2005 Brown & Suer [68]
Charon in True Color - High-Res.jpg Pluto I (1) Charon 00606 606±0.5 19,591 6.387 225.95169[69] 1978 Christy Synchronous rotation [14][15]
Nix best view.jpg Pluto II (2) Nix 22.5 48,671 24.85 3.25544 2005 Weaver, Stern, Buie, et al. Chaotic rotation [14][15]
Hydra Enhanced Color.jpg Pluto III (3) Hydra 27.5 64,698 38.20 2.97537 2005 Weaver, Stern, Buie, et al. Chaotic rotation [14][15]
Kerberos (moon).jpg Pluto IV (4) Kerberos 7 57,729 32.17 0.85066 2011 Showalter (Hubble) Chaotic rotation [14][15][70][71]
Styx (moon).jpg Pluto V (5) Styx 5.5 42,393 20.16 0.91691 2012 Showalter (Hubble) Chaotic rotation [14][15][72]
Salacia Hubble.png Salacia I (1) Actaea 00142 142±5 5724 5,724±27 5.494 184.52468[73] 2006 Noll et al. [67]
Haumea Hubble.png Haumea I (1) Hiʻiaka 00160 ≈160 49,880 49.12 22.33209[74] 2005 Brown et al. [8][75][76]
Haumea II (2) Namaka 00085 ≈85 25,657 18.2783 23.34213 2005 Brown et al. [8][75][76]
Quaoar-weywot hst.jpg Quaoar I (1) Weywot 00037 37 14500 14,500±800 12.438 19.08427[77] 2007 Brown [78]
Makemake moon Hubble image with legend (cropped).jpg Makemake — S/2015 (136472) 1 0087.5 ≈87.5 21000 >21,000 12.4 >12.4


<29.65766[79] 2016 Parker et al. [80][81]
Varda-ilmare hst.jpg Varda I (1) Ilmarë 00163 163±18

[82] || 4809 4,809±39

5.751 251.47660[83] 2009 Noll et al. [84]
2013FY27.gif
 2013 FY27 — (unnamed) 95 (unknown) (unknown) (unknown) 2018 Sheppard [85]
225088 Gonggong and Xiangliu by Hubble (2010).png Gonggong I (1) Xiangliu 00150 150 24020 24,020±200 25.22073 25.221


44.35325[86] 2010 Marton, Kiss & Müller assuming a prograde orbit [87]
Eris and dysnomia2.jpg
 Eris I (1) Dysnomia 00350 350±60[7] 37273 37,273±64 15.786 66.64145[88] 2005 Brown, Rabinowitz, Trujillo et al. SDO moon [89]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ice in the Solar System - NASA
  2. ↑ Warell, J.; Karlsson, O. (2007). "A search for natural satellites of Mercury". Planetary and Space Science 55 (14): 2037–2041. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2007.06.004. Bibcode: 2007P&SS...55.2037W. 
  3. ↑ "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Venus: Moons". NASA. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/moons. 
  4. ↑ Sheppard, Scott (2004). "A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars: Limits to Completeness". The Astronomical Journal 128 (5): 2542–2546. doi:10.1086/424541. Bibcode: 2004AJ....128.2542S. 
  5. ↑ Buie, Marc W.; Grundy, William M.; Young, Eliot F.; Young, Leslie A.; Stern, S. Alan (2006). "Orbits and Photometry of Pluto's Satellites: Charon, S/2005 P1, and S/2005 P2". The Astronomical Journal 132 (1): 290–298. doi:10.1086/504422. Bibcode: 2006AJ....132..290B. . a, i, e per JPL (site updated 2008 Aug 25)
  6. ↑ Bieryla, Allyson; Parker, J. W. (December 2006). "Search for Satellites around Ceres". 2007 AAS/AAPT Joint Meeting, American Astronomical Society Meeting 209, #25.02; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 38: 933. Bibcode: 2006AAS...209.2502B. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Johnston, W. R. (30 December 2008). "(136199) Eris and Dysnomia". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-136199.html. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Dumas, C.; Carry, B.; Hestroffer, D.; Merlin, F. (2011). "High-contrast observations of (136108) Haumea". Astronomy & Astrophysics 528: A105. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015011. Bibcode: 2011A&A...528A.105D. 
  9. ↑ Daniel W. E. Green (2007-02-22). "IAUC 8812: Sats OF 2003 AZ_84, (50000), (55637), (90482)". IAU Circular. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08800/08812.html. 
  10. ↑ Johnston, Wm. Robert (9 August 2020). "Asteroids with Satellites". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoons.html. 
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  12. ↑ Wieczorek, M. (2006). "The constitution and structure of the lunar interior". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 60 (1): 221–364. doi:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3. Bibcode: 2006RvMG...60..221W. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e5f1f724a35bd9c56ff368b6e8d11fa8971148dd. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Notes: The Satellites of Mars". The Observatory 1 (6): 181–185. 20 September 1877. Bibcode: 1877Obs.....1..181.. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0001//0000181.000.html. Retrieved 9 March 2008. 
  14. ↑ 14.000 14.001 14.002 14.003 14.004 14.005 14.006 14.007 14.008 14.009 14.010 14.011 14.012 14.013 14.014 14.015 14.016 14.017 14.018 14.019 14.020 14.021 14.022 14.023 14.024 14.025 14.026 14.027 14.028 14.029 14.030 14.031 14.032 14.033 14.034 14.035 14.036 14.037 14.038 14.039 14.040 14.041 14.042 14.043 14.044 14.045 14.046 14.047 14.048 14.049 14.050 14.051 14.052 14.053 14.054 14.055 14.056 14.057 14.058 14.059 14.060 14.061 14.062 14.063 14.064 14.065 14.066 14.067 14.068 14.069 14.070 14.071 14.072 14.073 14.074 14.075 14.076 14.077 14.078 14.079 14.080 14.081 14.082 14.083 14.084 14.085 14.086 14.087 14.088 14.089 14.090 14.091 14.092 14.093 14.094 14.095 14.096 14.097 14.098 14.099 14.100 14.101 14.102 14.103 14.104 14.105 14.106 14.107 14.108 14.109 14.110 14.111 14.112 14.113 14.114 14.115 14.116 14.117 14.118 14.119 14.120 14.121 14.122 14.123 14.124 14.125 14.126 14.127 14.128 14.129 14.130 14.131 14.132 14.133 14.134 14.135 14.136 "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL, NASA. 19 February 2015. http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par. , and references therein.
  15. ↑ 15.000 15.001 15.002 15.003 15.004 15.005 15.006 15.007 15.008 15.009 15.010 15.011 15.012 15.013 15.014 15.015 15.016 15.017 15.018 15.019 15.020 15.021 15.022 15.023 15.024 15.025 15.026 15.027 15.028 15.029 15.030 15.031 15.032 15.033 15.034 15.035 15.036 15.037 15.038 15.039 15.040 15.041 15.042 15.043 15.044 15.045 15.046 15.047 15.048 15.049 15.050 15.051 15.052 15.053 15.054 15.055 15.056 15.057 15.058 15.059 15.060 15.061 15.062 15.063 15.064 15.065 15.066 15.067 15.068 15.069 15.070 15.071 15.072 15.073 15.074 15.075 15.076 15.077 15.078 15.079 15.080 15.081 15.082 15.083 15.084 15.085 15.086 15.087 15.088 15.089 15.090 15.091 15.092 15.093 15.094 15.095 15.096 15.097 15.098 15.099 15.100 15.101 15.102 15.103 15.104 15.105 15.106 15.107 15.108 15.109 15.110 15.111 15.112 15.113 15.114 15.115 15.116 15.117 15.118 15.119 15.120 15.121 15.122 15.123 15.124 15.125 15.126 15.127 15.128 15.129 15.130 15.131 15.132 15.133 15.134 15.135 15.136 15.137 15.138 15.139 15.140 15.141 15.142 15.143 15.144 15.145 15.146 15.147 15.148 15.149 15.150 15.151 15.152 15.153 15.154 15.155 15.156 15.157 15.158 15.159 15.160 "Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters". JPL, NASA. 23 August 2013. http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_elem. , and references therein.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Showman, Adam P.; Malhotra, Renu (1999). "The Galilean Satellites". Science 286 (5437): 77–84. doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.77. PMID 10506564. http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/showman-malhotra-1999.pdf. 
  17. ↑ Barnard, E. E. (1892). "Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 12: 81–85. doi:10.1086/101715. Bibcode: 1892AJ.....12...81B. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0012//0000081.000.html. 
  18. ↑ Crommelin, A. C. D. (10 March 1905). "Provisional Elements of Jupiter's Satellite VI". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 65 (5): 524–527. doi:10.1093/mnras/65.5.524. Bibcode: 1905MNRAS..65..524C. https://zenodo.org/record/1431871. 
  19. ↑ Porco, Carolyn C. (March 2003). "Cassini Imaging of Jupiter's Atmosphere, Satellites, and Rings". Science 299 (5612): 1541–1547. doi:10.1126/science.1079462. PMID 12624258. Bibcode: 2003Sci...299.1541P. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10867818. 
  20. ↑ Perrine, C. D. (1905). "The Seventh Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 17 (101): 62–63. doi:10.1086/121624. Bibcode: 1905PASP...17...56.. 
  21. ↑ Melotte, P. J. (1908). "Note on the Newly Discovered Eighth Satellite of Jupiter, Photographed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 68 (6): 456–457. doi:10.1093/mnras/68.6.456. Bibcode: 1908MNRAS..68..456.. 
  22. ↑ Nicholson, S. B. (1914). "Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 26 (1): 197–198. doi:10.1086/122336. PMID 16586574. Bibcode: 1914PASP...26..197N. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0026//0000197.000.html. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Nicholson, S.B. (1938). "Two New Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 50 (297): 292–293. doi:10.1086/124963. Bibcode: 1938PASP...50..292N. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0050//0000292.000.html. 
  24. ↑ Nicholson, S. B. (1951). "An unidentified object near Jupiter, probably a new satellite". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 63 (375): 297–299. doi:10.1086/126402. Bibcode: 1951PASP...63..297N. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0063//0000297.000.html. 
  25. ↑ Kowal, C. T.; Aksnes, K.; Marsden, B. G.; Roemer, E. (1974). "Thirteenth satellite of Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 80: 460–464. doi:10.1086/111766. Bibcode: 1975AJ.....80..460K. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0080//0000460.000.html. 
  26. ↑ Synnott, S.P. (1980). "1979J2: The Discovery of a Previously Unknown Jovian Satellite". Science 210 (4471): 786–788. doi:10.1126/science.210.4471.786. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17739548. Bibcode: 1980Sci...210..786S. 
  27. ↑ Jewitt, D. C.; Danielson, G.E.; Synnott, S.P. (1979). "Discovery of a New Jupiter Satellite". Science 206 (4421): 951. doi:10.1126/science.206.4421.951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17733911. Bibcode: 1979Sci...206..951J. 
  28. ↑ Synnott, S.P. (1981). "1979J3: Discovery of a Previously Unknown Satellite of Jupiter". Science 212 (4501): 1392. doi:10.1126/science.212.4501.1392. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17746259. Bibcode: 1981Sci...212.1392S. 
  29. ↑ "IAUC 7460: S/1999 J 1". 20 July 2000. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07400/07460.html. 
  30. ↑ "IAUC 2845: Probable New Satellite of Jupiter". 3 October 1975. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02845.html. 
  31. ↑ "IAUC 7525: S/1975 J 1 = S/2000 J 1". 25 November 2000. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07500/07525.html. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 "IAUC 7555: Satellites of Jupiter". 5 January 2001. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07500/07555.html. 
  33. ↑ 33.00 33.01 33.02 33.03 33.04 33.05 33.06 33.07 33.08 33.09 33.10 33.11 "IAUC 7900: Satellites of Jupiter". 16 May 2002. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07900/07900.html. 
  34. ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 34.11 34.12 34.13 34.14 34.15 34.16 34.17 34.18 34.19 34.20 34.21 "Jupiter's Known Satellites". http://home.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/jupsatdata.html. 
  35. ↑ "MPEC 2020-V19 : S/2003 J 9". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. Minor Planet Center. 5 November 2020. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K20/K20V19.html. 
  36. ↑ "MPEC 2020-V10 : S/2003 J 16". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. Minor Planet Center. 4 November 2020. https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K20/K20V10.html. 
  37. ↑ "MPEC 2021-V333 : S/2003 J 24". https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K21/K21VX3.html. 
  38. ↑ C. Porco; the Cassini Imaging Team (18 July 2007). "S/ 2007 S 4". IAU Circular 8857. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08800/08857.html. 
  39. ↑ "IAU Circular No. 9023". International Astronomical Union. 2009. http://ciclops.org/view/5518/S2008_S_1?js=1. 
  40. ↑ Thomas, P. C.; Burns, J. A.; Tiscareno, M. S.; Hedman, M. M.; Helfenstein, P. (2013). "Saturn's Mysterious Arc-Embedded Moons: Recycled Fluff?". pp. 1598. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/1598.pdf. Retrieved 2013-05-21. 
  41. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T126 : S/2004 S 20". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TC6.html. 
  42. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T128 : S/2004 S 22". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TC8.html. 
  43. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T129 : S/2004 S 23". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TC9.html. 
  44. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T132 : S/2004 S 25". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD2.html. 
  45. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T133 : S/2004 S 26". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD3.html. 
  46. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T134 : S/2004 S 27". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD4.html. 
  47. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T136 : S/2004 S 29". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD6.html. 
  48. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T137 : S/2004 S 30". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD7.html. 
  49. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T154 : S/2004 S 32". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF4.html. 
  50. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T155 : S/2004 S 33". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF5.html. 
  51. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T156 : S/2004 S 34". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF6.html. 
  52. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T157 : S/2004 S 35". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF7.html. 
  53. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T160 : S/2004 S 38". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TG0.html. 
  54. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T127 : S/2004 S 21". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TC7.html. 
  55. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T131 : S/2004 S 24". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD1.html. 
  56. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T135 : S/2004 S 28". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TD5.html. 
  57. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T153 : S/2004 S 31". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF3.html. 
  58. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T158 : S/2004 S 36". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF8.html. 
  59. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T159 : S/2004 S 37". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TF9.html. 
  60. ↑ "MPEC 2019-T161 : S/2004 S 39". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19TG1.html. 
  61. ↑ "IAU Circular No. 9091". International Astronomical Union. 2009. http://ciclops.org/view_popup.php?id=5926. 
  62. ↑ "MPEC 2021-W14 : S/2019 S 1". https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K21/K21W14.html. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Farkas-Takács, A. et al. (September 2017). "Properties of the Irregular Satellite System around Uranus Inferred from K2, Herschel, and Spitzer Observations". The Astronomical Journal 154 (3): 13. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8365. 119. Bibcode: 2017AJ....154..119F. 
  64. ↑ Kiss, C. et al. (April 2016). "Nereid from space: Rotation, size and shape analysis from K2, Herschel and Spitzer observations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 457 (3): 2908–2917. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw081. Bibcode: 2016MNRAS.457.2908K. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-pdf/457/3/2908/8000447/stw081.pdf. 
  65. ↑ Kelly Beatty (2013-07-15). "Neptune's Newest Moon". Sky & Telescope. http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/neptunes-newest-moon/. 
  66. ↑ Williams, Matt; Today, Universe. "The dwarf planet Orcus" (in en). https://phys.org/news/2015-08-dwarf-planet-orcus.html. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S.; Roe, H. G.; Buie, M. W.; Porter, S. B.; Parker, A. H.; Nesvorný, D.; Benecchi, S. D. et al. (2019). "Mutual Orbit Orientations of Transneptunian Binaries". Icarus 334: 62–78. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.035. ISSN 0019-1035. Bibcode: 2019Icar..334...62G. http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/preprints/2019.TNB_orbits.pdf. 
  68. ↑ Johnston, Wm. Robert (20 September 2014). "(208996) 2003 AZ84". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-208996.html. 
  69. ↑ "In Depth | Pluto". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/in-depth. 
  70. ↑ Showalter, M. R.; Hamilton, D. P. (20 July 2011). "New Satellite of (134340) Pluto: S/2011 (134340) 1". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams. Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iau/cbet/002700/CBET002769.txt. 
  71. ↑ "NASA's Hubble Discovers Another Moon Around Pluto". NASA. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2011/23/full/. 
  72. ↑ "Hubble Discovers a Fifth Moon Orbiting Pluto". NASA. http://www.hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2012/32/. 
  73. ↑ "(120347) Salacia and Actaea". http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-120347.html. 
  74. ↑ "Haumea". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/haumea/in-depth. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 D. C. Fabrycky; M. J. Holman; D. Ragozzine; M. E. Brown; T. A. Lister; D. M. Terndrup; J. Djordjevic; E. F. Young et al. (2008). "Mutual Events of 2003 EL61 and its Inner Satellite". AAS DPS Conference 2008 40: 36.08. Bibcode: 2008DPS....40.3608F. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Ragozzine, D.; Brown, M.E. (2009). "Orbits and Masses of the Satellites of the Dwarf Planet Haumea = 2003 EL61". The Astronomical Journal 137 (6): 4766–4776. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4766. Bibcode: 2009AJ....137.4766R. 
  77. ↑ "Dwarf Planet Quaoar". https://www.go-astronomy.com/planets/dwarf-planet-quaoar.htm. 
  78. ↑ Fraser, Wesley C.; Brown, Michael E. (May 2010). "Quaoar: A Rock in the Kuiper Belt". The Astrophysical Journal 714 (2): 1547–1550. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1547. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...714.1547F. 
  79. ↑ "Makemake". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/makemake/in-depth. 
  80. ↑ "Hubble Discovers Moon Orbiting the Dwarf Planet Makemake". hubblesite.org. 2016. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2016/18/full/. 
  81. ↑ Parker, A. H.; Buie, M. W.; Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S. (2016-04-25). "Discovery of a Makemakean Moon". The Astrophysical Journal 825 (1): L9. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/825/1/L9. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...825L...9P. 
  82. ↑ Grundy, W. M.; Porter, S. B.; Benecchi, S. D.; Roe, H. G.; Noll, K. S.; Trujillo, C. A.; Thirouin, A.; Stansberry, J. A. et al. (1 September 2015). "The mutual orbit, mass, and density of the large transneptunian binary system Varda and Ilmarë". Icarus 257: 130–138. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.04.036. 
  83. ↑ "(174567) Varda and IImare". http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-174567.html. 
  84. ↑ Grundy, W. M.; Porter, S. B.; Benecchi, S. D.; Roe, H. G.; Noll, K. S.; Trujillo, C. A. et al. (September 2015). "The mutual orbit, mass, and density of the large transneptunian binary system Varda and Ilmarë". Icarus 257: 130–138. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.04.036. Bibcode: 2015Icar..257..130G. 
  85. ↑ Sheppard, Scott; Fernandez, Yanga; Moullet, Arielle (6 September 2018). "The Albedos, Sizes, Colors and Satellites of Dwarf Planets Compared with Newly Measured Dwarf Planet 2013 FY27". The Astronomical Journal 156 (6): 270. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aae92a. Bibcode: 2018AJ....156..270S. 
  86. ↑ "(225088) Gonggong and Xiangliu". http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-225088.html. 
  87. ↑ Kiss, Csaba; Marton, Gabor; Parker, Alex H.; Grundy, Will; Farkas-Takacs, Aniko; Stansberry, John; Pal, Andras; Muller, Thomas et al. (October 2018). "The mass and density of the dwarf planet (225088) 2007 OR10". Icarus 334: 3–10. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.013. Bibcode: 2018DPS....5031102K. 
  88. ↑ "Eris". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/eris/in-depth. 
  89. ↑ Holler, Bryan J.; Grundy, William M.; Buie, Marc W.; Noll, Keith S. (February 2021). "The Eris/Dysnomia system I: The orbit of Dysnomia". Icarus 355: 114130. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114130. 114130. Bibcode: 2021Icar..35514130H. 

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