Astronomy:3C 66B

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3C 66B
Hubble Legacy Archive visible light image of 3C 66B
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationAndromeda
Right ascension 02h 23m 11.4112s[1]
Declination+42° 59′ 31.385″[1]
Redshift0.021258[2]
Helio radial velocity6,367 km/s[2]
Distance240.67 ± 0.82 Mly (73.79 ± 0.25 Mpc)[3]
Group or clusterAbell 0347[2]
Apparent magnitude (V)15.0[4]
Characteristics
TypeE[2]
Apparent size (V)3.0′ × 3.0′[5]
Notable featuresFRI RG,[6]
gamma-ray source[7]
Other designations
3C 66, 4C 42.07, QSO B0220+427[8], MAGIC J0223+430, UGC 1841, PGC 9067[7]

3C 66B is an elliptical radio galaxy[6][9] located in the constellation Andromeda. With an estimated redshift of 0.021258,[2] the galaxy is about 240.7 Mly (73.79 Mpc) away.[3] It has an angular separation of 6′ from the blazar 3C 66A,[9] but the two are most likely unrelated.[10] 3C 66B is an outlying member of Abell 347, which is part of the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster.[11]

Observations

This is a giant elliptical galaxy that is classified as a low-luminosity Fanaroff and Riley class 1 radio galaxy. Maps of the radio structure suggested that the emission is being shaped by the motion of the galaxy through an ambient medium.[12] A strong jet and counter-jet extend about 330 thousand light-years (100 kpc) from the nucleus.[13][14] These jets have been observed in radio,[15] infrared,[16] optical,[12] ultraviolet,[17] and X-ray bands.[18] Gamma ray emission has been detected coming from the direction of this galaxy, which were most likely emitted from the core region.[19]

Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1990 showed that the jet has a filamentary, double-stranded structure.[12][20] When viewed in the optical, the northern jet shows four knots along its length, all of which are polarized, thus indicating a synchrotron basis.[21]

Very-long-baseline interferometry measurements of the galaxy's radio-emitting core demonstrated elliptical motion with a period of 1.05±0.03 years. This strongly suggested that a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) was located at the center of 3C 66B.[22] This motion was expected to emit gravitational waves that would cause fluctuations in the pulse arrival times from the pulsar PSR B1855+09. However, no such signature was found.[23] Numerical simulations indicated this detection method may only be valid for an orbital eccentricity below 0.03.[24]

Messier 87 (M87), about 55 million light-years away, is the largest giant elliptical galaxy near the Earth, and also contains an active galactic nucleus. The smooth jet of 3C 66B rivals that of M87.[25]

  • Hubble Near-UV image of the jet coming out of 3C 66B
    Hubble Near-UV image of the jet coming out of 3C 66B
  • NRAO VLA image of 3C 66B
    NRAO VLA image of 3C 66B

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Charlot, P. et al. (2020). "The third realization of the International Celestial Reference Frame by very long baseline interferometry". Astronomy and Astrophysics 644: A159. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038368. Bibcode: 2020A&A...644A.159C. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Hudson, Michael J. et al. (October 2001). "Streaming motions of galaxy clusters within 12 000 km s-1 - III. A standardized catalogue of Fundamental Plane data". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 327 (1): 265–295. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04786.x. Bibcode: 2001MNRAS.327..265H. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tully, R. Brent et al. (October 2013). "Cosmicflows-2: The Data". The Astronomical Journal 146 (4): 25. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/4/86. 86. Bibcode: 2013AJ....146...86T. 
  4. ↑ Trussoni, E. et al. (2001). "X-ray observations of 3C 66B and 3C 346". Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana 72: 111–113. Bibcode: 2001MmSAI..72..111T. 
  5. ↑ Huchra, John P. et al. (April 1999). "The CFA Redshift Survey: Data for the South Galactic CAP". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 121 (2): 287–368. doi:10.1086/313194. Bibcode: 1999ApJS..121..287H. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "3C 66B". XJET: X-Ray Emission from Extragalactic Radio Jets. 2009-04-16. http://hea-www.harvard.edu/XJET/source-d.cgi?3C_66B. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Errando, Manel; et al. (July 2009). "A TeV source in the 3C 66A/B region". arXiv:0907.0994 [astro-ph.HE].
  8. ↑ "UGC 1841". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=UGC+1841. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Aleksić, J. (January 2011). "Observations of the Blazar 3C 66A with the Magic Telescopes in Stereoscopic Mode". The Astrophysical Journal 726 (2): id. 58. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/726/2/58. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...726...58A. 
  10. ↑ Northover, K. J. E. (1973). "The radio galaxy 3C 66". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 165 (4): 369. doi:10.1093/mnras/165.4.369. Bibcode: 1973MNRAS.165..369N. 
  11. ↑ Fanti, C. et al. (1982-01-01). "Radio and optical observations of 9 nearby Abell clusters - A262, A347, A569, A576, A779, A1213, A1228, A2162, A2666". Astronomy and Astrophysics 105: 200–218. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 1982A&A...105..200F. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Macchetto, F. (June 1991). "HST Observations of 3C 66B: A Double-stranded Optical Jet". Astrophysical Journal Letters 373: L55. doi:10.1086/186050. Bibcode: 1991ApJ...373L..55M. 
  13. ↑ Iguchi, Satoru et al. (December 2010). "A Very Close Binary Black Hole in a Giant Elliptical Galaxy 3C 66B and its Black Hole Merger". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 724 (2): L166–L170. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/724/2/L166. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...724L.166I. 
  14. ↑ Fraix-Burnet, D. (February 1997). "An optical counterjet in 3C 66B?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 284 (4): 911–914. doi:10.1093/mnras/284.4.911. Bibcode: 1997MNRAS.284..911F. 
  15. ↑ Jackson, N. et al. (March 1993). "The radio and optical structure of 3C 66B". Astronomy and Astrophysics 269: 128–134. Bibcode: 1993A&A...269..128J. 
  16. ↑ Tansley, D. et al. (September 2000). "The infrared jet in 3C 66B". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 317 (3): 623–629. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03657.x. Bibcode: 2000MNRAS.317..623T. 
  17. ↑ Fraix-Burnet, D. et al. (January 1989). "Near-Ultraviolet Emission from 3C 66B and Its Jet". Astrophysical Journal 336: 121. doi:10.1086/166999. Bibcode: 1989ApJ...336..121F. 
  18. ↑ Hardcastle, M. J. et al. (October 2001). "Chandra observations of the X-ray jet in 3C 66B". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 326 (4): 1499–1507. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2001.04699.x. Bibcode: 2001MNRAS.326.1499H. 
  19. ↑ Aliu, E. (February 2009). "Discovery of a Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Signal from the 3C 66A/B Region". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 692 (1): L29–L33. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/692/1/L29. Bibcode: 2009ApJ...692L..29A. 
  20. ↑ Sparks, W. B.; Macchetto, F.; Jackson, N. J.; Miley, G. K. (May 1992). "High resolution observation of 3C 66B". Testing the AGN Paradigm. 254. pp. 415–418. doi:10.1063/1.42261. Bibcode: 1992AIPC..254..415S. 
  21. ↑ Fraix-Burnet, D. et al. (August 1991). "An Optical Study of 3C31, 3C66B, 3C120 and their Jets". Astronomical Journal 102: 562. doi:10.1086/115893. Bibcode: 1991AJ....102..562F. 
  22. ↑ Sudou, H. et al. (2003). "Orbital Motion in the Radio Galaxy 3C 66B: Evidence for a Supermassive Black Hole Binary". Science 300 (5623): 1263–1265. doi:10.1126/science.1082817. PMID 12764190. Bibcode: 2003Sci...300.1263S. 
  23. ↑ Jenet, F. et al. (2004). "Constraining the Properties of Supermassive Black Hole Systems Using Pulsar Timing: Application to 3C 66B". The Astrophysical Journal 606 (2): 799–803. doi:10.1086/383020. Bibcode: 2004ApJ...606..799J. 
  24. ↑ De Paolis, F.; Ingrosso, G. (November 2004). "A super massive black hole binary in 3C 66B: Future observational perspectives". Astronomy and Astrophysics 426 (2): 379–385. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040314. Bibcode: 2004A&A...426..379D. 
  25. ↑ Perlman, Eric S. et al. (2006). "Optical Polarimetry of the Jets of Nearby Radio Galaxies. I. The Data". The Astrophysical Journal 651 (2): 735–748. doi:10.1086/506587. Bibcode: 2006ApJ...651..735P. 

Further reading



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