Chemistry:Cyclic ADP-ribose

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Cyclic ADP-ribose
Cyclic ADP ribose.svg
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
MeSH Cyclic+ADP-Ribose
UNII
Properties
C15H21N5O13P2
Molar mass 541.301
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Cyclic ADP-ribose, frequently abbreviated as cADPR, is a cyclic adenine nucleotide (like cAMP) with two phosphate groups present on 5' OH of the adenosine (like ADP), further connected to another ribose at the 5' position, which, in turn, closes the cycle by glycosidic bonding to the nitrogen 1 (N1) of the same adenine base (whose position N9 has the glycosidic bond to the other ribose).[1][2] The N1-glycosidic bond to adenine is what distinguishes cADPR from ADP-ribose (ADPR), the non-cyclic analog. cADPR is produced from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) by ADP-ribosyl cyclases (EC 3.2.2.5) as part of a second messenger system.

Function

cADPR is a cellular messenger for calcium signaling.[3] It stimulates calcium-induced calcium release at lower cytosolic concentrations of Ca2+. The primary target of cADPR is the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake mechanism. cADPR mobilizes Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum by activation of ryanodine receptors,[4] a critical step in muscle contraction.[5]

cADPR also acts as an agonist for the TRPM2 channel, but less potently than ADPR.[6] cADPR and ADPR act synergistically, with both molecules enhancing the action of the other molecule in activating the TRPM2 channel.[7]

Potentiation of Ca2+ release by cADPR is mediated by increased accumulation of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.[8]

Metabolism

cADPR and ADPR are synthesized from NAD+ by the bifunctional ectoenzymes of the CD38 family (also includes the GPI-anchored CD157 and the specific, monofunctional ADP ribosyl cyclase of the mollusc Aplysia).[9][10][11] The same enzymes are also capable of hydrolyzing cADPR to ADPR. Catalysis proceeds via a covalently bound intermediate. The hydrolysis reaction is inhibited by ATP, and cADPR may accumulate. Synthesis and degradation of cADPR by enzymes of the CD38 family involve, respectively, the formation and the hydrolysis of the N1-glycosidic bond. In 2009, the first enzyme able to hydrolyze the phosphoanhydride linkage of cADPR, i.e. the one between the two phosphate groups, was reported.[12]

SARM1 and other TIR domain-containing proteins also catalyze the formation of cADPR from NAD+.[13][14]

Isomers

Variants of cADPR that differ in their HPLC retention times compared to canonical cADPR have been identified as products of bacterial and plant TIR domain-containing enzymes.[14][15] v-cADPR (also referred to as 2'cADPR or 1''-2' glycocyclic ADPR (gcADPR)) and v2-cADPR (also referred to as 3'cADPR or 1''-3' gcADPR) isomers are cyclized by O-glycosidic bond formation between the ribose moieties in ADPR.[16][17] 3'cADPR produced by bacterial TIR domain-containing proteins can act as an activator of bacterial antiphage defense systems and as a suppressor of plant immunity.[16]

See also

  • NAADP
  • IP3
  • ADP-ribose

References

  1. ↑ "Structural determination of a cyclic metabolite of NAD+ with intracellular Ca2+-mobilizing activity". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (3): 1608–15. 1989. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)94230-4. PMID 2912976. 
  2. ↑ "The crystal structure of cyclic ADP-ribose". Nat. Struct. Biol. 1 (3): 143–4. 1994. doi:10.1038/nsb0394-143. PMID 7656029. 
  3. ↑ Guse AH (2004). "Regulation of calcium signaling by the second messenger cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPR)". Curr. Mol. Med. 4 (3): 239–48. doi:10.2174/1566524043360771. PMID 15101682. 
  4. ↑ "Pyridine Nucleotide Metabolites and Calcium Release from Intracellular Stores". Calcium Signaling. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1131. 2020. pp. 371–394. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_15. ISBN 978-3-030-12456-4. 
  5. ↑ "Essential Roles of Intracellular Calcium Release Channels in Muscle, Brain, Metabolism, and Aging". Current Molecular Pharmacology 8 (2): 206–22. 2015. doi:10.2174/1874467208666150507105105. PMID 25966694. 
  6. ↑ "Roles of NAD + and Its Metabolites Regulated Calcium Channels in Cancer". Molecules 25 (20): 4826. 2019. doi:10.3390/molecules25204826. PMID 33092205. 
  7. ↑ Lee HC (2011). "Cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP: fraternal twin messengers for calcium signaling". Science China Life Sciences 54 (8): 699–711. doi:10.1007/s11427-011-4197-3. PMID 21786193. 
  8. ↑ Lukyanenko, V; Györke, I; Wiesner, T. F.; Györke, S (2001). "Potentiation of Ca(2+) release by cADP-ribose in the heart is mediated by enhanced SR Ca(2+) uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum". Circulation Research 89 (7): 614–22. doi:10.1161/hh1901.098066. PMID 11577027. 
  9. ↑ "Crystal structure of Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase, a homolog of the bifunctional ectozyme CD38". Nat. Struct. Biol. 3 (11): 957–64. 1996. doi:10.1038/nsb1196-957. PMID 8901875. 
  10. ↑ "Crystal structure of the human CD38 extracellular domain". Structure 13 (9): 1331–9. 2005. doi:10.1016/j.str.2005.05.012. PMID 16154090. 
  11. ↑ Guse AH (2004). "Biochemistry, biology, and pharmacology of cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPR)". Curr. Med. Chem. 11 (7): 847–55. doi:10.2174/0929867043455602. PMID 15078169. 
  12. ↑ "Hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride linkage of cyclic ADP-ribose by the Mn2+-dependent ADP-ribose/CDP-alcohol pyrophosphatase". FEBS Lett. 583 (10): 1593–8. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.04.023. PMID 19379742. 
  13. ↑ "Resolving the topological enigma in Ca 2+ signaling by cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP". Journal of Biological Chemistry 294 (52): 19831–19843. 2019. doi:10.1074/jbc.REV119.009635. PMID 31672920. PMC 6937575. https://www.jbc.org/content/294/52/19831.long. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Essuman, Kow; Summers, Daniel W.; Sasaki, Yo; Mao, Xianrong; Yim, Aldrin Kay Yuen; DiAntonio, Aaron; Milbrandt, Jeffrey (2018-02-05). "TIR Domain Proteins Are an Ancient Family of NAD+-Consuming Enzymes". Current Biology 28 (3): 421–430.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.024. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 29395922. 
  15. ↑ Wan, Li; Essuman, Kow; Anderson, Ryan G.; Sasaki, Yo; Monteiro, Freddy; Chung, Eui-Hwan; Osborne Nishimura, Erin; DiAntonio, Aaron et al. (2019-08-23). "TIR domains of plant immune receptors are NAD+-cleaving enzymes that promote cell death". Science 365 (6455): 799–803. doi:10.1126/science.aax1771. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 31439793. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Manik, Mohammad K.; Shi, Yun; Li, Sulin; Zaydman, Mark A.; Damaraju, Neha; Eastman, Samuel; Smith, Thomas G.; Gu, Weixi et al. (2022-09-30). "Cyclic ADP ribose isomers: Production, chemical structures, and immune signaling". Science 377 (6614): eadc8969. doi:10.1126/science.adc8969. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 36048923. 
  17. ↑ Leavitt, Azita; Yirmiya, Erez; Amitai, Gil; Lu, Allen; Garb, Jeremy; Herbst, Ehud; Morehouse, Benjamin R.; Hobbs, Samuel J. et al. (2022-09-29). "Viruses inhibit TIR gcADPR signaling to overcome bacterial defense". Nature 611 (7935): 326–331. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05375-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36174646. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36174646. 

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