Social:Stateless nation

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Short description: Ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state

A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state.[1] The term "stateless" implies that the group has the right to self-determination, to establish an independent nation with its own government.[2][3] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations . Nations without a state are classified as fourth-world nations.[4][5][6] Some stateless nations have a history of statehood, while some were always stateless.

The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.[7]

Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yoruba people found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China - which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.[8][9] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians that were once part of the multinational state of Yugoslavia and gained independence during the breakup of Yugoslavia).

Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.[10] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, and Kabyle in North Africa, the Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya, and Shan in Myanmar, the Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians, and Andalusians in Spain , and the Sardinians, Friulians, Ladins, Sicilians, Neapolitans, Ligurians, Piedmontese, Venetians and Lombards in Italy. [11]

Nation-states and nations without states

The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in Western Europe during the 18th century and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.[3] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states that are not considered "stateless nations".

Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[3]

Consequences of colonialism and imperialism

During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and being described as stateless nations thereafter.[12] Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak the same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony).[13] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[14][15][16][17] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and the exploitation of labor and natural resources.[18][19]

Nationalism and stateless nations

People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a nation through the awakening of national consciousness.[20] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[21] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in United Kingdom English nationalism, Scottish nationalism, and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[22] Nationalism is often connected to separatism because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.[23]

Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[24][25][26][27] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[28][29]

Unionism vs separatism

Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with unionism (such as Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Indonesian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,[30] British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, and Russian nationalism[citation needed][clarification needed]). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal.

Claims by stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status

The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles.

States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population.

People Flag Languages Language family[lower-alpha 1] Predominant religion Population Continent States Homeland[lower-alpha 2] Irredentist movement Notes
Tamils[31][32][33][34]
Bicolor flag of Tamil Eelam.svg

50px|border|center
 Tamil language Dravidian languages Hinduism (mostly Shaivism) 78,000,000 Asia India , Sri Lanka Tamil Nadu and Tamil Eelam Tamil nationalism, Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, Greater Tamil Nadu, Sri Lankan Civil War, TNRT, TNLA, LTTE, TGTE, Vaddukoddai Resolution Historically occupied Tamilakam, the Jaffna Kingdom and the Vanni chieftaincies. Seeks more regional autonomy for the Indian state of Tamil Nadu or form a sovereign nation as Dravida Nadu. Demand for autonomy in the Northern and Eastern Provinces or total secession from Sri Lanka.[35]
Cantonese[36][37]
Great Cantonia Flag.svg
 Cantonese Sino-Tibetan languages Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism) 68,000,000 Asia China Guangdong Cantonese nationalism Historically occupied the Nanyue kingdom.
Pashtuns
Flag of Pashtunistan.svg
 Pashto language Iranian languages Islam (Sunni, Shia) 42,000,000–50,000,000[38][39] Asia Pakistan , Afghanistan Pashtunistan Pashtun nationalism
Kurds[40]
Flag of Kurdistan.svg
 Kurdish languages, (originally) Arabic, Turkish, Persian (assimilation)
Oromo people[41]
Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg
 Oromo Cushitic languages Christian, Muslim, Waaqeffanna 41,693,650 [42] Africa Ethiopia, Kenya Oromia Oromo conflict
Yoruba people[40]
Oduduwa flag.jpg
 Yoruba language Volta-Congo languages Christianity, Islam, Yoruba religion 35,000,000[43][44] Africa Nigeria, Benin and Togo, Ghana Yorubaland Oodua Peoples Congress
Igbo people[45]
Flag of Biafra.svg
 Igbo, English Volta-Congo languages Christianity (primarily Roman Catholicism with significant Protestant minorities), Indigenous beliefs 30,000,000[46] Africa Nigeria (almost exclusively) Igboland Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Indigenous People of Biafra Attempted secession from Nigeria in 1967 sparked the Nigerian Civil war.
Occitan people [citation needed]
Flag of Occitania (with star).svg
 Occitan, French, Italian, Spanish Romance languages Roman Catholicism 16,000,000 Europe France , Monaco, Italy and Spain (Val d'Aran) Occitania Occitan nationalism (Occitan Party, Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Libertat) Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France .
Assamese people[47][48][49]
Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg
 Assamese language Indo-Aryan languages Hinduism 15,000,000[50] Asia India Assam Assam separatist movements, ULFA Insurgency in Northeast India Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of Assam or total secession from India .[51]
Uyghur people[52][53]
Kokbayraq flag.svg
 Uyghur language Turkic languages Sunni Islam 15,000,000[54] Asia China , Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan East Turkestan (Uyghuristan) Irredentism is politically fragmented (East Turkestan Liberation Organization, East Turkestan independence movement) Limited autonomy in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
Hazaras Flag of Hazaristan.svg Hazaragi dialect of Persian Language Iranian Languages Islam
mostly Shia		 10,000,000-14,000,000 Asia Afghanistan Hazaristan Persecution of Hazaras Hazara nationalism
Zulu people
Conjectural flag of Zululand (1884-1897) by Roberto Breschi taken from The South African Flag Book by A.P.Burgers.png
 Zulu language |Volta-Congo languages Christianity, Zulu religion 12,159,000 Africa South Africa , Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Eswatini KwaZulu-Natal Inkatha Freedom Party Limited autonomy in the KwaZulu-Natal region, which maintains a traditional Zulu king.
Romani people[55]
Flag of the Romani people.svg
 Romani language Indo-Aryan languages Christianity, Islam, Hinduism 12,000,000[56] Worldwide, mostly Eastern Europe and Americas Originally North India;[57]Romanistan (proposed country) The Romani people are a non-territorial nation.
Kongo people
Flag of Musikongo.svg
 Kongo language, Lingala, Portuguese, French Volta-Congo languages Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism), African Traditional Religion 10,000,000 Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola Kongo Kongo nationalism, Bundu dia Kongo Historically occupied the independent Kingdom of Kongo.
Baloch people
Flag of the Baloch People.svg
 Iranian languages Sunni Islam 10,000,000[58] Asia Pakistan , Iran, Afghanistan(homeland), UAE (diaspora) Balochistan Balochistan conflict, Baloch nationalism Seeks total independence from Pakistan.
Andalusians
Flag of Andalucía.svg
 Andalusian Spanish, English (in Gibraltar) |Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 9,500,000 Europe Spain , Gibraltar Andalusia Andalusian nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Romance languages Roman Catholicism, Agnosticism 8,500,000[59] Europe Spain , Italy, Andorra and France Catalan Countries Catalan independence movement, Catalan nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 8,215,000 America Canada Quebec Quebec sovereignty movement, Quebec nationalism The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers.
Mon people
Flag of the Mon National Party.svg
 Mon language |Monic languages Buddhism 8,145,500 Asia Myanmar, Thailand Mon State Mon Nationalism, Mon National Party, All Mon Region Democracy Party Historically occupied the Mon kingdoms.
Hongkongers[60][61][62]
Flag of Hong Kong (1959–1997).svg
 Hong Kong Cantonese, Hong Kong English Sino-Tibetan languages Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism), Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Islam 7,498,100[63] Asia China Hong Kong Hong Kong independence movement Limited autonomy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Karen people
Flag of the Karen National Union.svg
 S'gaw Karen language Karenic languages Christianity, Theravada Buddhism 7,000,000 Asia Myanmar, Thailand Kawthoolei Karen nationalism, Karen National Union, Karen National Liberation Army
Maya peoples
Maya flag.svg
 Mayan languages |Mayan languages Christianity (Catholicism), Maya religion 7,000,000 America Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador Mesoamerica Pan-Maya movement, Rigoberta Menchú, Zapatista Army of National Liberation Historically occupied the Maya civilization.
Tibetan people [citation needed]
Flag of Tibet.svg
 Tibetan language, Chinese language Sino-Tibetan languages Buddhism 7,000,000[64] Asia China , India , Nepal Tibet Tibetan independence movement Limited autonomy in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Historically occupied the Tibetan Empire.
Riffian people [citation needed]
Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg
 Riffian language, Arabic Afroasiatic Islam 6,000,000[65] Africa Morocco and Spain Rif Rif War, Rif Republic 95% of the land is controlled by Morocco with the rest being controlled by the Spanish territories of Ceuta and Melilla as autonomous cities.
Shan people
Flag of the Shan State.svg
 Shan language, Thai Kra-Dai Buddhism 6,000,000 Asia Myanmar Shan State Shan State Army, Declaration of independence in 2005; see also Hso Khan Pha Historically occupied the Shan states.
Kashmiri people [citation needed]
Kashmir independent.svg
 Kashmiri language Indo-Aryan languages Islam 5,600,000 Asia India , Pakistan and China Kashmir Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Administered by India (Kashmir Valley, Jammu, Ladakh), Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan) and China (Aksai Chin).
Valencians
Flag of the Land of Valencia (official).svg
 Catalan, Spanish Romance languages Roman Catholicism[66] 5,111,706 Europe Spain Valencian Community Valencian nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Moro people
Flag of Bangsamoro.svg
 Filipino language, other Philippine languages | Islam 5,100,000 Asia Philippines Muslim Mindanao Moro autonomy The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region with the adoption of the Bangsamoro Organic Law.
Circassians
Flag of Adygea.svg
 Circassian language, Russian Circassian languages Islam 5,000,000 Europe Russia Circassia Russo-Circassian War, Circassian nationalism 95–97% of Circassians were killed or exiled by Russia during the Circassian genocide.[67]
Venetian people[citation needed]
Flag of Veneto.svg
 Venetian language Romance languages Catholicism 5,000,000 (est.) Europe Italy Veneto Venetian nationalism Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Historically occupied the independent Republic of Venice.
Sicilian people[68]
Sicilian Flag.svg
 Sicilian, Italian, Gallo-Italic of Sicily, Arbëresh Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 5,000,000 (only Sicily) Europe Italy Sicily Sicilian nationalism, Sicilian Action Movement Regional autonomy in Sicily.
Bretons
Flag of Brittany (Gwenn ha du).svg
 Breton, Gallo, French, Celtic languages Roman Catholicism 4,800,000 Europe France Brittany Breton nationalism Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France .
Hmong people
Hmong Flag (UNPO).svg
 Hmong language | Hmong-Mien Languages Animism 4,000,000 Asia Laos, China , Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand Hmong ChaoFa Federated State Insurgency in Laos
Kabyle people
Flag-kabyle.svg
 Berber languages Islam 4,000,000[69] Africa Algeria Kabylia Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie, Provisional Government of Kabylia
Rohingya people [citation needed]
Rohingya flag.svg
 Rohingya language Islam 3,600,000 Asia Myanmar Rohang State Rohingya conflict The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government.[70]
Afrikaners
Afrikaner Vryheidsvlag.svg
 Afrikaans | Christianity (mainly Protestantism) 3,500,000 Africa South Africa and Namibia Western Cape,

Volkstaat

Afrikaner Nationalism, Freedom Front, Cape independence, Cape Independence Party Afrikaners are historically an ethno-racial group (although some today deracialize the identity to include Afrikaans-speaking Coloured people). Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. Historically occupied the Dutch Cape colony but did expand elsewhere into the once independent Boer republics.
Assyrians[71]
Flag of Assyria.svg
 Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Turoyo, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic Semitic languages Christianity (Chaldean Catholicism Syriac Christianity) 3,300,000[72] Asia Syria, Iraq, Iran and Turkey Assyria, Beth Nahrain (Mesopotamia) Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian independence movement Historically occupied the Assyrian empire.
Basque people[73]
Flag of the Basque Country.svg
 Basque, French, Spanish Language isolate Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 3,000,000[74] Europe France and Spain Basque Country Basque nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Iraqi Turkmen people [citation needed]
Flag of Iraq Turkmen FrontVEC.svg
 Turkish language, Azerbaijani language Islam 3,000,000 Asia Iraq Turkmeneli Iraqi Turkmen Front Not to be confused with Syrian Turkmen of Latakia or Central Asian Turkmens of Turkmenistan who share only their ethnonym.[75]
Welsh people[73]
Flag of Wales 2.svg
 Welsh, English Celtic languages Christianity (Protestantism, Catholic minority) 3,000,000 Europe United Kingdom Wales Welsh independence, Welsh nationalism, Meibion Glyndŵr, Plaid Cymru Regional autonomy in Wales. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed, Seisyllwg, Morgannwg, and Gwent).
Galician people[73]
Flag of Galicia.svg
 Galician language, Spanish Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 2,800,000 Europe Spain Galicia Galician nationalism and Galician Regionalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Galicia.
Kachin people
Kachin Independence Army flag.svg
 Jingpo, Zaiwa, Maru, Lashi, Azi Buddhism, Christianity, Animism 2,750,000 (2002)[76] Asia Myanmar Kachin State Kachin Independence Army, Kachin Independence Organisation, Kachin conflict The tribes of Kachin Hills form the Kachin Nation.
Aragonese people [citation needed]
Flag of Aragon.svg
 Aragonese language, Spanish Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 2,278,000 (Spain only)[77] Europe Spain Aragon Aragonese nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Aragon.
Meitei people
Flag of Kangleipak.svg
 Meitei language | Sino-Tibetan languages Hinduism 2,500,000 Asia India Imphal Valley, Manipur UNLF, PLA, Insurgency in Manipur, Anglo-Manipur War Historically occupied the Kingdom of Manipur.
Chechen people [citation needed]
Flag of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.svg
 Chechen language, Russian Islam 2,000,000 Europe Russia Chechnya Chechen insurgency, Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Regional autonomy in Chechnya.
Naga people
Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg
 Christianity 2,000,000 Asia India Nagaland Naga National Council, Insurgency in Northeast India Seeks greater regional autonomy or complete separatation from India.
Pastusos [es][78]
Flag of San Juan de Pasto.svg
 Andean Spanish Romance languages Roman Catholicism 1,700,000-1,900,000 America Colombia and Ecuador Decimistas Loyal to Spanish Monarchy during Colombian War of Independence; it annexed to Ecuador in 1830-1832 and 1840. It tried to establish a federal state in late 19th Century.
Sardinian people[79][80][81][82]
Bandera nacionalista sarda.svg
 Sardinian, Corso-Sardinian, Italian, Catalan, Ligurian Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 1,661,521 Europe Italy Sardinia Sardinian nationalism National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Italy.
Ryukyuan people [citation needed]
Flag of Ryukyu.svg
 Ryukyuan, Japanese Buddhism 1,600,000[83] Asia Japan Ryukyu Islands Ryukyu independence movement Historically occupied the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Frisians
Flag of Frisia.svg
 Frisian, Dutch, German, Danish Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism) 1,500,000 Europe Netherlands, Denmark , and Germany Frisia Frisian National Party, Groep fan Auwerk The creation of a new Frisian state. Historically occupied the Frisian Kingdom.
Semitic languages Shia Islam 1,320,000[84] Asia Iran Al Ahwaz Arab separatism in Khuzestan Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation.[85] Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from Iran.
Friulian people[citation needed]
Bandiere dal Friûl.svg
 Friulian Romance languages Catholicism 2,000,000 (est.) Europe Italy Friuli Friuli Movement Friuli is an autonomous region of Italy, but there are also other views as to what status it should have.
Tuareg people
MNLA flag.svg
 Islam 1,200,000 Africa Mali and Niger Azawad National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Tuareg rebellion (2012), Northern Mali conflict National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali.
Mapuche
Flag of the Mapuches.svg
 Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 1,000,000[86] America Argentina and Chile Wallmapu Mapuche conflict
Asturian people [citation needed]
Flag of Asturias.svg
50px|border|center		 Asturian language, Spanish Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 1,925,000 (2020) Europe Spain and Portugal Asturias Asturian nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Lezgins
Lezgian flag.svg
 Islam 800,000+ Europe Russia , Azerbaijan Lezgistan Lezgin Nationalism Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and Dagestan (Russia).
Fur people
Flag of Darfur.svg
 Fur, Arabic | Islam 800,000[87] Africa Sudan Dafur War in Darfur, SLM/A Historically occupied the Sultanate of Darfur.
Māori people
Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag.svg
 Christianity with native 750,000 Oceania New Zealand New Zealand Māori protest movement
Macanese[88]
Flag of the Government of Portuguese Macau (1976–1999).svg
 Macanese Cantonese, Macanese Portuguese Sino-Tibetan languages Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism) 678,800 Asia China Macau Macau independence movement Limited autonomy in the Macau Special Administrative Region.
Karakalpaks
Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg
 Karakalpak language | Islam 620,000 Asia Uzbekistan Karakalpakstan Karakalpak Nationalism Regional autonomy in Karakalpakstan.
Hawaiian people [citation needed]
Flag of Hawaii.svg
 Hawaiian language Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism) with native 527,000 Oceania United States Hawaii Hawaiian sovereignty movement Historically occupied the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Moravians
Banner of arms of Moravia.svg
 Czech (Moravian), Slovak Traditionally Roman Catholicism presently Irreligion 525,000[89][90] Europe Czech Republic and Slovakia Moravia Moravians Historically occupied Great Moravia.
Ogoni people
Flag of the Ogoni people.svg
 Christianity with native 500,000 Africa Nigeria Ogoniland Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
Crimean Tatars [citation needed]
Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg
 Crimean Tatar, Russian, Ukrainian Islam 500,000 Europe Ukraine Crimea Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
Tatars in Republic of Crimea
Deportation of the Crimean Tatars		 Previously an autonomous republic within Ukraine, after being invaded and annexed by Russia in 2014. The Crimean Tatars are currently seeking autonomy.[91]
Sahrawi people[92]
Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg
 Hassaniya Arabic (native), Berber languages (native), Modern Standard Arabic (written only), and Spanish (lingua franca) Islam (Sunni Islam (Maliki), Sufism) 500,000[93] Africa Morocco, Algeria, Mauretania Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict, Polisario Front, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Partially controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and partially occupied by Morocco.
Chams
Bandera Front Alliberament Cham.svg
 Cham language | Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism 400,000 Asia Vietnam South Central Coast United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, Cham rights movement[94] Historically occupied the Kingdom of Champa. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government their indigeneity to the region.
Corsican people [citation needed]
Flag of Corsica.svg
 Corsican, French, Ligurian, Italian Romance languages Christianity (Roman Catholicism 322,120 Europe France Corsica Corsica Libera Territorial collectivity in France.
Navajo
Navajo flag.svg
 Navajo Traditional, Christianity (principally Roman Catholicism) 300,460 America United States Navajo Nation Navajo Wars Regional autonomy on the Navajo Nation.
Lakota people
Pine Ridge Flag.svg
 Lakota, English | Christianity with native 170,000[95] America United States Lakotah Sioux Wars, Lakota Freedom Movement Live on several autonomous Native American reservations.
Sami people
Sami flag.svg
 Sami languages, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Russian | Christianity (principally Lutheran), Animism 80,000 (est.)[96] Europe Finland , Norway , Russia and Sweden Sapmi Sámi politics Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden, and Finland but Sami groups usually seek more territorial autonomy.
Inuit
Flag of Inuit people.jpg
 Inuit languages, Danish, English, Russian Christianity with native 135,991 America Inuit Nunangat Greenland Referendum Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark.
Yupik peoples
Flag of Alaska.svg
 Yupik languages, English, Russian Christianity with native 35,567 (est.) Asia and America Russia and the United States Siberia and Alaska Calista Corporation, Bristol Bay Native Corporation
Pamiris
Flag of the Pamiris.svg
 Pamir languages | Islam 135,000[97] Asia Tajikistan Badakhshan Pamiri nationalism, Lali Badakhshan party, Tajikistani Civil War Regional autonomy in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
Faroese people [citation needed]
Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg
 Faroese language, Danish Christianity (principally Lutheran) 66,000 Europe Denmark Faroe Islands Faroese independence movement Regional autonomy in Faroe Islands.
Sorbs [citation needed]
Flag of Sorbs.svg
 Sorbian language, German Christianity (Roman Catholicism) 60,000–70,000 (est.) Europe Germany Lusatia Domowina Divided into Upper Sorbs and Lower Sorbs.
Scanians
Skånska flaggan.svg
 Skånska, Svenska, Danska Germanic languages Lutheran Christians 100,000 Europe Sweden Skåneland Skånepartiet Was an autonomous part of Danmark until 1658 when it became part of Sweden after the treaty of Roskilde.
Raizals
Flag of Raizal nationalists.svg
 San Andrés–Providencia Creole, English Germanic languages Christianity (Baptism) 30,000 America Colombia Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina

Formerly stateless nations

Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence,[98] Irish people before the Irish War of Independence, and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War.[99]

Some would include the Jews until the 1948 Israeli declaration of independence,[100] however whether Jews constitute a single nation is debated.[101][102]

During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.[103]

See also


Notes

  1. ↑ Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content.
  2. ↑ Proposed or historical homeland desired.

References

  1. ↑ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
  2. ↑ Osborne, Louise; Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", in Karl Cordell; Stefan Wolff, The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN 9781317518921, https://books.google.com/books?id=64JwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 
  4. ↑ David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
  5. ↑ Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective, Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.
  6. ↑ Language in Geographic Context, Colin H. Williams, 39p.
  7. ↑ Verdugo, Richard R.; Milne, Andrew (1 June 2016). National Identity: Theory and Research. IAP. p. 85. ISBN 9781681235257. https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85. Retrieved 1 January 2022. 
  8. ↑ Clark, Gregory, In fear of China, 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."
  9. ↑ "The Legal Status of Tibet". Cultural Survival. http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet. 
  10. ↑ "Who are the Kurds?". TRT World. https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915. 
  11. ↑ Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, pp. 59–60, 79–80, 366–367
  12. ↑ Redie Bereketeab, Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State
  13. ↑ Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow
  14. ↑ Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006), Hans Gullestrup, 130p.
  15. ↑ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004), Port Harcourt, p.272
  16. ↑ Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943 (2013), H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V
  17. ↑ Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009), Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff
  18. ↑ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict
  19. ↑ Bruce E. Johansen, Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples
  20. ↑ George W. White, Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
  21. ↑ Understanding National Identity by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22
  22. ↑ Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860 by Graeme Morton, 1999
  23. ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
  24. ↑ Nationalism and Globalisation (2015), Stephen Tierney
  25. ↑ The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.
  26. ↑ Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.
  27. ↑ "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens". saisjournal.org. http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization. 
  28. ↑ The delegates were linked with the Scottish group 'SNP Friends of Catalonia', which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement". commonspace.scot. https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement. 
  29. ↑ The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. "EFA brings stateless nations even closer". European Free Alliance. http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75. 
  30. ↑ Ian Adams, Political Ideology Today p.73
  31. ↑ India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.
  32. ↑ Governance and Multiculturalism: The White Elephant of Social Construction, Catherine Koerner, Soma Pillay, p.44.
  33. ↑ David Brog (2017), Reclaiming Israel's History: Roots, Rights, and the Struggle for Peace, Regnery Publishing, ISBN 9781621576099, https://books.google.com/books?id=WxYbDgAAQBAJ&q=tamils&pg=PT8 
  34. ↑ Jeffrey Haynes, Peter Hough, Shahin Malik, Lloyd Pettiford (2013), World Politics: International Relations and Globalisation in the 21st Century, Routledge, ISBN 9781317862963, https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ_aAAAAQBAJ&dq=stateless+nation+tamils&pg=PT634 
  35. ↑ Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)
  36. ↑ Xu, Song-shi (1939). "Cantonese is the old name of the pearl river". Chung Hwa Book Company. 
  37. ↑ Xu, Song-shi (1949). "A study of the Thais, Chuangs, and the Cantonese people". Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 
  38. ↑ "Afghanistan population: 30,419,928 (July 2012 est.) [Pashtun 42% = 12,776,369"]. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af. 
  39. ↑ Lewis, Paul M. (2009). "Pashto, Northern". SIL International. Dallas, Texas: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu. "Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries." 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Quam, Joel; Campbell, Scott (2020-08-31), "Political Geography" (in en), The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography (College of DuPage Digital Press), https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/, retrieved 2021-08-10 
  41. ↑ "Translocations of Affirmation: Mediascapes and Cultural Flows among the Stateless Oromo". International Journal of Cultural Studies (SAGE Publications Ltd) 7 (3): 301–319. 1 September 2004. doi:10.1177/1367877904046304. ISSN 1367-8779. 
  42. ↑ https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/
  43. ↑ "Benue-Congo languages". https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages. 
  44. ↑ John A. Shoup III, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.237
  45. ↑ "A Historical Review of Igbo Nationalism in the Nigerian Political Space". Journal of African Union Studies (Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd) 6 (2/3): 47–77. December 2017. doi:10.31920/2050-4306/2017/v6n2_3a2. ISSN 2050-4292. 
  46. ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.178
  47. ↑ "United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Terrorist Group of Assam". Satp.org. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/Ulfa.htm. 
  48. ↑ "India's Treacherous Northeast". Yaleglobal.yale.edu. 26 September 2012. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/indias-treacherous-northeast. 
  49. ↑ "Banned Organizations | Ministry of Home Affairs | GoI". https://mha.gov.in/node/91173. 
  50. ↑ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
  51. ↑ The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) , the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7 April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam.
  52. ↑ On Statehood: Xinjiang Autonomy and Its Enemies, Brown University, 2018, https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2018/11/statehood-xinjiang-autonomy-enemies/, retrieved 9 April 2023 
  53. ↑ The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/east-turkestan-islamic-movement-etim, retrieved 9 April 2023 
  54. ↑ "About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association". https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs. 
  55. ↑ Bhanoo, Sindya N. (2012-12-10). "Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html. 
  56. ↑ Joseph Zajda, Karen Biraimah, William Gaudelli, Education and Social Inequality in the Global Culture 2008 p.59
  57. ↑ Hancock, Ian F. (2002) (in en). We are the Romani People. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70. 
  58. ↑ Syed Farooq Hasnat, Pakistan 2011 p.82
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  60. ↑ Undergrad (2014). "Hong Kong Nationalism". Hong Kong University Students' Union. ISBN 9789881363107. 
  61. ↑ Leung, Hin-wah (2016). "Hong Kong independence". Hong Kong Academy of Professional Studies. ISBN 9789881483027. 
  62. ↑ Tsui, Sing-yan (2017). "A national history of Hong Kong". Rive Gauche Publishing House. ISBN 9789869800662. 
  63. ↑ "Mid-year population for 2023" (Press release). Census and Statistics Department. 15 August 2023.
  64. ↑ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.422
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  66. ↑ "Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España". 2 April 2015. https://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html. 
  67. ↑ Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC. Retrieved 12 August 2021. 
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  69. ↑ "The Kabyle People". http://www.cna-sat.org/O1/index.php/the-kabyle-people. 
  70. ↑ Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, International Migration in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004, p.267
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  72. ↑ "UNPO: Assyria". http://www.unpo.org/article/7859. 
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  75. ↑ Larry Clark. Turkmen Reference Grammar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998; p. 11. ISBN:9783447040198
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  77. ↑ "Aragonese in Spain". joshuaproject.net. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP. 
  78. ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations
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  84. ↑ "Iran". https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status. 
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