Astronomy:Artemis 3

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Short description: Third orbital flight of the Artemis program
Artemis 3
Artemis III Mission profile 2025.jpg
Summary of the Artemis 3 mission plan
NamesExploration Mission-3 (2017–2019)
Mission typeCrewed lunar landing
OperatorNASA
Mission duration~30 days[1]
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftOrion 004
Starship HLS
Manufacturer
Start of mission
Launch dateSeptember 2026 (planned)[4]
RocketSLS Block 1 (Orion)[5]
Launch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39B
ContractorNASA
End of mission
Landing sitePacific Ocean (planned)
Moon lander
Landing siteSouth polar region
 

Artemis 3 (officially Artemis III)[6] is planned to be the first crewed Moon landing mission of the Artemis program and the first crewed flight of the Starship HLS lander.[7] Artemis 3 is planned to be the second crewed Artemis mission and the first American crewed lunar landing since Apollo 17 in December 1972.[8] In December 2023, the Government Accountability Office reported that the mission is not likely to occur before 2027;[9] as of January 2024, NASA officially expects Artemis 3 to launch no earlier than September 2026.[4]

In August 2023, due to delays in the development of Starship, NASA officials expressed an openness to flying Artemis 3 without a crewed landing.[10][11] In this case, the mission may become a crewed visit to the Lunar Gateway.[12]

Overview

The goal of Artemis 3 is to land a crew at the Moon's south polar region.[13] The mission would see two astronauts land on the surface of the Moon for a stay of about one week.[14] It is also intended to be the first mission to land a woman and a person of color on the Moon.[15][16] While up to four astronauts would launch aboard Orion, only two would land on the surface aboard Starship HLS, with the others remaining aboard Orion. The two astronauts will conduct up to four spacewalks on the Moon's surface, performing a variety of scientific observations, including sampling water ice. Before the Artemis 3 landing, some additional equipment will be pre-positioned on the surface, including an unpressurized rover for astronauts to use during their lunar excursions. This rover will have the capability to be controlled remotely. Several permanently shadowed regions could be reached by short forays of 5 to 15 km (3.1 to 9.3 mi), well within the range of the rover.[17]

Crew

Prime crew
Position Astronaut
Commander TBA, NASA
TBA spaceflight
Pilot TBA, NASA
TBA spaceflight
Payload Specialist TBA, NASA
TBA spaceflight
Mission Specialist TBA, NASA
TBA spaceflight

Spacecraft

Space Launch System

Main page: Astronomy:Space Launch System

The Space Launch System is a super-heavy-lift launcher used to launch the Orion spacecraft from Earth to a trans-lunar orbit. This will be the final mission using SLS Block 1, the design used for the first three missions. Afterward, from Artemis 4 until Artemis 8, missions will use SLS Block 1B, with a more capable Exploration Upper Stage, and a cargo hold to transport other payloads.

Orion

Main page: Engineering:Orion (spacecraft)

Orion is the crew transport vehicle used by all Artemis missions. It will transport the crew from Earth to lunar orbit, dock with Starship HLS, and return the crew back to Earth.

Starship HLS, depot, and tankers

Main page: Engineering:Starship HLS
Artemis 3 concept of operations

After a multi-phase design effort, on 16 April 2021, NASA selected SpaceX to develop Starship HLS and deliver it to near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) prior to arrival of the crew for use on the Artemis 3 mission. The delivery requires that Starship HLS be refueled in Earth orbit before boosting to the NRHO, and this refueling requires a pre-positioned propellant depot in Earth orbit that is filled by multiple (at least 14[18]) tanker flights.[19] Two astronauts will transfer from Orion to Starship HLS, which will descend to the lunar surface and sustain them for several days before returning them to Orion. Following the return of the astronauts, Starship HLS will be disposed of by sending it into heliocentric orbit.[20]

Development

Upon the December 2017 ratification of the Trump administration's Space Policy Directive 1, a crewed lunar campaign – later known as the Artemis program – utilising the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) and a space station in lunar orbit was established. Originally billed as Exploration Mission-3 (EM-3), the goal of the mission was to send four astronauts into a near-rectilinear halo orbit around the Moon and deliver the ESPRIT and U.S. Utilization Module to the lunar space station, known as the Gateway.[21] By May 2019 however, ESPRIT and the U.S. Utilization Module – now called HALO – were re-manifested to fly separately on a commercial launch vehicle instead. Artemis 3, as it was now billed, was repurposed to accelerate the first crewed lunar landing of the Artemis program by the end of 2024, with a profile that would've seen the Orion MPCV rendezvous with a minimal Gateway made up of only the Power and Propulsion Element and a small habitat/docking node with an attached commercially-procured lunar lander known as the Human Landing System (HLS).[22]

By early 2020, plans for Orion and the HLS to rendezvous with the Gateway were abandoned in favour of direct docking of Orion and HLS, and delivery of the Gateway after Artemis 3.[23][24]

On 10 August 2021, an Office of Inspector General audit reported a conclusion that the spacesuits would not be ready until April 2025 at the earliest, likely delaying the mission from the planned late 2024 launch date.[25] Prada, alongside Axiom Space, will help design the space suits.[26]

On 9 November 2021, the Administrator of NASA Bill Nelson confirmed that Artemis 3 will take place no earlier than 2025.[27]

In June 2023, Jim Free, NASA's associate administrator for exploration systems development, said that launch would "probably" be no earlier than 2026.[28][29] Later in December 2023, the GAO reported the mission was unlikely to occur before 2027.[9]

In January 2024, NASA officially delayed Artemis 3 to no earlier than September 2026.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (22 September 2017). "SLS EM-1 and EM-2 launch dates realign; EM-3 gains notional mission outline". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/09/sls-em-1-em-3-notional-mission-outline/. 
  2. ↑ Berger, Eric (16 April 2021). "NASA selects SpaceX as its sole provider for a lunar lander - "We looked at what's the best value to the government".". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/04/nasa-selects-spacex-as-its-sole-provider-for-a-lunar-lander/. 
  3. ↑ Brown, Katherine (2021-04-16). "As Artemis Moves Forward, NASA Picks SpaceX to Land Next Americans on Moon". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/as-artemis-moves-forward-nasa-picks-spacex-to-land-next-americans-on-moon.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Foust, Jeff (9 January 2024). "NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/. 
  5. ↑ Loff, Sarah (16 October 2019). "NASA Commits to Future Artemis Missions With More SLS Rocket Stages". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-commits-to-future-artemis-missions-with-more-sls-rocket-stages.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ↑ Artemis : brand book (Report). Washington, D.C.: NASA. 2019. NP-2019-07-2735-HQ. "MISSION NAMING CONVENTION. While Apollo mission patches used numbers and roman numerals throughout the program, Artemis mission names will use a roman numeral convention." 
  7. ↑ Potter, Sean (2022-03-23). "NASA Provides Update to Astronaut Moon Lander Plans Under Artemis". http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-provides-update-to-astronaut-moon-lander-plans-under-artemis. 
  8. ↑ Foust, Jeff (13 March 2023). "NASA planning to spend up to $1 billion on space station deorbit module". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-planning-to-spend-up-to-1-billion-on-space-station-deorbit-module/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Foust, Jeff (2023-12-01). "GAO report warns Artemis 3 landing may be delayed to 2027" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/gao-report-warns-artemis-3-landing-may-be-delayed-to-2027/. 
  10. ↑ "NASA may delay crewed lunar landing beyond Artemis 3 mission". https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/nasa-may-delay-crewed-lunar-landing-beyond-artemis-3-mission-3686686. 
  11. ↑ "NASA Acknowledges Challenges In Artemis III Schedule". https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/space/nasa-acknowledges-challenges-artemis-iii-schedule. 
  12. ↑ @SciGuySpace. "There has been chatter for awhile that, if there are HLS and/or spacesuit delays, Artemis III could turn into a humans-to-Gateway mission. Gateway being ready, of course, is no slam-dunk either.". https://twitter.com/SciGuySpace/status/1688983014292746240.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  13. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (25 May 2019). "For Artemis Mission to Moon, NASA Seeks to Add Billions to Budget". https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/science/trump-nasa-moon-mars.html. "Under the NASA plan, a mission to land on the Moon would take place during the third launch of the Space Launch System. Astronauts, including the first woman to walk on the Moon, Jim Bridenstine said, would first stop at the orbiting lunar outpost. They would then take a lander to the surface near its south pole, where frozen water exists within the craters." 
  14. ↑ Foust, Jeff (21 July 2019). "NASA outlines plans for lunar lander development through commercial partnerships". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-outlines-plans-for-lunar-lander-development-through-commercial-partnerships/. 
  15. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (August 18, 2022). "NASA's Artemis 3 mission: Landing humans on the moon". https://www.space.com/artemis-3-moon-landing-mission. 
  16. ↑ "NASA unveils schedule for 'Artemis' 2024 Moon mission". France24. 23 May 2019. https://www.france24.com/en/20190523-nasa-unveils-schedule-artemis-2024-moon-mission. 
  17. ↑ Berger, Eric (29 October 2019). "NASA shares details of lunar surface missions—and they're pretty cool". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/10/nasa-shares-details-of-lunar-surface-missions-and-theyre-pretty-cool/. 
  18. ↑ "At Least 15 Starship Launches Needed to Execute Artemis III Lunar Landing" (in en-US). https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/at-least-15-starship-launches-to-execute-artemis-iii-lunar-landing/. 
  19. ↑ Chojnacki, Kent. "Human Landing System". NASA. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20220003725/downloads/22%203%207%20Kent%20IEEE%20paper.pdf. 
  20. ↑ Foust, Jeff [@jeff_foust] (31 October 2022). "Kirasich: no plans to reuse the Starship for the Artemis 3 landing. Will dispose of it by putting it on heliocentric orbit.". https://twitter.com/jeff_foust/status/1587098687716597762. 
  21. ↑ Sloss, Philip (4 December 2017). "NASA evaluates EM-2 launch options for Deep Space Gateway PPE". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/12/nasa-evaluates-em-2-launch-of-space-gateways-ppe/. 
  22. ↑ Grush, Loren (17 May 2019). "NASA administrator on new Moon plan: "We're doing this in a way that's never been done before"". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/17/18627839/nasa-administrator-jim-bridenstine-artemis-moon-program-budget-amendment. 
  23. ↑ Gohd, Chelsea (16 March 2020). "NASA's "critical path" to the Moon no longer requires a lunar Gateway: Report". Space.com. https://www.space.com/nasa-remove-lunar-gateway-artemis-critical-path.html. "NASA has removed the Lunar Gateway from its "critical path" to return humans to the Moon by 2024, according to a SpaceNews report." 
  24. ↑ Foust, Jeff (14 May 2020). "NASA refines plans for launching Gateway and other Artemis elements". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-refines-plans-for-launching-gateway-and-other-artemis-elements/. "... Loverro reiterated previous statements that the Gateway will not be used for the Artemis 3 mission that will attempt to land humans on the Moon to "make that mission have a higher probability of success"" 
  25. ↑ "NASA's development of next-generation spacesuits". 10 August 2021. https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-21-025.pdf. "... the suits would not be ready for flight until April 2025 at the earliest ... a lunar landing in late 2024 as NASA currently plans is not feasible." 
  26. ↑ "Prada to design Nasa's new Moon suit" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2023-10-05. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67022619. 
  27. ↑ Foust, Jeff (9 November 2021). "NASA delays human lunar landing to at least 2025". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-human-lunar-landing-to-at-least-2025/. 
  28. ↑ "NASA concerned Starship problems will delay Artemis 3". 8 June 2023. https://spacenews.com/nasa-concerned-starship-problems-will-delay-artemis-3/#:~:text=WASHINGTON%20—%20NASA%20has%20growing%20concerns,to%20get%20the%20vehicle%20ready. 
  29. ↑ "SpaceX Starship problems likely to delay Artemis 3 moon mission to 2026, NASA says". 9 June 2023. https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-problems-delay-artemis-3-2026#. 

External links



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