Biography:Charles Barkla

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Charles Barkla

FRS FRSE
Born
Charles Glover Barkla

(1877-06-07)7 June 1877
Widnes, England, UKGBI
Died23 October 1944(1944-10-23) (aged 67)
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
EducationLiverpool Institute
Alma mater
Known forDiscovering
characteristic X-rays
Spouse(s)
Mary Cowell (m. 1907)
Children3
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
Institutions
Academic advisors
Doctoral studentsMarion Ross (1943)[1]

Charles Glover Barkla (7 June 1877 – 23 October 1944) was a British physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1917 for his discovery of characteristic X-rays.[2]

Education and career

Charles Glover Barkla was born on 7 June 1877 in Widnes, England, the son of John Martin Barkla, originally from Wendron, Cornwall,[3] a secretary for the Atlas Chemical Company, and Sarah Glover. He studied at the Liverpool Institute, and then proceeded to University College Liverpool with a County Council Scholarship and a Bibby Scholarship. He initially studied mathematics, but later specialised in physics under Oliver Lodge. During the absence of Lodge due to ill health, Barkla replaced him in lectures.[4] In 1898, he graduated with First Class Honours in Physics, and received his master's degree the following year.[5]

In 1899, Barkla was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, with an 1851 Research Fellowship[6] to study under J. J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory. During his first two years at Cambridge, under the direction of Thomson, he studied the velocity of electromagnetic waves along wires of different widths and materials. After a year and a half at Trinity College, his love of music led him to transfer to King's College, Cambridge, in order to sing in the choir. His voice was of remarkable beauty and his solo performances were always fully attended.[7]

After having worked at the University of Liverpool (1902–1909) and King's College London (1909–1913), Barkla was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in 1913, a position he held until his death.[5]

Research

In 1903, Barkla studied secondary X-rays from gases radiated by other X-rays, developing a new experimental setup.[8] This topic was relevant to the question of whether X-rays were indeed a type of electromagnetic radiation as many physicists suspected, because Lionel Wilberforce proposed to use these secondary rays to generate tertiary ones and prove the existence of polarization by rotating the detecting part of his experimental apparatus. Tertiary radiation was too feeble to measure, so he assembled a slightly different setup. Using his new setup, he was able to prove that X-rays can indeed be polarized and are therefore electromagnetic.[9] He published a brief summary of his findings in Nature in March 1904[10] and a more detailed account in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1905.[11]

Barkla made significant progress in developing and refining the laws of X-ray scattering, X-ray spectroscopy, the principles governing the transmission of X-rays through matter, and especially the principles of the excitation of secondary X-rays.

Barkla proposed the J-phenomenon as a hypothetical form of X-ray behaviour similar to X-ray fluorescence. However, other scientists were not persuaded that this was a different mechanism from other known effects such as Compton scattering, so the theory was not successful.[12][13]

Personal life and death

Hermitage of Braid, Edinburgh

In 1907, Barkla married Mary Esther Cowell,[14] with whom he had two sons and one daughter.

A religious man, Barkla was a Methodist and considered his work to be "part of the quest for God, the Creator".[15][16][17]

From 1922 to 1938, Barkla lived at Hermitage of Braid in Edinburgh.[18]

Barkla died at his home in Edinburgh on 23 October 1944 at the age of 67.[19]

Awards and honours

Plaque to C G Barkla, Hermitage of Braid

In 1917, Barkla was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements". He was also awarded the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society the same year.

Barkla crater on the Moon is named in his honour.

A plaque was placed on Hermitage of Braid to commemorate Barkla's 16-year stay there. A plaque has also been installed in the vicinity of the Canongate, near the Faculty of Education Buildings at the University of Edinburgh. Additionally, a lecture theatre at the University of Liverpool's Physics department, as well as a Biophysics Laboratory in the Biological Science Department,[20] are named after him. In 2012, a gritter in Barkla's hometown of Widnes was named in his honour, following a competition run by the local newspaper.[21] In Widnes, they have a retirement housing complex named the Barkla Fields.

References

  1. ↑ "Charles Glover Barkla - Physics Tree". https://academictree.org/physics/peopleinfo.php?pid=80364. 
  2. ↑ Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A. (1993). "Charles Barkla--Nobel Laureate". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 68 (12): 1176. doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60068-8. PMID 8246619. 
  3. ↑ Allen, H S (Feb 1947). "Charles Glover Barkla. 1877-1944". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 5 (15). 
  4. ↑ Brigham Narins (2001), Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present, A-C, Gale, p. 129, ISBN 0787617520, https://archive.org/details/notablescientist0005unse/page/129, "Barkla studied experimental physics under Oliver Lodge, for whom he occasionally substituted as lecturer." 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Charles Glover Barkla". http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1917/barkla-bio.html. 
  6. ↑ 1851 Royal Commission Archives
  7. ↑ Brigham Narins (2001), Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present, A-C, Gale, p. 129, ISBN 0787617520, https://archive.org/details/notablescientist0005unse/page/129, "Barkla had an excellent voice (said to be either baritone or bass according to various biographers) which drew crowds for his solo performances." 
  8. ↑ Barkla, Charles G. (June 1903). "Secondary radiation from gases subject to X-rays". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 5 (30): 685–698. doi:10.1080/14786440309462976. ISSN 1941-5982. https://ia600708.us.archive.org/view_archive.php?archive=/22/items/crossref-pre-1909-scholarly-works/10.1080%252F14786440209462739.zip&file=10.1080%252F14786440309462976.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Gbur, Gregory (2009-06-06). "Barkla shows that x-rays have polarization (1905)" (in en). https://skullsinthestars.com/2009/06/06/barkla-shows-that-x-rays-have-polarization-1905/. 
  10. ↑ Barkla, Charles G. (March 1904). "Polarisation in Röntgen Rays" (in en). Nature 69 (1794): 463. doi:10.1038/069463a0. ISSN 1476-4687. Bibcode: 1904Natur..69..463B. https://www.nature.com/articles/069463a0. 
  11. ↑ Barkla, Charles G. (1905). "Polarised röntgen radiation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character 204 (372–386): 467–479. doi:10.1098/rsta.1905.0013. ISSN 0264-3952. Bibcode: 1905RSPTA.204..467B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1905.0013. 
  12. ↑ Wynne, Brian (1976), "C. G. Barkla and the J Phenomenon: A Case Study in the Treatment of Deviance in Physics", Social Studies of Science 6 (3/4): 307–347, doi:10.1177/030631277600600303 
  13. ↑ Michael Mulkay (2014), Science and the Sociology of Knowledge, Routledge, p. 79, ISBN 978-1317651185 
  14. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf. 
  15. ↑ School of Mathematics and Statistics. "Charles Glover Barkla" (2007), University of St Andrews, Scotland. JOC/EFR.
  16. ↑ Allen, H. S. (1947). "Charles Glover Barkla. 1877-1944". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 5 (15): 341–366. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1947.0004. 
  17. ↑ Charles Glover Barkla, Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography (2008)
  18. ↑ Plaque to Barkla, Hermitage of Braid
  19. ↑ "Charles Glover Barkla (1877 - 1944)" National Records of Scotland
  20. ↑ "The Barkla X-ray Laboratory of Biophysics - Biophysics - University of Liverpool". http://www.liv.ac.uk/biophysics/Barkla.html. 
  21. ↑ "A gritter named Barkla" Physics World Volume 25 Number 02, February 2012

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