Astronomy:SN 1986J

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SN 1986J[1]
Event typeSupernova
Date1983?[2]
InstrumentVery Large Array
ConstellationAndromeda
Right ascension 02h 22m 31.33s[3]
Declination+42° 19′ 56.4″[3]
EpochJ2000
Distance32.3 ± 1.6 Mly (9.91 ± 0.50 Mpc)[4]
HostNGC 891[2]
Progenitor typered supergiant[5]
[edit on Wikidata]

SN 1986J was a Type IIn supernova event in NGC 891,[2] which is an edge-on unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda. NGC 891 is located at a distance of approximately 32 million light-years (9.9 Mpc) from the Milky Way.[4] SN 1986J was discovered August 21, 1986 using the Very Large Array radio telescope,[6] about three years after the initial explosion.[7]

Observations

On August 21, 1986, the discovery of a candidate radio supernova was announced, with the detection being made using the Very Large Array radio telescope.[6] Designated SN 1986J, in the radio band this was the brightest and most luminous supernova found to that date. It was located at a distance of around 25 kly (7.7 kpc) from the center of NGC 891, and under 550 ly (170 pc) from the galactic plane. Visually, the object showed as a 20th magnitude point source with a spectrum similar to a late stage Type II supernova.[7]

A search through prediscovery data showed this object had been recorded by the Whipple Observatory on December 29, 1983. At the time, the spectrum was dominated by Hydrogen-alpha lines.[8] The decline of the radio light curve suggested the event had occurred in 1982 or 1983;[9] hence around three years before discovery. Because the host galaxy NGC 891 is being seen nearly edge-on, the energy output is experiencing an extinction of 1.5–2 magnitudes due to interstellar dust.[7] The observed properties of SN 1986J appeared similar to SN 1961V, then classified as a "Type V" supernova. The high level of radio emission from SN 1986J suggested the supernova ejecta is colliding with a massive circumstellar wind.[10]

Observations using VLBI in 1986 and 1987 showed a deviation from spherical symmetry in the expanding gas.[11] By assuming linear expansion, an explosion date of September 1982 was found from the VLBI data, with a one year margin of error.[12] In 1991, X-ray emission was detected from the supernova using the ROSAT space telescope. This emission was successfully modeled by collision between the expanding gas explosion and the pre-existing, potentially clumpy circumstellar wind.[13][14] By 2002, detailed VLBI study showed a distorted, radio-emitting shell around the explosion site. The asymmetry in the shape was believed due to collision between the ejecta and an anisotropic medium. The mass of the ejected envelope was estimated to be at least 12 M☉, along with ~2.2 M☉ in swept-up matter.[15]

After sixteen years, the expansion velocity had slowed to 6,000 km/s from an estimated initial velocity of 20,000 km/s. The radio spectrum began showing indications that a pulsar nebula was becoming visible.[5] During 2002–2003, a compact central radio component began to emerge in a VLBI study. This was deemed evidence for a neutron star or black hole remnant.[16][17] If so, it would be the youngest such object ever found, and thus of interest for further study.[18] An alternative scenario is of a dense condensation in the interstellar medium that is being impacted by the explosion, and is coincidentally aligned with the eruption point.[19][20]

The progenitor star was estimated to be a red supergiant with at least 20 solar masses, and possibly as high as 30 to 60 solar masses. Prior to its explosion, the star underwent rapid mass loss, creating a clumpy circumstellar medium.[5]

References

  1. ↑ "SN 1986J". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=SN+1986J. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Milisavljevic, Dan et al. (September 2008), "The Evolution of Late-Time Optical Emission from SN 1986J", The Astrophysical Journal 684 (2): 1170–1173, doi:10.1086/590426, Bibcode: 2008ApJ...684.1170M. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tsvetkov, D. Yu. et al. (January 1993), Sternberg Astronomical Institute Supernova Catalogue, Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow University, http://www.sai.msu.su/sn/sncat/, retrieved 2026-03-19. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lelli, Federico et al. (January 2016), "The Small Scatter of the Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation", The Astrophysical Journal Letters 816 (1): id. L14, doi:10.3847/2041-8205/816/1/L14, Bibcode: 2016ApJ...816L..14L. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bietenholz, M. F. et al. (December 2002), "SN 1986J VLBI: The Evolution and Deceleration of the Complex Source and a Search for a Pulsar Nebula", The Astrophysical Journal 581 (2): 1132–1147, doi:10.1086/344251, Bibcode: 2002ApJ...581.1132B. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 van Gorkom, J. et al. (August 1986), Marsden, B. G., ed., "Supernova 1986J in NGC 891", IAU Circular 4248: 1, Bibcode: 1986IAUC.4248....1V. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Rupen, M. P. et al. (July 1987), "Observations of SN 1986J in NGC 891", Astronomical Journal 94: 61, doi:10.1086/114447, Bibcode: 1987AJ.....94...61R. 
  8. ↑ Kent, S.; Schild, R. (July 1987), Green, D. W. E., ed., "Supernova 1986J in NGC 891", IAU Circular 4423: 1, Bibcode: 1987IAUC.4423....1K. 
  9. ↑ Perez-Torres, M. A. et al. (February 1999), Supernova 1986J, National Radio Astronomy Archive, https://www.nrao.edu/archives/items/show/33528, retrieved 2026-03-19. 
  10. ↑ Hamilton, A. J. S. et al. (1988), Roger, R. S.; Landecker, T. L., eds., "Analysis of the Spectrum of the Type V Supernova SN1986j", Supernova Remnants and the Interstellar Medium, Proceedings of IAU Colloq. 101, held in Penticton, British Columbia, June 8-12, 1987 (Cambridge: University Press): p. 19, Bibcode: 1988srim.conf...19H. 
  11. ↑ Bartel, Norbert et al. (February 1989), "VLBI Observations of SN 1986J: Deviations from Spherical Symmetry in Its Radio Brightness Distribution", Astrophysical Journal Letters 337: L85, doi:10.1086/185384, Bibcode: 1989ApJ...337L..85B. 
  12. ↑ Rupen, M. et al. (September 1990), "VLBI Imaging of SN1986J", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 22: 1221, Bibcode: 1990BAAS...22.1221R. 
  13. ↑ Bregman, Joel N.; Pildis, Rachel A. (October 1992), "X-Ray Emission from SN 1986J in NGC 891", Astrophysical Journal Letters 398: L107, doi:10.1086/186588, Bibcode: 1992ApJ...398L.107B. 
  14. ↑ Chugai, N. N. (September 1993), "X-Rays from SN 1986J: Emission of a Shocked Clumpy Wind", Astrophysical Journal Letters 414: L101, doi:10.1086/187006, Bibcode: 1993ApJ...414L.101C. 
  15. ↑ Pérez-Torres, M. A. et al. (September 2002), "A distorted radio shell in the young supernova SN 1986J", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 335 (1): L23–L28, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05809.x, Bibcode: 2002MNRAS.335L..23P. 
  16. ↑ Bietenholz, Michael F. et al. (2005), "The history of SN 1986J and the emergence of a new compact radio component in its center", Advances in Space Research (Elsevier) 35 (6): 1052–1056, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.052, Bibcode: 2005AdSpR..35.1052B. 
  17. ↑ Bietenholz, Michael F. et al. (June 2004), "Discovery of a Compact Radio Component in the Center of Supernova 1986J", Science 304 (5679): 1947–1949, doi:10.1126/science.1099460, Bibcode: 2004Sci...304.1947B. 
  18. ↑ Radio Telescopes Reveal Youngest Stellar Corpse, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, June 10, 2004, https://www.nrao.edu/pr/2004/sn1986j/, retrieved 2026-03-20. 
  19. ↑ Bietenholz, M. F. et al. (April 2010), "Supernova 1986J Very Long Baseline Interferometry. II. The Evolution of the Shell and the Central Source", The Astrophysical Journal 712 (2): 1057–1069, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/712/2/1057, Bibcode: 2010ApJ...712.1057B. 
  20. ↑ Bietenholz, Michael F.; Bartel, Norbert (December 2017), "SN 1986J VLBI. IV. The Nature of the Central Component", The Astrophysical Journal 851 (1): id. 7, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa960b, Bibcode: 2017ApJ...851....7B. 

Further reading



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