Social:Stateless nation

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Short description: Ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state
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This page is about a nation lacking a nation state. For a community lacking a government, see Stateless society. For persons lacking state affiliation, see Statelessness.

A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state.[1] Use of the term implies that such ethnic groups have the right to self-determination, to establish an independent nation-state with its own government.[2][3] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Nations without a state are classified as fourth-world nations.[4][5][6] Some stateless nations have a history of statehood, while some were always stateless.

History

The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the position of Scotland within the United Kingdom. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.[7]

Ethnicities described as stateless nations can be dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yoruba people found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China - which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.[8][9]

Stateless nations can have large populations; for example, the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.[10]

Nation-states and nations without states

The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in Western Europe during the 18th century, and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.[3] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states consider themselves stateless nations. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states that are not considered "stateless nations".

Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[3]

Consequences of colonialism and imperialism

During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and being described as stateless nations thereafter.[11] Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak the same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony).[12] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[13][14][15][16] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and the exploitation of labor and natural resources.[17][18]

Nationalism and stateless nations

People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a nation through the awakening of national consciousness.[19] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[20] In a multinational state, different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism, and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[21] Nationalism is often connected to separatism because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.[22]

Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[23][24][25][26] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[27][28]

List of stateless nations

The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles.[circular reference]

States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population.

People Flag Languages Language family[lower-alpha 1] Predominant religion Population Continent States Homeland[lower-alpha 2] Irredentist movement Notes
Telugus[29]
Telugu language Dravidian languages Hinduism, Christianity, Islam 95,000,000 Asia India Telangana, Andhra Pradesh Telangana movement, Dravida Nadu, Rayalaseema Seeks regional autonomy and separate statehood for Rayalaseema following the Telangana movement. Form the largest ethnic group in the Dravida Nadu concept.
Tamils[29] Tamil language Dravidian languages Hinduism, Christianity, Islam 80,000,000 Asia India, Sri Lanka Tamil Nadu, Tamil Eelam Tamil nationalism, Dravida Nadu, Tamil Eelam Historically occupied Tamilakam, the Jaffna Kingdom and the Vanni chieftaincies. Seeks more regional autonomy for the Indian state of Tamil Nadu or form a sovereign nation along with other South Indian states as Dravida Nadu. Demand for autonomy in the Northern and Eastern Provinces or total secession from Sri Lanka.[30]
Cantonese[31][32]
Cantonese Sino-Tibetan languages Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism) 68,000,000 Asia China Guangdong Cantonese nationalism Historically occupied the Nanyue kingdom.
Oromo people[33][29]
Oromo Cushitic languages Christian, Muslim, Waaqeffanna 41,693,650[34] Africa Ethiopia, Kenya Oromia Oromo conflict
Kurds[35][36]
Kurdish languages, (originally) Arabic, Turkish, Persian (assimilation) Iranian languages Islam (Sunni, Shia, Alevi), Zoroastrianism, Yarsanism, Yazidism 36,000,000–46,000,000[37] Asia Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria (homeland), Germany (largest diaspora) Kurdistan Kurdish nationalism, Kurdish–Turkish conflict, Kurdish-Iranian conflict, Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, and Kurdish–Syrian conflict, 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum
Yoruba people[35][38]
Yoruba language Volta–Congo languages Christianity, Islam, Yoruba religion 35,000,000[39][40] Africa Nigeria, Benin and Togo, Ghana Yorubaland Oodua Peoples Congress
Igbo people[41]
Igbo, English Volta–Congo languages Christianity (primarily Roman Catholicism with significant Protestant minorities), Indigenous beliefs 30,000,000[42] Africa Nigeria (almost exclusively) Igboland Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Indigenous People of Biafra Attempted secession from Nigeria in 1967 sparked the Nigerian Civil war.
Sikhs[43][44][45][46]
Punjabi, Dogri,Kashmiri Indo-Aryan languages, Dardic languages Sikhism 25,000,000–30,000,000 Asia India Punjab Khalistan movement Seeks greater regional autonomy for the Sikhs of Punjab or total secession from India. Sikh nationalism.
Occitan people[47]
Occitan, French, Italian, Spanish Romance languages Roman Catholicism 16,000,000 Europe France, Monaco, Italy and Spain (Val d'Aran) Occitania Occitan nationalism (Occitan Party, Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Libertat) Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France.
Assamese people[48][49][50]
Assamese language Indo-Aryan languages Hinduism 15,000,000[51] Asia India Assam Assam separatist movements, ULFA Insurgency in Northeast India Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of Assam or total secession from India.[52]
Uyghur people[53][54][55]
Uyghur language Turkic languages Sunni Islam 15,000,000[56] Asia China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan East Turkestan (Uyghuristan) Irredentism is politically fragmented (East Turkestan Liberation Organization, East Turkestan independence movement) Limited autonomy in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
Zulu people[57]
Zulu language Volta–Congo languages Christianity, Zulu religion 12,159,000 Africa South Africa, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Eswatini KwaZulu-Natal Inkatha Freedom Party Limited autonomy in the KwaZulu-Natal region, which maintains a traditional Zulu king.
Hazaras[58]
Hazaragi dialect of Persian Language Iranian Languages Islam (mostly Shia) 10,000,000-14,000,000 Asia Afghanistan Hazaristan Persecution of Hazaras Hazara nationalism
Romani people[59][60]
Romani language Indo-Aryan languages Christianity, Islam, Hinduism 12,000,000[61] Worldwide, mostly Eastern Europe and Americas Originally North India;[62] Romanistan (proposed country) The Romani people are a non-territorial nation.
Kongo people[63]
Kongo language, Lingala, Portuguese, French Volta–Congo languages Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism), African Traditional Religion 11,560,000 (2002 estimate) Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola Kongo Kongo nationalism, Bundu dia Kongo Historically occupied the independent Kingdom of Kongo.
Maya peoples[64]
Mayan languages Mayan languages Christianity (Catholicism), Maya religion 10,500,000 (2002 estimate) North America Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador Mesoamerica Pan-Maya movement, Rigoberta Menchú, Zapatista Army of National Liberation Historically occupied the Maya civilization.
Sylhetis[65][66][67][68][69]
Sylheti language Indo-Aryan languages Islam, Hinduism, Christianity 10,300,000 Asia Bangladesh and India Greater Sylhet Sylheti nationalism The Sylheti people advocate for the recognition of Sylheti as a distinct language, separate from Bengali, and emphasize the preservation and promotion of their cultural and linguistic identity.
Baloch people[70]
Balochi Iranian languages Sunni Islam 10,000,000[71] Asia Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan Balochistan Balochistan conflict, Baloch nationalism Seek to establish an independent sovereign state for the Baloch people, separate from Pakistan and Iran.
Andalusians[72]
Andalusian Spanish, English (in Gibraltar) Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 9,500,000 Europe Spain, Gibraltar Andalusia Andalusian nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Catalans[73][74]
Catalan, Occitan, Catalan Sign Language Romance languages, Catalan Sign Languages Roman Catholicism, Agnosticism 8,500,000[75] Europe Spain, Italy, Andorra and France Catalan Countries Catalan independence movement, Catalan nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Lombard people[76]
Lombard language Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholic, Ambrosian Rite) 8,221,000 (2002 estimate) Europe Italy, Switzerland Lombardy (historical region) Lombard nationalism, Pro Lombardy Independence, Lombard League
French Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 8,215,000 North America Canada Quebec Quebec sovereignty movement, Quebec nationalism The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers.
Kashmiri people[77]
Kashmiri language Indo-Aryan languages Islam 8,050,000 (2002 estimate) Asia India and Pakistan Kashmir Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Administered by India (Kashmir Valley, Jammu, Ladakh), Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan) and China (Aksai Chin).
Hong Kong Cantonese, Hong Kong English, Hong Kong Sign Language Sino-Tibetan languages, Chinese Sign Languages Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism), Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Islam 7,498,100[81] Asia China Hong Kong Hong Kong nationalism, Hong Kong independence movement Limited autonomy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Tibetan people[82]
Tibetan language, Chinese language, Tibetan Sign Language Sino-Tibetan languages, Tibetan Sign Language Buddhism 7,000,000[83] Asia China, India, Nepal Tibet Tibetan independence movement Limited autonomy in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Historically occupied the Tibetan Empire.
Moro people[84]
Filipino language, other Philippine languages Austronesian languages Islam 6,356,000 (2002 estimate) Asia Philippines Muslim Mindanao Moro autonomy The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region with the adoption of the Bangsamoro Organic Law.
Riffian people[85]
Riffian language, Arabic Berber languages Islam 6,000,000[86] Africa Morocco and Spain Rif Rif War, Rif Republic 95% of the land is controlled by Morocco with the rest being controlled by the Spanish territories of Ceuta and Melilla as autonomous cities.
Mon[87]
Mon language Austroasiatic languages Buddhism 5,350,000 (2002 estimate) Asia Myanmar Mon State Historically occupied Hanthawaddy Kingdom
Hmong people[88]
Hmong language Hmong–Mien Languages Animism 5,200,000 (2002 estimate) Asia Laos, China, Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand Hmong ChaoFa Federated State Insurgency in Laos
Arakanese (Rakhine)[89]
Rakhine language Sino-Tibetan languages Buddhism 5,110,000 (2002 estimate) Asia Myanmar Rakhine State United League of Arakan Historically occupied Kingdom of Mrauk U
Circassians[90]
Adyghe language, Kabardian language, Ubykh language, Russian Northwest Caucasian languages Islam 5,300,000 Europe Russia Circassia Russo-Circassian War, Circassian nationalism 95–97% of Circassians were killed or exiled by Russia during the Circassian genocide.[91]
Shan[92]
Shan language Kra–Dai languages Buddhism 5,000,000 Asia Myanmar Shan State Restoration Council of Shan State
Shan State Progressive Party
Peace and Solidarity Committee 		Historically occupied Federated Shan States
Sicilians[93]
Sicilian, Italian, Gallo-Italic of Sicily, Arbëresh Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 5,000,000 (only Sicily) Europe Italy Sicily Sicilian nationalism, Sicilian Action Movement Regional autonomy in Sicily.
Venetian people[94]
Venetian language Romance languages Catholicism 5,000,000 (est.) Europe Italy Veneto Venetian nationalism Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Historically occupied the independent Republic of Venice.
Bretons[95]
Breton, Gallo, French, Celtic languages Roman Catholicism 4,800,000 Europe France Brittany Breton nationalism Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France.
Karen (Kayin)[96]
Karenic languages Sino-Tibetan languages Buddhism, Christianity 4,400,000 (2002 estimate) Asia Myanmar, Thailand Kayin State Karen National Union
Camba[97]
Camba Spanish Romance languages Roman Catholicism 4,000,000 South America Bolivia Media Luna Movimiento Nación Camba de Liberación [es; es], Santa Cruz Youth Union
Kabyle people[98]
Kabyle language, Algerian Arabic Berber languages Islam 4,000,000[99] Africa Algeria Kabylia Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie, Provisional Government of Kabylia
Rohingya[100][101]
Rohingya language Indo-Aryan languages Islam 3,600,000 Asia Myanmar Rohang State Rohingya conflict
Rohingya genocide 		The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government.[102]
Assyrians[103]
Sureth, Turoyo, other Aramaic languages Semitic languages Christianity (Syriac Christianity) 3,300,000[104] Asia Syria, Iraq, Iran and Turkey Assyria, Beth Nahrain (Mesopotamia) Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian independence movement Historically occupied the Assyrian empire.
Bodos[105]
Bodo Sino-Tibetan languages Hinduism, Christianity 3,250,000 (2002 estimate) Asia India Assam (Bodoland Territorial Region) Bodoland movement Seek a separate state or homeland (Bodoland) within India. Some factions demand independence
Afrikaners[106]
Afrikaans Germanic languages Christianity (mainly Protestantism) 3,180,000 Africa South Africa and Namibia Western Cape,

Volkstaat

Afrikaner Nationalism, Freedom Front, Cape independence, Cape Independence Party Afrikaners are historically an ethno-racial group (although some today deracialize the identity to include Afrikaans-speaking Coloured people). Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. Historically occupied the Dutch Cape colony but did expand elsewhere into the once independent Boer republics.
Naga people[107]
Naga languages, Konyak languages, Nagamese creole Sino-Tibetan languages Christianity 3,150,000 (2002 estimate) Asia India Nagaland Naga National Council, Insurgency in Northeast India Seeks greater regional autonomy or complete separatation from India.
Basque people[74]
Basque, French, Spanish Language isolate Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 3,000,000[108] Europe France and Spain Basque Country Basque nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Iraqi Turkmen people[109]
Turkish language, Azerbaijani language Oghuz languages Islam 3,000,000 Asia Iraq Turkmeneli Iraqi Turkmen Front Not to be confused with Syrian Turkmen of Latakia or Central Asian Turkmens of Turkmenistan who share only their ethnonym.[110]
Welsh people[74][111]
Welsh, English Celtic languages Christianity (Protestantism, Catholic minority) 3,000,000 Europe United Kingdom Wales Welsh independence, Welsh nationalism, Meibion Glyndŵr, Plaid Cymru Regional autonomy in Wales. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed, Seisyllwg, Morgannwg, and Gwent).
Galician people[74]
Galician language, Spanish Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 2,800,000 Europe Spain Galicia Galician nationalism and Galician Regionalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Galicia.
Kachin people[112]
Jingpo language Sino-Tibetan languages Christianity 2,750,000 (2002 estimate) Asia Myanmar, China Kachin State Kachin Independence Organization
Meitei people[113]
Meitei language Sino-Tibetan languages Hinduism 1,800,000 Asia India Imphal Valley, Manipur UNLF, PLA, Insurgency in Manipur, Anglo-Manipur War Historically occupied the Kingdom of Manipur.
Aragonese people[114]
Aragonese language, Spanish Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 2,045,000 (2002 estimate) Europe Spain Aragon Aragonese nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Aragon.
Chechens[115]
Chechen language, Russian Northeast Caucasian languages Islam 2,000,000 Europe Russia Chechnya Chechen insurgency, Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Regional autonomy in Chechnya.
Friulians[116]
Friulian Romance languages Catholicism 2,000,000 (est.) Europe Italy Friuli Friuli Movement Friuli is an autonomous region of Italy, but there are also other views as to what status it should have.

Friulians are a recognised minority ethnic group in Italy.

Asturian people[117]
Asturian language, Spanish Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 1,000,000 Europe Spain and Portugal Asturias Asturian nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Mapuche[118]
Mapudungun Araucanian languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 1,755,000 (2002 estimate) South America Argentina and Chile Wallmapu Mapuche autonomous movement
Sardinian people[119][120][47][121]
Sardinian, Corso-Sardinian, Italian, Catalan, Ligurian Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 1,661,521 Europe Italy Sardinia Sardinian nationalism National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Italy.

Sardinians are a recognised minority ethnic group in Italy.

Ryukyuans (Okinawans)[122]
Ryukyuan, Japanese, Koniya Sign Language Japonic languages, Koniya Sign Language Buddhism 1,600,000[123] Asia Japan Ryukyu Islands Ryukyu independence movement Historically occupied the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Pa-O[124]
Pa-O language Sino-Tibetan languages Buddhism 1,430,000 (2002 estimate) Asia Myanmar Shan State Pa-O National Organization
Pa-O National Liberation Organization
Palaung (Ta'ang)[125]
Palaung language Austroasiatic languages Buddhism 1,300,000 (2002 estimate) Asia Myanmar Shan State Palaung State Liberation Front
Tuareg people[126]
Tuareg language Berber languages Islam 1,200,000 Africa Mali and Niger Azawad National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Tuareg rebellion (2012), Northern Mali conflict National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali.
Frisians[127]
Frisian, Stadsfries Dutch, Dutch, German, Danish Germanic Languages Christianity (mainly Protestantism) 1,125,000 Europe Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany Frisia Frisian National Party, Groep fan Auwerk The creation of a new Frisian state. Historically occupied the Frisian Kingdom.
Jumma people[128][129]
Languages of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bengali, Chittagonian Sino-Tibetan languages Buddhism, Christianity, Islam 920,248[130] Asia Bangladesh Chittagong Hill Tracts Jumma Nationalism, Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti, Shanti Bahini Jumma is a term used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, such as the Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Rakhine, etc. These communities seek autonomy, with some even advocating for independence.
Lezgins[131]
Lezgian Northeast Caucasian languages Islam 800,000 Europe Russia, Azerbaijan Lezgistan Lezgin Nationalism Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and Dagestan (Russia).
Fur people[132]
Fur, Arabic Nilo-Saharan languages Islam 756,000 (2002 estimate) Africa Sudan Darfur War in Darfur, SLM/A Historically occupied the Sultanate of Darfur.
Karenni (Kayah)[133]
Karenni language Sino-Tibetan languages Buddhism, Christianity 755,000 (2002 estimate) Asia Myanmar Kayah State Karenni State Interim Executive Council
Māori people[134]
Māori, English Austronesian languages Christianity with native 750,000 Oceania New Zealand New Zealand Māori protest movement
Lahu[135]
Lahu language Sino-Tibetan languages Animism, Buddhism, Christianity 680,000 (2002 estimate) Asia China, Myanmar, Thailand Yunnan province
Macanese people[136] Macanese Cantonese, Macanese Portuguese Sino-Tibetan languages Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism) 678,800 Asia China Macau Macau independence movement Limited autonomy in the Macau Special Administrative Region.
Chams[137]
Cham language Austronesian languages Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism 650,000 (2002 estimate) Asia Vietnam South Central Coast United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, Cham rights movement[138] Historically occupied the Kingdom of Champa. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government their indigeneity to the region.
Karakalpaks[139]
Karakalpak language Turkic languages Islam 623,000 (2002 estimate) Asia Uzbekistan Karakalpakstan Karakalpak Nationalism Regional autonomy in Karakalpakstan.
Ogoni people[140]
Ogoni language Volta–Congo languages Christianity with native 560,000 (2002 estimate) Africa Nigeria Ogoniland Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
Hawaiian people[141]
Hawaiian language, Hawaiian Sign Language, English Austronesian languages Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism) with native 527,000 Oceania United States Hawaii Hawaiian sovereignty movement Historically occupied the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Moravians[142]
Czech (Moravian), Slovak Slavic languages Traditionally Roman Catholicism presently Irreligion 525,000[143][144] Europe Czech Republic and Slovakia Moravia Moravians Historically occupied Great Moravia.
Crimean Tatars[145]
Crimean Tatar, Russian, Ukrainian Turkic languages Islam 500,000 Europe Ukraine Crimea Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People

Tatars in Republic of Crimea Deportation of the Crimean Tatars

After Ukrainian independence in 1991, Crimea became an autonomous republic within Ukraine, after being invaded and annexed by Russia in 2014. The Crimean Tatars began seeking autonomy.[146]
Sahrawi people[147]
Hassaniya Arabic (native), Berber languages (native), Modern Standard Arabic (written only), and Spanish (lingua franca) Semitic languages Islam (Sunni Islam (Maliki), Sufism) 500,000[148] Africa Morocco, Algeria, Mauretania Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict, Polisario Front, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Partially controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and partially occupied by Morocco.
Corsican people[149]
Corsican, French, Ligurian, Italian Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 322,120 Europe France Corsica Corsica Libera Territorial collectivity in France.
Navajo[150]
Navajo language, Navajo Sign Language, English Na-Dene languages Navajo Traditional, Christianity (principally Roman Catholicism) 305,000 (2002 estimate) North America United States Navajo Nation Navajo Wars Regional autonomy on the Navajo Nation.
Bangladeshi Biharis[151][152][153]
Urdu, Bengali, Languages of Bihar Indo-Aryan languages Islam 300,000 Asia Bangladesh Originally Bihar; Saidpur, Old Dhaka and Mohammadpur Thana (mostly) Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh The Urdu-speaking Biharis of Bangladesh, also known as "Stranded Pakistanis", are Muslims from Bihar who settled in what is now Bangladesh in 1947. Many of them seek recognition and autonomy.
Inuit[154] Inuit languages, Danish, English, Russian Eskaleut languages Christianity with native 155,792 North America Inuit Nunangat Greenland Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark.
Scanians[155]
Scanian dialect, Swedish, Danish Germanic languages Christianity (principally Lutheranism 100,000 Europe Sweden Skåneland Skånepartiet Was an autonomous part of Denmark until 1658 when it became part of Sweden after the treaty of Roskilde.
Sami people[156]
Sami languages, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Russian Uralic languages Christianity (principally Lutheran), Animism 80,000 (est.)[157] Europe Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden Sapmi Sámi politics Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden, and Finland but Sami groups usually seek more territorial autonomy.
Faroese people[158]
Faroese, Danish Germanic languages Christianity (principally Lutheran) 66,000 Europe Denmark Faroe Islands Faroese independence movement Regional autonomy in Faroe Islands.
Sorbs[159]
Sorbian language, German Slavic languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 60,000–70,000 (est.) Europe Germany Lusatia Domowina Divided into Upper Sorbs and Lower Sorbs.
Ladin people[160]
Ladin language Romance languages Christianity (Catholic Church) 36,000 (2002 estimate) Europe Italy Ladinia Recognised ethnic minority in Italy.

See also

  • Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum
  • Diaspora
  • Ethnic nationalism
  • European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
  • Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
  • List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
  • List of federally recognized tribes
  • List of First Nations peoples
  • List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes
  • Local ethnic nationalism (China)
  • Minzu (anthropology)
  • Multinational state
  • Non-FIFA international football
  • Self-determination
  • Sovereignty
  • Stateless person
  • Stateless society
  • Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

Notes

  1. ↑ Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content.
  2. ↑ Proposed or historical homeland desired.

References

  1. ↑ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
  2. ↑ Osborne, Louise; Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", in Karl Cordell; Stefan Wolff, The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN 9781317518921, https://books.google.com/books?id=64JwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 
  4. ↑ David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
  5. ↑ Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective, Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.
  6. ↑ Language in Geographic Context, Colin H. Williams, 39p.
  7. ↑ Verdugo, Richard R.; Milne, Andrew (1 June 2016). National Identity: Theory and Research. IAP. p. 85. ISBN 9781681235257. https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85. Retrieved 1 January 2022. 
  8. ↑ Clark, Gregory, In fear of China, 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."
  9. ↑ "The Legal Status of Tibet". Cultural Survival. 22 February 2010. http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet. 
  10. ↑ "Who are the Kurds?". TRT World. https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915. 
  11. ↑ Redie Bereketeab, Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State
  12. ↑ Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow
  13. ↑ Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006), Hans Gullestrup, 130p.
  14. ↑ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004), Port Harcourt, p.272
  15. ↑ Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943 (2013), H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V
  16. ↑ Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009), Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff
  17. ↑ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict
  18. ↑ Bruce E. Johansen, Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples
  19. ↑ George W. White, Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
  20. ↑ Understanding National Identity by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22
  21. ↑ Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860 by Graeme Morton, 1999
  22. ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
  23. ↑ Nationalism and Globalisation (2015), Stephen Tierney
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  27. ↑ The delegates were linked with the Scottish group 'SNP Friends of Catalonia', which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement". commonspace.scot. https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement. 
  28. ↑ The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. "EFA brings stateless nations even closer". European Free Alliance. http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. 2. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31617-3. 
  30. ↑ Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)
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  32. ↑ Xu, Song-shi (1949). "A study of the Thais, Chuangs, and the Cantonese people". Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 
  33. ↑ "Translocations of Affirmation: Mediascapes and Cultural Flows among the Stateless Oromo". International Journal of Cultural Studies (SAGE Publications Ltd) 7 (3): 301–319. 1 September 2004. doi:10.1177/1367877904046304. ISSN 1367-8779. 
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  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Quam, Joel; Campbell, Scott (2020-08-31), "Political Geography" (in en), The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography (College of DuPage Digital Press), https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/, retrieved 2021-08-10 
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  37. ↑ "Kurd | History, Culture, & Language" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurd. 
  38. ↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world. 4. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 2078. ISBN 978-0-313-31617-3. 
  39. ↑ "Benue-Congo languages". https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages. 
  40. ↑ John A. Shoup III, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.237
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  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez (2011). Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition. Y Lolfa Cyf. pp. 62, 70. ISBN 978-1847713797. https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70. 
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