Social:Stateless nation
A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state.[1] The term "stateless" implies that the group has the right to self-determination, to establish an independent nation with its own government.[2][3] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations . Nations without a state are classified as fourth-world nations.[4][5][6] Some stateless nations have a history of statehood, while some were always stateless.
The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.[7]
Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yoruba people found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China - which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.[8][9] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians that were once part of the multinational state of Yugoslavia and gained independence during the breakup of Yugoslavia).
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.[10] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, and Kabyle in North Africa, the Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya, and Shan in Myanmar, the Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians, and Andalusians in Spain , and the Sardinians, Friulians, Ladins, Sicilians, Neapolitans, Ligurians, Piedmontese, Venetians and Lombards in Italy. [11]
Nation-states and nations without states
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in Western Europe during the 18th century and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.[3] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states that are not considered "stateless nations".
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[3]
Consequences of colonialism and imperialism
During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and being described as stateless nations thereafter.[12] Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak the same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony).[13] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[14][15][16][17] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and the exploitation of labor and natural resources.[18][19]
Nationalism and stateless nations
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a nation through the awakening of national consciousness.[20] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[21] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in United Kingdom English nationalism, Scottish nationalism, and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[22] Nationalism is often connected to separatism because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.[23]
Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[24][25][26][27] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[28][29]
Unionism vs separatism
Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with unionism (such as Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Indonesian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,[30] British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, and Russian nationalism[citation needed][clarification needed]). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal.
Claims by stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status
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The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles.
States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population.
People | Flag | Languages | Language family[lower-alpha 1] | Predominant religion | Population | Continent | States | Homeland[lower-alpha 2] | Irredentist movement | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tamils[31][32][33][34] | 50px|border|center |
Tamil language | Dravidian languages | Hinduism (mostly Shaivism) | 78,000,000 | Asia | India , Sri Lanka | Tamil Nadu and Tamil Eelam | Tamil nationalism, Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, Greater Tamil Nadu, Sri Lankan Civil War, TNRT, TNLA, LTTE, TGTE, Vaddukoddai Resolution | Historically occupied Tamilakam, the Jaffna Kingdom and the Vanni chieftaincies. Seeks more regional autonomy for the Indian state of Tamil Nadu or form a sovereign nation as Dravida Nadu. Demand for autonomy in the Northern and Eastern Provinces or total secession from Sri Lanka.[35] |
Cantonese[36][37] | Cantonese | Sino-Tibetan languages | Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism) | 68,000,000 | Asia | China | Guangdong | Cantonese nationalism | Historically occupied the Nanyue kingdom. | |
Pashtuns | Pashto language | Iranian languages | Islam (Sunni, Shia) | 42,000,000–50,000,000[38][39] | Asia | Pakistan , Afghanistan | Pashtunistan | Pashtun nationalism | ||
Kurds[40] | Kurdish languages, (originally) Arabic, Turkish, Persian (assimilation) | |||||||||
Oromo people[41] | Oromo | Cushitic languages | Christian, Muslim, Waaqeffanna | 41,693,650 [42] | Africa | Ethiopia, Kenya | Oromia | Oromo conflict | ||
Yoruba people[40] | Yoruba language | Volta-Congo languages | Christianity, Islam, Yoruba religion | 35,000,000[43][44] | Africa | Nigeria, Benin and Togo, Ghana | Yorubaland | Oodua Peoples Congress | ||
Igbo people[45] | Igbo, English | Volta-Congo languages | Christianity (primarily Roman Catholicism with significant Protestant minorities), Indigenous beliefs | 30,000,000[46] | Africa | Nigeria (almost exclusively) | Igboland | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Indigenous People of Biafra | Attempted secession from Nigeria in 1967 sparked the Nigerian Civil war. | |
Occitan people [citation needed] | Occitan, French, Italian, Spanish | Romance languages | Roman Catholicism | 16,000,000 | Europe | France , Monaco, Italy and Spain (Val d'Aran) | Occitania | Occitan nationalism (Occitan Party, Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Libertat) | Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France . | |
Assamese people[47][48][49] | Assamese language | Indo-Aryan languages | Hinduism | 15,000,000[50] | Asia | India | Assam | Assam separatist movements, ULFA Insurgency in Northeast India | Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of Assam or total secession from India .[51] | |
Uyghur people[52][53] | Uyghur language | Turkic languages | Sunni Islam | 15,000,000[54] | Asia | China , Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan | East Turkestan (Uyghuristan) | Irredentism is politically fragmented (East Turkestan Liberation Organization, East Turkestan independence movement) | Limited autonomy in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. | |
Hazaras | ![]() |
Hazaragi dialect of Persian Language | Iranian Languages | Islam mostly Shia |
10,000,000-14,000,000 | Asia | Afghanistan | Hazaristan | Persecution of Hazaras | Hazara nationalism |
Zulu people | Zulu language |Volta-Congo languages | Christianity, Zulu religion | 12,159,000 | Africa | South Africa , Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Eswatini | KwaZulu-Natal | Inkatha Freedom Party | Limited autonomy in the KwaZulu-Natal region, which maintains a traditional Zulu king. | ||
Romani people[55] | Romani language | Indo-Aryan languages | Christianity, Islam, Hinduism | 12,000,000[56] | Worldwide, mostly Eastern Europe and Americas | Originally North India;[57]Romanistan (proposed country) | The Romani people are a non-territorial nation. | |||
Kongo people | Kongo language, Lingala, Portuguese, French | Volta-Congo languages | Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism), African Traditional Religion | 10,000,000 | Africa | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola | Kongo | Kongo nationalism, Bundu dia Kongo | Historically occupied the independent Kingdom of Kongo. | |
Baloch people | Iranian languages | Sunni Islam | 10,000,000[58] | Asia | Pakistan , Iran, Afghanistan(homeland), UAE (diaspora) | Balochistan | Balochistan conflict, Baloch nationalism | Seeks total independence from Pakistan. | ||
Andalusians | Andalusian Spanish, English (in Gibraltar) |Romance languages | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 9,500,000 | Europe | Spain , Gibraltar | Andalusia | Andalusian nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. | ||
Romance languages | Roman Catholicism, Agnosticism | 8,500,000[59] | Europe | Spain , Italy, Andorra and France | Catalan Countries | Catalan independence movement, Catalan nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. | |||
Romance languages | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 8,215,000 | America | Canada | Quebec | Quebec sovereignty movement, Quebec nationalism | The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers. | |||
Mon people | Mon language |Monic languages | Buddhism | 8,145,500 | Asia | Myanmar, Thailand | Mon State | Mon Nationalism, Mon National Party, All Mon Region Democracy Party | Historically occupied the Mon kingdoms. | ||
Hongkongers[60][61][62] | Hong Kong Cantonese, Hong Kong English | Sino-Tibetan languages | Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism), Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Islam | 7,498,100[63] | Asia | China | Hong Kong | Hong Kong independence movement | Limited autonomy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. | |
Karen people | S'gaw Karen language | Karenic languages | Christianity, Theravada Buddhism | 7,000,000 | Asia | Myanmar, Thailand | Kawthoolei | Karen nationalism, Karen National Union, Karen National Liberation Army | ||
Maya peoples | Mayan languages |Mayan languages | Christianity (Catholicism), Maya religion | 7,000,000 | America | Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador | Mesoamerica | Pan-Maya movement, Rigoberta Menchú, Zapatista Army of National Liberation | Historically occupied the Maya civilization. | ||
Tibetan people [citation needed] | Tibetan language, Chinese language | Sino-Tibetan languages | Buddhism | 7,000,000[64] | Asia | China , India , Nepal | Tibet | Tibetan independence movement | Limited autonomy in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Historically occupied the Tibetan Empire. | |
Riffian people [citation needed] | Riffian language, Arabic | Afroasiatic | Islam | 6,000,000[65] | Africa | Morocco and Spain | Rif | Rif War, Rif Republic | 95% of the land is controlled by Morocco with the rest being controlled by the Spanish territories of Ceuta and Melilla as autonomous cities. | |
Shan people | Shan language, Thai | Kra-Dai | Buddhism | 6,000,000 | Asia | Myanmar | Shan State | Shan State Army, Declaration of independence in 2005; see also Hso Khan Pha | Historically occupied the Shan states. | |
Kashmiri people [citation needed] | Kashmiri language | Indo-Aryan languages | Islam | 5,600,000 | Asia | India , Pakistan and China | Kashmir | Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir | Administered by India (Kashmir Valley, Jammu, Ladakh), Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan) and China (Aksai Chin). | |
Valencians | Catalan, Spanish | Romance languages | Roman Catholicism[66] | 5,111,706 | Europe | Spain | Valencian Community | Valencian nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. | |
Moro people | Filipino language, other Philippine languages | | Islam | 5,100,000 | Asia | Philippines | Muslim Mindanao | Moro autonomy | The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region with the adoption of the Bangsamoro Organic Law. | ||
Circassians | Circassian language, Russian | Circassian languages | Islam | 5,000,000 | Europe | Russia | Circassia | Russo-Circassian War, Circassian nationalism | 95–97% of Circassians were killed or exiled by Russia during the Circassian genocide.[67] | |
Venetian people[citation needed] | Venetian language | Romance languages | Catholicism | 5,000,000 (est.) | Europe | Italy | Veneto | Venetian nationalism | Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Historically occupied the independent Republic of Venice. | |
Sicilian people[68] | Sicilian, Italian, Gallo-Italic of Sicily, Arbëresh | Romance languages | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 5,000,000 (only Sicily) | Europe | Italy | Sicily | Sicilian nationalism, Sicilian Action Movement | Regional autonomy in Sicily. | |
Bretons | Breton, Gallo, French, | Celtic languages | Roman Catholicism | 4,800,000 | Europe | France | Brittany | Breton nationalism | Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France . | |
Hmong people | Hmong language | Hmong-Mien Languages | Animism | 4,000,000 | Asia | Laos, China , Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand | Hmong ChaoFa Federated State | Insurgency in Laos | |||
Kabyle people | Berber languages | Islam | 4,000,000[69] | Africa | Algeria | Kabylia | Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie, Provisional Government of Kabylia | |||
Rohingya people [citation needed] | Rohingya language | Islam | 3,600,000 | Asia | Myanmar | Rohang State | Rohingya conflict | The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government.[70] | ||
Afrikaners | Afrikaans | | Christianity (mainly Protestantism) | 3,500,000 | Africa | South Africa and Namibia | Western Cape,
Volkstaat |
Afrikaner Nationalism, Freedom Front, Cape independence, Cape Independence Party | Afrikaners are historically an ethno-racial group (although some today deracialize the identity to include Afrikaans-speaking Coloured people). Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. Historically occupied the Dutch Cape colony but did expand elsewhere into the once independent Boer republics. | ||
Assyrians[71] | Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Turoyo, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic | Semitic languages | Christianity (Chaldean Catholicism Syriac Christianity) | 3,300,000[72] | Asia | Syria, Iraq, Iran and Turkey | Assyria, Beth Nahrain (Mesopotamia) | Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian independence movement | Historically occupied the Assyrian empire. | |
Basque people[73] | Basque, French, Spanish | Language isolate | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 3,000,000[74] | Europe | France and Spain | Basque Country | Basque nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. | |
Iraqi Turkmen people [citation needed] | Turkish language, Azerbaijani language | Islam | 3,000,000 | Asia | Iraq | Turkmeneli | Iraqi Turkmen Front | Not to be confused with Syrian Turkmen of Latakia or Central Asian Turkmens of Turkmenistan who share only their ethnonym.[75] | ||
Welsh people[73] | Welsh, English | Celtic languages | Christianity (Protestantism, Catholic minority) | 3,000,000 | Europe | United Kingdom | Wales | Welsh independence, Welsh nationalism, Meibion Glyndŵr, Plaid Cymru | Regional autonomy in Wales. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed, Seisyllwg, Morgannwg, and Gwent). | |
Galician people[73] | Galician language, Spanish | Romance languages | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 2,800,000 | Europe | Spain | Galicia | Galician nationalism and Galician Regionalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Galicia. | |
Kachin people | Jingpo, Zaiwa, Maru, Lashi, Azi | Buddhism, Christianity, Animism | 2,750,000 (2002)[76] | Asia | Myanmar | Kachin State | Kachin Independence Army, Kachin Independence Organisation, Kachin conflict | The tribes of Kachin Hills form the Kachin Nation. | ||
Aragonese people [citation needed] | Aragonese language, Spanish | Romance languages | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 2,278,000 (Spain only)[77] | Europe | Spain | Aragon | Aragonese nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Aragon. | |
Meitei people | Meitei language | Sino-Tibetan languages | Hinduism | 2,500,000 | Asia | India | Imphal Valley, Manipur | UNLF, PLA, Insurgency in Manipur, Anglo-Manipur War | Historically occupied the Kingdom of Manipur. | ||
Chechen people [citation needed] | Chechen language, Russian | Islam | 2,000,000 | Europe | Russia | Chechnya | Chechen insurgency, Chechen Republic of Ichkeria | Regional autonomy in Chechnya. | ||
Naga people | Christianity | 2,000,000 | Asia | India | Nagaland | Naga National Council, Insurgency in Northeast India | Seeks greater regional autonomy or complete separatation from India. | |||
Pastusos[78] | Andean Spanish | Romance languages | Roman Catholicism | 1,700,000-1,900,000 | America | Colombia and Ecuador | Decimistas | Loyal to Spanish Monarchy during Colombian War of Independence; it annexed to Ecuador in 1830-1832 and 1840. It tried to establish a federal state in late 19th Century. | ||
Sardinian people[79][80][81][82] | Sardinian, Corso-Sardinian, Italian, Catalan, Ligurian | Romance languages | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 1,661,521 | Europe | Italy | Sardinia | Sardinian nationalism | National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Italy. | |
Ryukyuan people [citation needed] | Ryukyuan, Japanese | Buddhism | 1,600,000[83] | Asia | Japan | Ryukyu Islands | Ryukyu independence movement | Historically occupied the Ryukyu Kingdom. | ||
Frisians | Frisian, Dutch, German, Danish | Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism) | 1,500,000 | Europe | Netherlands, Denmark , and Germany | Frisia | Frisian National Party, Groep fan Auwerk | The creation of a new Frisian state. Historically occupied the Frisian Kingdom. | ||
Semitic languages | Shia Islam | 1,320,000[84] | Asia | Iran | Al Ahwaz | Arab separatism in Khuzestan Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz | Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation.[85] Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from Iran. | |||
Friulian people[citation needed] | Friulian | Romance languages | Catholicism | 2,000,000 (est.) | Europe | Italy | Friuli | Friuli Movement | Friuli is an autonomous region of Italy, but there are also other views as to what status it should have. | |
Tuareg people | Islam | 1,200,000 | Africa | Mali and Niger | Azawad | National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Tuareg rebellion (2012), Northern Mali conflict | National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. | |||
Mapuche | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 1,000,000[86] | America | Argentina and Chile | Wallmapu | Mapuche conflict | ||||
Asturian people [citation needed] | 50px|border|center | Asturian language, Spanish | Romance languages | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 1,925,000 (2020) | Europe | Spain and Portugal | Asturias | Asturian nationalism | See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. |
Lezgins | Islam | 800,000+ | Europe | Russia , Azerbaijan | Lezgistan | Lezgin Nationalism | Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and Dagestan (Russia). | |||
Fur people | Fur, Arabic | | Islam | 800,000[87] | Africa | Sudan | Dafur | War in Darfur, SLM/A | Historically occupied the Sultanate of Darfur. | ||
Māori people | Christianity with native | 750,000 | Oceania | New Zealand | New Zealand | Māori protest movement | ||||
Macanese[88] | Macanese Cantonese, Macanese Portuguese | Sino-Tibetan languages | Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism) | 678,800 | Asia | China | Macau | Macau independence movement | Limited autonomy in the Macau Special Administrative Region. | |
Karakalpaks | Karakalpak language | | Islam | 620,000 | Asia | Uzbekistan | Karakalpakstan | Karakalpak Nationalism | Regional autonomy in Karakalpakstan. | ||
Hawaiian people [citation needed] | Hawaiian language | Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism) with native | 527,000 | Oceania | United States | Hawaii | Hawaiian sovereignty movement | Historically occupied the Kingdom of Hawaii. | ||
Moravians | Czech (Moravian), Slovak | Traditionally Roman Catholicism presently Irreligion | 525,000[89][90] | Europe | Czech Republic and Slovakia | Moravia | Moravians | Historically occupied Great Moravia. | ||
Ogoni people | Christianity with native | 500,000 | Africa | Nigeria | Ogoniland | Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People | ||||
Crimean Tatars [citation needed] | Crimean Tatar, Russian, Ukrainian | Islam | 500,000 | Europe | Ukraine | Crimea | Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Tatars in Republic of Crimea Deportation of the Crimean Tatars |
Previously an autonomous republic within Ukraine, after being invaded and annexed by Russia in 2014. The Crimean Tatars are currently seeking autonomy.[91] | ||
Sahrawi people[92] | Hassaniya Arabic (native), Berber languages (native), Modern Standard Arabic (written only), and Spanish (lingua franca) | Islam (Sunni Islam (Maliki), Sufism) | 500,000[93] | Africa | Morocco, Algeria, Mauretania | Western Sahara | Western Sahara conflict, Polisario Front, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Partially controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and partially occupied by Morocco. | ||
Chams | Cham language | | Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism | 400,000 | Asia | Vietnam | South Central Coast | United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, Cham rights movement[94] | Historically occupied the Kingdom of Champa. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government their indigeneity to the region. | ||
Corsican people [citation needed] | Corsican, French, Ligurian, Italian | Romance languages | Christianity (Roman Catholicism | 322,120 | Europe | France | Corsica | Corsica Libera | Territorial collectivity in France. | |
Navajo | Navajo Traditional, Christianity (principally Roman Catholicism) | 300,460 | America | United States | Navajo Nation | Navajo Wars | Regional autonomy on the Navajo Nation. | |||
Lakota people | Lakota, English | | Christianity with native | 170,000[95] | America | United States | Lakotah | Sioux Wars, Lakota Freedom Movement | Live on several autonomous Native American reservations. | ||
Sami people | Sami languages, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Russian | | Christianity (principally Lutheran), Animism | 80,000 (est.)[96] | Europe | Finland , Norway , Russia and Sweden | Sapmi | Sámi politics | Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden, and Finland but Sami groups usually seek more territorial autonomy. | ||
Inuit | Inuit languages, Danish, English, Russian | Christianity with native | 135,991 | America | Inuit Nunangat | Greenland Referendum | Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark. | |||
Yupik peoples | Yupik languages, English, Russian | Christianity with native | 35,567 (est.) | Asia and America | Russia and the United States | Siberia and Alaska | Calista Corporation, Bristol Bay Native Corporation | |||
Pamiris | Pamir languages | | Islam | 135,000[97] | Asia | Tajikistan | Badakhshan | Pamiri nationalism, Lali Badakhshan party, Tajikistani Civil War | Regional autonomy in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region | ||
Faroese people [citation needed] | Faroese language, Danish | Christianity (principally Lutheran) | 66,000 | Europe | Denmark | Faroe Islands | Faroese independence movement | Regional autonomy in Faroe Islands. | ||
Sorbs [citation needed] | Sorbian language, German | Christianity (Roman Catholicism) | 60,000–70,000 (est.) | Europe | Germany | Lusatia | Domowina | Divided into Upper Sorbs and Lower Sorbs. | ||
Scanians | Skånska, Svenska, Danska | Germanic languages | Lutheran Christians | 100,000 | Europe | Sweden | Skåneland | Skånepartiet | Was an autonomous part of Danmark until 1658 when it became part of Sweden after the treaty of Roskilde. | |
Raizals | San Andrés–Providencia Creole, English | Germanic languages | Christianity (Baptism) | 30,000 | America | Colombia | Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina |
Formerly stateless nations
Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence,[98] Irish people before the Irish War of Independence, and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War.[99]
Some would include the Jews until the 1948 Israeli declaration of independence,[100] however whether Jews constitute a single nation is debated.[101][102]
During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.[103]
See also
- Diaspora
- Ethnic nationalism
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of federally recognized tribes
- List of First Nations peoples
- List of unrecognized tribes in the United States
- Multinational state
- Non-FIFA international football
- Self-determination
- Sovereignty
- Stateless person
- Stateless society
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Notes
References
- ↑ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
- ↑ Osborne, Louise; Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", in Karl Cordell; Stefan Wolff, The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN 9781317518921, https://books.google.com/books?id=64JwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54
- ↑ David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
- ↑ Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective, Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.
- ↑ Language in Geographic Context, Colin H. Williams, 39p.
- ↑ Verdugo, Richard R.; Milne, Andrew (1 June 2016). National Identity: Theory and Research. IAP. p. 85. ISBN 9781681235257. https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ↑ Clark, Gregory, In fear of China, 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."
- ↑ "The Legal Status of Tibet". Cultural Survival. http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet.
- ↑ "Who are the Kurds?". TRT World. https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, pp. 59–60, 79–80, 366–367
- ↑ Redie Bereketeab, Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State
- ↑ Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow
- ↑ Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006), Hans Gullestrup, 130p.
- ↑ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004), Port Harcourt, p.272
- ↑ Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943 (2013), H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V
- ↑ Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009), Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff
- ↑ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict
- ↑ Bruce E. Johansen, Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples
- ↑ George W. White, Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
- ↑ Understanding National Identity by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22
- ↑ Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860 by Graeme Morton, 1999
- ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
- ↑ Nationalism and Globalisation (2015), Stephen Tierney
- ↑ The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.
- ↑ Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.
- ↑ "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens". saisjournal.org. http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization.
- ↑ The delegates were linked with the Scottish group 'SNP Friends of Catalonia', which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement". commonspace.scot. https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement.
- ↑ The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. "EFA brings stateless nations even closer". European Free Alliance. http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75.
- ↑ Ian Adams, Political Ideology Today p.73
- ↑ India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.
- ↑ Governance and Multiculturalism: The White Elephant of Social Construction, Catherine Koerner, Soma Pillay, p.44.
- ↑ David Brog (2017), Reclaiming Israel's History: Roots, Rights, and the Struggle for Peace, Regnery Publishing, ISBN 9781621576099, https://books.google.com/books?id=WxYbDgAAQBAJ&q=tamils&pg=PT8
- ↑ Jeffrey Haynes, Peter Hough, Shahin Malik, Lloyd Pettiford (2013), World Politics: International Relations and Globalisation in the 21st Century, Routledge, ISBN 9781317862963, https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ_aAAAAQBAJ&dq=stateless+nation+tamils&pg=PT634
- ↑ Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)
- ↑ Xu, Song-shi (1939). "Cantonese is the old name of the pearl river". Chung Hwa Book Company.
- ↑ Xu, Song-shi (1949). "A study of the Thais, Chuangs, and the Cantonese people". Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
- ↑ "Afghanistan population: 30,419,928 (July 2012 est.) [Pashtun 42% = 12,776,369"]. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af®ionCode=sas&#af.
- ↑ Lewis, Paul M. (2009). "Pashto, Northern". SIL International. Dallas, Texas: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu. "Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries."
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Quam, Joel; Campbell, Scott (2020-08-31), "Political Geography" (in en), The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography (College of DuPage Digital Press), https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/, retrieved 2021-08-10
- ↑ "Translocations of Affirmation: Mediascapes and Cultural Flows among the Stateless Oromo". International Journal of Cultural Studies (SAGE Publications Ltd) 7 (3): 301–319. 1 September 2004. doi:10.1177/1367877904046304. ISSN 1367-8779.
- ↑ https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/
- ↑ "Benue-Congo languages". https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages.
- ↑ John A. Shoup III, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.237
- ↑ "A Historical Review of Igbo Nationalism in the Nigerian Political Space". Journal of African Union Studies (Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd) 6 (2/3): 47–77. December 2017. doi:10.31920/2050-4306/2017/v6n2_3a2. ISSN 2050-4292.
- ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.178
- ↑ "United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Terrorist Group of Assam". Satp.org. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/Ulfa.htm.
- ↑ "India's Treacherous Northeast". Yaleglobal.yale.edu. 26 September 2012. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/indias-treacherous-northeast.
- ↑ "Banned Organizations | Ministry of Home Affairs | GoI". https://mha.gov.in/node/91173.
- ↑ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
- ↑ The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) , the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7 April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam.
- ↑ On Statehood: Xinjiang Autonomy and Its Enemies, Brown University, 2018, https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2018/11/statehood-xinjiang-autonomy-enemies/, retrieved 9 April 2023
- ↑ The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/east-turkestan-islamic-movement-etim, retrieved 9 April 2023
- ↑ "About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association". https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs.
- ↑ Bhanoo, Sindya N. (2012-12-10). "Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html.
- ↑ Joseph Zajda, Karen Biraimah, William Gaudelli, Education and Social Inequality in the Global Culture 2008 p.59
- ↑ Hancock, Ian F. (2002) (in en). We are the Romani People. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70.
- ↑ Syed Farooq Hasnat, Pakistan 2011 p.82
- ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.402
- ↑ Undergrad (2014). "Hong Kong Nationalism". Hong Kong University Students' Union. ISBN 9789881363107.
- ↑ Leung, Hin-wah (2016). "Hong Kong independence". Hong Kong Academy of Professional Studies. ISBN 9789881483027.
- ↑ Tsui, Sing-yan (2017). "A national history of Hong Kong". Rive Gauche Publishing House. ISBN 9789869800662.
- ↑ "Mid-year population for 2023" (Press release). Census and Statistics Department. 15 August 2023.
- ↑ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.422
- ↑ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.352
- ↑ "Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España". 2 April 2015. https://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html.
- ↑ Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.1714
- ↑ "The Kabyle People". http://www.cna-sat.org/O1/index.php/the-kabyle-people.
- ↑ Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, International Migration in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004, p.267
- ↑ "UNPO: Assyria". https://unpo.org/members/7859.
- ↑ "UNPO: Assyria". http://www.unpo.org/article/7859.
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Jeffrey Cole, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.38
- ↑ Larry Clark. Turkmen Reference Grammar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998; p. 11. ISBN:9783447040198
- ↑ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.870
- ↑ "Aragonese in Spain". joshuaproject.net. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP.
- ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations
- ↑ "Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien". http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations, James Minahan, pg. 1661
- ↑ Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez (2011). Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition. Y Lolfa Cyf. pp. 70. ISBN 978-1847713797. https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70.
- ↑ "La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it". 11 January 2016. http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html.
- ↑ "The Amazing Ryukyu Culture". kcpwindowonjapan.com. 5 May 2016. http://www.kcpwindowonjapan.com/2016/05/the-amazing-ryukyu-culture/.
- ↑ "Iran". https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status.
- ↑ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.13
- ↑ Christopher Blomquist, A Primary Source Guide to Chile 2005 p.15
- ↑ James Stuart Olson, The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary 1996 p.183
- ↑ Pina Cabral; João de; Nelson Lourenço (1993). "Em Terra de Tufões: Dinâmicas da Etnicidade Macaense". Instituto Cultural de Macau. ISBN 978-9723501391.
- ↑ "Census 2011 – final results". http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30715&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJYwUAIQCAbFsBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=.
- ↑ "Statistics". http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf.
- ↑ "Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula". Reuters. 29 March 2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329.
- ↑ Mariano Aguirre, Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine in: Le Monde diplomatique, Novembre 1997
- ↑ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ↑ "Cham". 19 June 2015. https://minorityrights.org/minorities/cham/.
- ↑ The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010
- ↑ Sámi people (14 December 2015). "Sámi in Sweden". https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/.
- ↑ "Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы". http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php.
- ↑ Triandafyllidou, A.; Paraskevopoulou, A. (2002). "When is the Greek Nation? The Role of Enemies and Minorities". Geopolitics 7 (2): 75–98. doi:10.1080/714000936.
- ↑ McClure, J. Derrick; Szatek-Tudor, Karoline; Penna, Rosa E. (13 September 2010) (in en). "What Countrey's This? And Whither Are We Gone?": Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on the Literature of Region and Nation (Aberdeen University, 30th July – 2nd August 2008). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4438-2520-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ↑ McClimans, Alam and Melinda (2016). "Nation States and Stateless Nations" (in en). The Ohio State University. https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/#:~:text=The%20Jews%20were%20a%20stateless,member%20countries%20of%20the%20U.N..
- ↑ Zeitlin, Solomon (1936). "The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth". The Jewish Quarterly Review 26 (4): 343. doi:10.2307/1452094. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452094. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ↑ "Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity" (in en). Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-is-jewish-a-nationality-or-religion-israel-s-fierce-bitter-debate-about-identity-1.9408781.
- ↑ Connolly, Christopher (2013). "Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union". Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 24 (1): 51–105. ISSN 1053-6736. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/2/. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
Sources
- Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- Levinson, David, ed. (1998), Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, Phoenix, AZ: The Oryx Press, ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1, https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi
- Minahan, James, ed. (2002), Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, Westport: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-31617-3, http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx, retrieved 2008-07-30
- Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, ed. (2011), Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition, Ceredigion: Y Lolfa, ISBN 978-1-84771-379-7, https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse
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External links
- Map of European Stateless Nations, published by the advocacy group Eurominority
- United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities
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