Astronomy:IM-1

From HandWiki
IM-1
Odysseus
IM-1 (Odysseus) in preparation for launch
NamesTO2-IM[1]
CLPS-2[2]
Mission typeLunar landing
OperatorIntuitive Machines
Mission duration14 days[3]
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftOdysseus
Spacecraft typeNova-C
ManufacturerIntuitive Machines
Launch mass1,900 kg (4,200 lb)
Start of mission
Launch dateFebruary 15, 2024, 06:05:37 (2024-02-15UTC06:05:37Z) UTC (1:05:37 am EST)
RocketFalcon 9 Block 5 (B1060‑18), Flight 299
Launch siteKennedy, LC-39A
End of mission
DeclaredMarch 23, 2024 (2024-03-24)[4]
Last contactFebruary 29, 2024 (2024-03-01)[3]
Lunar lander
Landing dateFebruary 22, 2024, 23:23:53 UTC
Landing siteMalapert A ( [ ⚑ ] 80°08′S 1°26′E / 80.13°S 1.44°E / -80.13; 1.44)[5]

IM-1 mission insignia
Motto: ADTIGO PLANITIA LUNAE
(I touch the plains of the Moon)  
← Peregrine M1
Blue Ghost M1 →

IM-1 was a robotic Moon landing mission conducted by Intuitive Machines (IM) in February 2024 using a Nova-C lunar lander. After contact with the lunar surface on February 22 the lander tipped to an unplanned 30 degree angle. All instrument payloads remained functional and the mission was deemed a success.[6] IM-1 was the first commercial mission to successfully soft-land on the Moon.[7][8] NASA provided funding support for the mission through the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program. The lander, named Odysseus, carried six NASA-developed payloads and several others from commercial and educational customers. On February 29, Odysseus lost power and shut down with the start of the lunar night.[3]

IM-1 was the first soft lunar landing by a private company[9][10] and Odysseus was the first American-made spacecraft to soft-land on the Moon since Apollo 17 in 1972. Steve Altemus, CEO of IM, says Nova-C is the first spacecraft to use liquid methane and liquid oxygen (methalox) propulsion beyond low-Earth orbit, and also the first methalox spacecraft to land on an off-world celestial body.[11]

Background and selection

In December 2017, Space Policy Directive 1 signaled an intention to return astronauts to the Moon.[12] Excerpts from NASA documents obtained by The New York Times suggested the agency would prioritize the private spaceflight sector.[13][14] In November 2018, NASA announced the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program, selecting nine companies to deploy payloads for the agency.[15] In May 2019, NASA announced that Astrobotic Technology, Intuitive Machines, and Orbit Beyond would develop lunar landers, awarding Intuitive Machines US$77 million.[16] Intuitive Machines was paid US$118 million to develop the Odysseus lunar lander used in the IM-1 mission.

The IM-1 mission in February 2024 followed the Peregrine mission by Astrobotic Technology, which launched in January 2024.[17][18] The Peregrine landing at Gruithuisen Domes was abandoned when a propellant leak was observed after launch, and the spacecraft was guided to re-enter Earth's atmosphere.[19]

Mission hardware

Artist conception of the planned upright landed IM-1
Main article: Engineering:Intuitive Machines Nova-C

Odysseus was equipped with six instruments developed by NASA, including a laser retroreflector array, a lidar navigation device, a stereo camera, a low-frequency radio receiver, the Lunar Node-1 beacon, and an instrument to monitor propellant levels. Additionally, a camera built by students at Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, a planned Moon telescope, and a Jeff Koons art project were also on board.[20] In total the payloads comprise six NASA scientific instruments and six commercial instruments (five of the latter being scientific and one cultural).[21]

Odysseus landed at the Malapert-A crater and stayed active there for about a week, before the Sun sets at the landing site.[22] The Odysseus lander is not designed to survive the lunar night, which lasts about two weeks.[23]

The lander has a chip with works of 200 artists, including works of Pablo Picasso, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Jeff Koons and Bram Reijnders.[24][25] The lander carries the sculpture Moon Phases by Jeff Koons within its payload. This is the first sculpture installation to reach the Moon since Paul Van Hoeydonck's Fallen Astronaut sculpture was placed on the Moon by David Scott of Apollo 15 in 1971.[26][27] Koons describes Moon Phases as, "125 miniature Moon sculptures, each approximately one inch in diameter."[28]

The lander also carries private disclosed and undisclosed payloads from commercial company's, educational institutions, and private citizens. One being the Lunaprise time capsule, which includes the Lunar Library compiled by the Arch Mission Foundation.[21] The Lunar Library includes content from the English Wikipedia and the Rosetta Project.[29][30]

A Radio Frequency Mass Gauge (RFMG) on board estimated how much propellant was available during the IM-1 mission. This was the first long-duration test of an RFMG on a standalone spacecraft.[31][32]

Name Agency/Company Type Details
Nova-C Odysseus Intuitive Machines Lunar lander The Landing Component of the mission. It will also provide support to the equipment.
ILO-X[33] International Lunar Observatory Instrument Proof of concept wide and narrow field imagers
Laser Retro-Reflector Array[34] NASA Instrument A passive optical instrument with eight laser retroreflectors that spacecraft could use for precision determination of their distance to the reflectors. The array provides a permanent location marker on the Moon.[32]
Navigation Doppler Lidar for Precise Velocity and Range Sensing[34] NASA Instrument Included as a technology demonstration payload, NDL was used operationally by Odysseus when the primary mission lidar was discovered to be inoperable.[35]
Lunar Node 1 Navigation Demonstrator[34] NASA Instrument A CubeSat-sized experiment to demonstrate autonomous navigation that could be used by landers, rovers, surface infrastructure and astronauts to confirm their relative positions on the Moon.[32]
Stereo Cameras for Lunar Plume-Surface Studies[34] NASA Instrument A suite of four cameras to capture imagery showing how the Moon's surface changes from interactions with the spacecraft's engine plume during and after descent.[32]
Radiowave Observations at the Lunar Surface of the photoElectron Sheath (ROLSES)[36] NASA / University of Colorado Boulder Instrument The instrument will observe the Moon's surface environment in radio frequencies, to determine how natural and human-generated activity near the surface interacts with and could interfere with science conducted there.[32]
EagleCam[37] Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University CubeSat A Cubesat that was planned to record the landing after ejecting from IM-1 about 30 m before touchdown.[32]
Moon Phases art cube[28] Pace Verso / 4Space / NFMoon Sculpture Passive payload blocked after lander tilted to the side hosting this payload, post landing.[38]
Omni-Heat[21] Columbia Sportswear Space blanket
Independence[21] Lonestar Lunar data center test mission

Mission events

Prior to launch

In December 2023, Odysseus arrived at Kennedy Space Center for processing.[39] On January 31, 2024, the Odysseus spacecraft was encapsulated in the payload fairing of its Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle.[40] On February 13, IM announced that two wet dress rehearsals loading Odysseus with propellants had been successful and they were ready for launch.[41][42]

Launch

The Falcon 9 Block 5 launches from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A.

A Falcon 9 booster launched Odysseus from LC-39A in Florida at 06:05 UTC on February 15, 2024. The booster returned to LZ-1 and the expended Falcon 9 upper stage delivered the spacecraft to its translunar trajectory.

Originally planned to launch on February 13, SpaceX postponed the launch after reporting a technical issue with propellant loaded onto the lander.[20][43]

Early operations

Nova-C lunar lander drifts away from Falcon 9's second stage after deployment in orbit

After separation from the launch vehicle, the Nova Control operations center established communication with the lander and conducted initial checkouts. Images captured by the spacecraft after separation from the launch vehicle were released on February 17.[44]

Commissioning burn

The lander was scheduled to perform a main engine "commissioning burn" on February 15. Trent Martin, Intuitive Machines vice president of Space Systems, described this as a "critical step" for the mission.[45] After reporting issues with the IM-1 star tracker and adjustment of the liquid oxygen line cooling time IM reported a successful commissioning burn on February 16.[46][47] The maneuver resulted in a 21 m/s (47 mph) change in the lander's velocity.[48]

Trajectory correction

Intuitive Machines planned for up to three trajectory adjustment maneuvers during the trans-lunar phase of the mission.[46] The first was completed on February 18,[48] and after the second maneuver on February 20, there was no need for a third.[49]

On February 20, Intuitive Machines reported that Odysseus had completed approximately 72% of its journey to the Moon's surface.[50]

Animations of IM-1 trajectories
Around the Earth
Around the Moon
   IM-1  ·   Earth ·   Moon

Lunar orbit

Odysseus performed its lunar orbit insertion (LOI) on February 21, altering its velocity by 800 m/s (1,800 mph). Intuitive Machines reported the 408-second main engine LOI burn placed the lander in a 92 km (57 mi) lunar orbit.[51][52] On February 22 IM indicated a "lunar correction maneuver" had raised the orbit.[53]

The lander spent approximately 24 hours orbiting the Moon before its descent to the lunar surface on February 22.[54][55][52] On February 21, while still in orbit, Odysseus sent back high-resolution images of the lunar surface.

Intuitive Machines adjusted the descent burn parameters based on data from the lunar orbit insertion burn. IM indicated the risks undertaken during the lunar landing phase of the mission would be a "challenge".[52] A later report indicated that, as the lander was being prepared for its descent to the surface, mission controllers determined a safety switch on the primary laser rangefinder system had not been activated during pre-launch preparations.[35] Teams on the ground worked around the issue by reprogramming Odysseus to use data from an experimental NASA payload, the Navigation Doppler Lidar for Precise Velocity and Range Sensing.[56]

Lunar landing

Map showing location of the Malapert "satellite craters"

A favored landing site in 2020 was between the Sea of Serenity (Mare Serenitatis) and the Sea of Crises (Mare Crisium).[57][58] Lunar maria are large plains formed when lava flowed into ancient impact basins. Later, a lunar highlands location near the south pole of the Moon was chosen for the landing, since that region is believed to have a source of water for a future lunar base.[59]

The Malapert-A crater area 300 km (190 mi) from the lunar south pole was chosen because it appeared to be a relatively flat and safe place near the pole to land, amongst other considerations.[59][60]

After making a last-minute software patch to the lander's altitude monitoring systems, Odysseus began its landing sequence at 23:11 UTC (6:11 p.m. EST) on February 22 and landed near Malapert A—an area determined to contain water ice—at 23:23 UTC (6:23 p.m. EST).[61] Controllers confirmed that faint communications were received from the lander.[62] The lander was initially thought to be in a fully vertical orientation,[56][63] based on stale telemetry. It was later determined to have landed at a 30 degree angle, with its solar panels and scientific instrumentation functionally oriented, but with its radio transmission rates somewhat reduced due to the unexpected angle of the lander's antennas.

The lander appeared to most probably have lost one or more of its 6 landing struts and to be resting on an externally mounted helium tank.[64][65] (The only non-functional payload is a passive Moon Phases art sculpture, on the side facing towards the ground.)[38] Odysseus became the first American spacecraft Moon landing since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972 and the first commercial lunar lander.[66] The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite made an intentional hard landing in 2009 following deorbit.

Reporting by Kenneth Chang in The New York Times[67] includes a detailed description of the landing anomaly:

Tim Crain, the company’s chief technology officer, said the spacecraft had been designed to stay upright when landing even on a slope of 10 degrees or more. The navigation software was programmed to look for a spot where the slope was five degrees or less. Because the laser instruments on Odysseus for measuring altitude were not working during descent, the spacecraft landed faster than planned on a 12-degree slope. That exceeded its design limits. Odysseus skidded along the surface, broke one of its six legs and tipped to its side.

IM-1 landing site imaged by LROC
Before/After animation of landing site
IM-1 landing site by Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC)

Surface operations

On February 23, Intuitive Machines reported that the IM-1 Odysseus lander was still "alive and well", and that IM was continuing to receive data on the vehicle's status[68] and whether the scientific payloads could still be deployed.[69][65] Intuitive Machines executives said they were working to reconfigure antennas to increase downlink rates but did not estimate what sort of data rates they expected.[70]

On February 26, Intuitive Machines released the first images from the surface taken by the lunar probe.[71] Based on Earth and moon positioning, the IM team reported that flight controllers would continue to communicate with Odysseus until Tuesday (February 27) morning.[72] As of February 28, Odysseus was still receiving power, and all six NASA payloads were providing good data.[39] In a press conference the same day, Intuitive Machines said the lander was in its final hours of operation as the sun moved out of view of the one illuminated solar panel.[6] On February 29, Odysseus lost power and shut down with the start of the lunar night.[3] However, the company did not rule out bringing Odysseus back to life after the two-week lunar night. Executives said they would try contacting the lander in two to three weeks.[6]

About one month after Odysseus landed on the Moon, Intuitive Machines reported that they could not re-establish contact with the lander after the lunar night, bringing an end to the IM-1 mission.[4]

EagleCam

EagleCam
The EagleCam CubeSat and its dispenser at deployment
Mission typeTechnology demonstration
OperatorEmbry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Intuitive Machines
Websitehttps://erau.edu/eaglecam
Mission durationLaunch to Landing: 13 days
On surface: 30 minutes (lifespan)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftEagleCam
Spacecraft typeCubeSat
Bus1.5U CubeSat
ManufacturerERAU Space Technologies Laboratory
Dimensions100 × 100 × 150 mm (3.9 × 3.9 × 5.9 in)[73]
Start of mission
Launch dateFebruary 15, 2024, 06:05:37 (2024-02-15UTC06:05:37) UTC
RocketFalcon 9 Block 5 F9-299
Launch siteLC-39A
ContractorSpaceX
Deployed fromNova-C Odysseus lander
End of mission
DisposalDecommissioned
DeclaredMarch 31, 2024
Lunar lander
Landing dateFebruary 28, 2024
Landing site4 m (13 ft) away from Odysseus lander, near Malapert A crater
 

The EagleCam was a deployable CubeSat camera system designed especially to photograph the lunar landing of the Nova-C Odysseus lander on the Moon. Photographs taken during the lunar landing of the Odysseus lander may also have enabled a better understanding of the dynamics of lunar landings on the lunar regolith and rock surfaces in the vicinity of the Moon's south pole. Such a better understanding of the local lunar surface features would have assisted with preparations for upcoming scheduled additional landings at the lunar south pole.[37][74] Designed and manufactured by staff and students working in the Space Technologies Laboratory at Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach,[37][74] it was intended to deploy from Odysseus and take the first photographs of a spacecraft landing on the moon from a third-person perspective. It also planned to test an electrodynamic dust shield system in space for the first time and utilize a Wi-Fi connection to transmit data for the first time on the lunar surface.

Design and objectives

EagleCam's primary payload was its camera system, consisting of three fisheye-lens[75]: 2  cameras which would take a total of nine images per second over six seconds as it was ejected from Odysseus shortly before landing. A fourth[76] camera was included to test another one of EagleCam's payloads, an electrodynamic dust shield (EDS), created by the Swamp Works facility at Kennedy Space Center.[77] The CubeSat was powered from a solar-powered battery with a lifetime of 30 minutes.[78]

Had EagleCam been successful, photographs and data taken during the lunar landing of the Odysseus lander may have enabled a better understanding of the dynamics of lunar landings on the lunar regolith and rock surfaces in the vicinity of the Moon's south pole. EagleCam would've assisted in the objectives of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program, such as gaining a better understanding of the local lunar surface features to assist with preparations for future manned and unmanned missions to the Moon's south pole, through NASA's Artemis program.[79][80] However, while photos of Odysseus were never taken by EagleCam, it still recorded and transmitted other types of data to Intuitive Machines and the Space Technologies Lab via the IM-1 lander.[81] Through EagleCam, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University became the world's first university to have a payload on the moon's surface solely developed by faculty and students.[77][79][lower-alpha 1]

A prototype of the EagleCam CubeSat flew onboard the Blue Origin NS-24 return-to-flight mission on December 19, 2023.[86]

Mission summary

Concept of Operations Diagram for EagleCam near/on the lunar surface

Just before landing, at approximately 30 m (98 ft) above the lunar surface, Odysseus was to eject this CubeSat. Once ejected, EagleCam was supposed to semi-hard land on the lunar surface somewhere near the lander at 10 m/s (33 ft/s). As it descended to the surface EagleCam was planned to capture the first third-person images of a lunar landing.[87] However, due to complications arising from a software patch which reconfigured the lander's sensors used during the final descent phase to the moon's surface, EagleCam was powered off and remained attached to Odysseus through landing.[88][76] It was later ejected on February 28 but was a partial failure as it returned all types of data, except post IM-1 landing images that were the main aim of its mission.[89][90][91][92][81] “We reset the visual processing unit and powered up the EagleCam, and were able to eject it, and (we) ejected it about 4 meters away from the vehicle safely. However, either in camera or in the Wi-Fi signal back to the lander, something might not be working correctly. So, the Embry‑Riddle team is working on that and wrestling with that to see if there’s anything they can do,” Steve Altemus, CEO of Intuitive Machines commented on EagleCam in a NASA-IM mission update.[93] The EagleCam utilized a Wi-Fi connection with the Odysseus lander to relay its images back to Earth.[79]

In March 2024, the EagleCam team was recognized by U.S. Senator Rick Scott in the Congressional Record of the United States Senate for their achievements.[94]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ranger 4, a lunar impactor launched in 1962, was developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which has been managed by and included faculty and students from Caltech since the early 20th century. Many lunar missions since the space race have been developed or had onboard experiments under the leadership of government agencies and academic institutions (see List of artificial objects on the Moon). More recently, the LEV-2 rover launched aboard JAXA's SLIM mission which landed on January 19, 2024, was jointly developed by JAXA, Japanese companies Tomy and Sony, and Doshisha University.[82] Tiger Eye 1, a radiation experiment designed by LSU, was also manifested for the IM-1 mission as of November 2021.[83] However, it was pushed back to launch aboard the next Intuitive Machines lunar mission IM-2 by December 2022.[84] Had Astrobotic's Peregrine Mission One been successful, two of its payloads, Iris and MoonArk, both developed by students and faculty at Carnegie Mellon University, would have been the first university-developed robotic rover and museum to land on the Moon's surface respectively. Their planned landing date was February 23, 2024, one day after IM-1 and EagleCam's planned landing and deployment[85].

References

  1. ↑ "TO2-IM - NASA". https://science.nasa.gov/lunar-science/clps-deliveries/to2-im-clps-payloads/. 
  2. ↑ Monica Grady (29 December 2023). "Six space missions to look forward to in 2024". uk.news.yahoo.com (Yahoo! News). https://uk.news.yahoo.com/six-space-missions-look-forward-113942235.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Joey Roulette; Steve Gorman (2 March 2024). "US moon lander Odysseus goes dormant a week after lopsided landing". www.reuters.com (Reuters). https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/us-moon-lander-odysseus-nears-shutdown-week-after-sideways-landing-2024-02-29/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Intuitive Machines [@Int_Machines]. "As of March 23rd at 1030 A.M. Central Standard Time, flight controllers decided their projections were correct, and Odie's power system would not complete another call home. This confirms that Odie has permanently faded after cementing its legacy into history as the first commercial lunar lander to land on the Moon. 3/3". https://twitter.com/Int_Machines/status/1771609255616909738.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  5. ↑ Mark Robinson (26 February 2024). "Intuitive Machines IM-1 On The Moon!". http://www.lroc.asu.edu/posts/1360. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Jeff Foust (28 February 2024). "Intuitive Machines and NASA call IM-1 lunar lander a success as mission winds down". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/intuitive-machines-and-nasa-call-im-1-lunar-lander-a-success-as-mission-winds-down/. 
  7. ↑ Kenneth Chang (26 February 2024). "Odysseus Sends Moon Landing Photos Home With Time Running Out - The privately built American spacecraft's ability to send home images and other data has been limited by its sideways landing. On another part of the moon, a Japanese spacecraft woke up". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/26/science/odysseus-moon-lander-photos.html. 
  8. ↑ Kenneth Chang (22 February 2024). "A U.S.-Built Spacecraft Lands on the Moon for the First Time Since 1972". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/22/science/intuitive-machines-lander-history.html. 
  9. ↑ Marcia Dunn (4 January 2024). "Two companies will attempt the first US moon landings since the Apollo missions a half-century ago". www.apnews.com (Associated Press). https://apnews.com/article/moon-landings-nasa-private-ffb85d2a092df8d32c0494811e6691f5. 
  10. ↑ "Falcon 9 Block 5 - Nova C (IM-1)". 19 December 2023. https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/1915. 
  11. ↑ Steve Altemus (28 February 2024). "Intuitive Machines Press Release". https://violet-clam-514180.hostingersite.com/press-release-archives/24-02-28-b--reply-from-steve-altemus.pdf. 
  12. ↑ Kenneth Chang (11 December 2017). "Trump Announces That the Moon Is Astronauts' Next Destination". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/11/science/trump-moon-space-directive.html. 
  13. ↑ Kenneth Chang (11 February 2018). "NASA Budgets for a Trip to the Moon, but Not While Trump Is President". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/11/science/nasa-budget-moon.html. 
  14. ↑ Christian Davenport (11 February 2018). "The Trump administration wants to turn the International Space Station into a commercially run venture, NASA document shows". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/02/11/the-trump-administration-wants-to-turn-the-international-space-station-into-a-commercially-run-venture/. 
  15. ↑ Kenneth Chang (29 November 2018). "NASA Chooses Private Companies for Future Moon Landings". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/29/science/nasa-moon-landers.html. 
  16. ↑ Kenneth Chang (31 May 2019). "NASA Hires 3 Companies for Moon Science Deliveries". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/31/science/nasa-moon.html. 
  17. ↑ A. McCrea (8 January 2024). "Vulcan successfully launches Peregrine lunar lander on inaugural flight". NASASpaceflight.con. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/01/vulcan-launch-peregrine-inaugural-flight/. 
  18. ↑ Jeff Foust (2 February 2023). "NASA changes landing site for Peregrine lunar lander". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/nasa-changes-landing-site-for-peregrine-lunar-lander. 
  19. ↑ Jackie Wattles; Kristin Fisher (8 January 2024). "Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss" (in en). www.cnn.com (CNN). https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/08/world/peregrine-lunar-lander-anomaly-astrobotic-nasa-scn/index.html. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Kenneth Chang (13 February 2024). "SpaceX Postpones Launch of Intuitive Machines Moon Mission". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/13/science/spacex-launch-moon-lander-intuitive.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Andrew Jones (February 22, 2024). "Here's what just landed on the moon aboard Intuitive Machines' Odysseus lander". https://www.space.com/intuitive-machines-odysseus-moon-lander-payloads. 
  22. ↑ William Harwood (14 February 2024). "Houston company aims to return America to moon's surface with robot lander". www.cbsnews.com (CBS News). https://www.cbsnews.com/news/intuitive-machines-spacex-odysseus-robot-lander-on-moon-surface/. 
  23. ↑ William Harwood (15 February 2024). "SpaceX launches private-sector lunar lander on trail-blazing flight to the moon". www.cbsnews.com (CBS News). https://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-private-sector-lunar-lander-moon-flight/. 
  24. ↑ "Werk van Limburgse kunstenaar is met Amerikaanse lander Odysseus mee naar maan" (in nl). 22 February 2024. https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/werk-van-limburgse-kunstenaar-is-met-amerikaanse-lander-odysseus-mee-naar-maan~aaf3b2bb/. 
  25. ↑ "Het werk van deze Nederlander staat vanaf nu ook op de maan" (in nl). 22 February 2024. https://nos.nl/video/2510107-het-werk-van-deze-nederlander-staat-vanaf-nu-ook-op-de-maan. 
  26. ↑ Selen Ozturk (12 April 2022). "Jeff Koons to Launch First NFT Project to the Moon". https://whitewall.art/art/jeff-koons-to-launch-first-nft-project-to-the-moon/. 
  27. ↑ "Sculpture, Fallen Astronaut". http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19860035000. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Jeff Koons (12 May 2023). "Moon Phases". Pace. https://www.pacegallery.com/journal/jeff-koons-moon-phases/. 
  29. ↑ "Lunar Library". https://www.archmission.org/galactic-legacy-archive. 
  30. ↑ Taylor Mulligan (23 February 2024). "NASA assists in sending Rochester-made Lunar Library to the moon". https://www.rochesterfirst.com/news/nasa-assists-in-sending-rochester-made-lunar-library-to-the-moon/. 
  31. ↑ E. Bausback (6 February 2024). "NASA Tests New Spacecraft Propellant Gauge on Lunar Lander". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/glenn/nasa-tests-new-spacecraft-propellant-gauge-on-lunar-lander/. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 J. M. Dooren (23 February 2024). "NASA Tech Contributes to Soft Moon Landing, Agency Science Underway". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-tech-contributes-to-soft-moon-landing-agency-science-underway/.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:
  33. ↑ "International Lunar Observatory Association, ILO-X Precursor Mission Details". 21 September 2023. https://iloa.org/ilo-x-precursor/. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 N. Riusech (13 February 2024). "Six NASA Instruments Will Fly to Moon on Intuitive Machines Lander". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/six-nasa-instruments-will-fly-to-moon-on-intuitive-machines-lander/. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Jeff Foust [@jeff_foust]. "The laser rangefinder did not work, Altemus said, because a safety switch was not flipped before flight (the equivalent of forgetting a "remove before flight" tag.)". https://twitter.com/jeff_foust/status/1761159611556508158.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  36. ↑ "Radiowave Observations at the Lunar Surface of the photoElectron Sheath (ROLSES)". 18 July 2019. https://www.colorado.edu/ness/projects/radiowave-observations-lunar-surface-photoelectron-sheath-rolses. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 "EagleCam CubeSat Camera System". 1 February 2024. https://erau.edu/eaglecam. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Jonathan Amos (23 February 2024). "Intuitive Machines: Odysseus Moon lander 'tipped over on touchdown'". www.bbc.com (BBC). https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-68388695. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 NASA, Intuitive Machines Moon Mission Update on YouTube
  40. ↑ Mike Wall (31 January 2024). "SpaceX gearing up to launch private moon lander in February". https://www.space.com/spacex-intuitive-machines-nova-c-moon-lander-launch-preparations. 
  41. ↑ Will Robinson-Smith (27 October 2023). "Intuitive Machines targets launch to the Moon in mid-January". https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/10/27/intuitive-machines-targets-launch-to-the-moon-in-mid-january/. 
  42. ↑ Jeff Foust (13 February 2024). "Intuitive Machines ready for launch of its first lunar lander". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/intuitive-machines-ready-for-launch-of-its-first-lunar-lander/. 
  43. ↑ Kenneth Chang (14 February 2024). "Odysseus, a Private Lunar Lander, Launches Toward the Moon". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/14/science/spacex-launch-moon-lander-intuitive.html. 
  44. ↑ Intuitive Machines Transmits First IM-1 Mission Images In Space Intuitivemachines.com. February 17, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  45. ↑ Will Robinson-Smith (13 February 2024). "SpaceX, Intuitive Machines launches robotic lander to the Moon". https://spaceflightnow.com/2024/02/13/live-coverage-spacex-intuitive-machines-to-launch-falcon-9-rocket-on-moon-bound-mission/. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Intuitive Machines [@Int_Machines]. "Intuitive Machines flight controllers successfully fired the first liquid methane and liquid oxygen engine in space, completing the IM-1 mission engine commissioning. This engine firing included a full thrust mainstage engine burn and throttle down-profile necessary to land on the Moon. 🧵(16FEB2024 2020 CST) 1/3". https://twitter.com/Int_Machines/status/1758677812217545020.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  47. ↑ "IM-1 Mission Vehicle Health Update". Intuitive Machines. https://www.intuitivemachines.com/_files/ugd/7c27f7_6f08ded687bb4950bff004e566d8e2f0.pdf. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "IM-1 Engine Maneuvers Update". Intuitive Machines. 19 February 2024. https://www.intuitivemachines.com/_files/ugd/7c27f7_ef85f351ed5f44f19e312b145fb671b8.pdf. 
  49. ↑ David Dickinson (22 February 2024). "A Lunar Odyssey: "Odie" Lander Touches Down on the Moon". Sky & Telescope. https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/a-lunar-odyssey-odie-lander-touches-down-on-the-moon/. 
  50. ↑ "Planned Trajectory Correction Maneuvers Complete Ahead of Lunar Orbit Insertion". 20 February 2024. https://www.intuitivemachines.com/im-1. 
  51. ↑ Mike Wall (21 February 2024). "Intuitive Machines' private Odysseus lander snaps 1st moon photo, enters lunar orbit". https://www.space.com/intuitive-machines-odysseus-moon-lander-lunar-orbit. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 "IM-1 Mission Completes Lunar Orbit Insertion and Enters Lunar Orbit". 21 February 2024. https://www.intuitivemachines.com/im-1. 
  53. ↑ N. Ramji (22 February 2024). "Intuitive Machines Updates IM-1 Landing Time, Carrying NASA Science". https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2024/02/22/intuitive-machines-updates-im-1-landing-time-carrying-nasa-science/. 
  54. ↑ Tariq Malik (11 February 2024). "How to watch SpaceX launch the private Intuitive Machines moon lander IM-1 on Feb. 15 live online". https://www.space.com/spacex-intuitive-machines-im-1-moon-lander-launch-livestreams. 
  55. ↑ Jeff Foust (3 October 2023). "First Intuitive Machines lunar lander ready for launch". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/first-intuitive-machines-lunar-lander-ready-for-launch. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Elise Hammond; Jackie Wattles (22 February 2024). "Odysseus mission aims to make historic moon landing". www.cnn.com (CNN). https://edition.cnn.com/us/live-news/nasa-odysseus-moon-landing-intuitive-machines-scn/index.html. 
  57. ↑ C. Warner (22 January 2020). "First Commercial Moon Delivery Assignments to Advance Artemis". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/first-commercial-moon-delivery-assignments-to-advance-artemis/. 
  58. ↑ "Intuitive Machines-1 Orbital Debris Assessment Report (ODAR) Revision 1.1". Federal Communications Commission. 22 April 2021. https://fcc.report/IBFS/SAT-LOA-20210423-00055/6378695.pdf.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Intuitive Machines Lunar Landing Site Moves to South Pole". 25 May 2023. https://blogs.nasa.gov/clps/tag/malapert-a/. 
  60. ↑ Jeff Foust (7 February 2023). "Intuitive Machines moves landing site of first mission to lunar south pole". https://spacenews.com/intuitive-machines-moves-landing-site-of-first-mission-to-lunar-south-pole/. 
  61. ↑ Kenneth Chang (February 22, 2024). "The Spacecraft Odysseus Has Landed on the Moon". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/02/22/science/nasa-moon-landing-odysseus/heres-what-to-know-about-thursdays-lunar-landing-attempt. 
  62. ↑ Intuitive Machines-1 Lunar Landing (Official NASA Broadcast) on YouTube
  63. ↑ Jackie Wattles; Ashley Strickland (22 February 2024). "Historic Odysseus moon mission marks a milestone in reaching the lunar surface". www.cnn.com (CNN). https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/22/world/moon-landing-intuitive-machines-nasa-scn/index.html. 
  64. ↑ "Lunar Lander Feared to Have Tipped While Reaching the Moon". Bloomberg. 23 February 2024. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/lunar-lander-feared-tipped-while-223225056.html. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 LIVE! IM-1 Mission Update Press Conference on YouTube
  66. ↑ Greg Norman (15 February 2024). "SpaceX rocket blasts off carrying Intuitive Machines' moon lander". Foxbusiness.com. https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/spacex-rocket-blasts-carrying-intuitive-machines-moon-lander. 
  67. ↑ Kenneth Chang (4 March 2024). "Why It's So Challenging to Land Upright on the Moon". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/04/science/moon-landing-sideways-gravity.html. 
  68. ↑ "Lunar Surface Day One Update". 23 February 2024. https://www.intuitivemachines.com/im-1. 
  69. ↑ Jackie Wattles (23 February 2024). "Odysseus lunar lander is sideways on the moon after historic touchdown" (in en). CNN. https://cnn.com/2024/02/23/world/odysseus-lunar-landing-sideways-scn/index.html. 
  70. ↑ Jeff Foust (26 February 2024). "Intuitive Machines expects early end to IM-1 lunar lander mission". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/intuitive-machines-expects-early-end-to-im-1-lunar-lander-mission/. 
  71. ↑ "Odysseus Establishes Southernmost Landing Site, Maintains Communication with Earth, and Sends Additional Images". https://7c27f7d6-4a0b-4269-aee9-80e85c3db26a.usrfiles.com/ugd/7c27f7_357496b3ba404948ba24ad63081b5d23.pdf. 
  72. ↑ Monisha Ravisetti (27 February 2024). "Intuitive Machines' Odysseus moon lander beams home 1st photos from lunar surface". https://www.space.com/intuitive-machines-odysseus-lander-images-update-lro. 
  73. ↑ D. C. Korczyk (May 2022). "Dynamic Analysis of CubeSat impact on Lunar Surface". Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Scholarly Commons. p. ii. https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1668&context=edt. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Eagles Visit Intuitive Machines to Make Final Preparations on EagleCam CubeSat". 25 January 2024. http://news.erau.edu/headlines/eagles-visit-intuitive-machines-to-make-final-preparations-on-eaglecam-cubesat. 
  75. ↑ Posada, Daniel; Hays, Christopher W.; Jordan, Jarred; Lopez, Daniel; Yow, Taylor; Malik, Aryslan; Henderson, Troy (2023). "EagleCam: a 1.5U Low-Cost CubeSat Mission for a Novel Third-Person View of a Lunar Landing". 2023 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Big Sky, Montana, United States: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (published 2023-05-15). pp. 1–12. doi:10.1109/AERO55745.2023.10115622. ISBN 978-1-6654-9032-0. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10115622. Retrieved 2024-03-02. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Dunn, Marica (23 Feb 2024). "Private US spacecraft is on its side on the moon with some antennas covered up, the company says". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/moon-landing-private-odysseus-nasa-14dfdc76176f9f7a6a68a099c98bbbb9. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Leone, Anthony (21 Feb 2024). "Learning about Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University's EagleCam". Spectrum News 13 Orlando (Spectrum News). https://mynews13.com/fl/orlando/space/2024/02/21/embry-riddle-aeronautical-university-eaglecam. 
  78. ↑ Harper, Mark (22 Feb 2024). "NASA, Intuitive Machines confirm Moon landing; ERAU awaits transmission of EagleCam images". Daytona Beach News-Journal. https://www.news-journalonline.com/story/news/education/campus/2024/02/22/1st-u-s-moon-landing-in-50-years-will-inclu-today-intuitive-machines-odysseus-has-erau-camera-aboard/72699182007/. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. "EagleCam". https://erau.edu/eaglecam. 
  80. ↑ "Eagles Visit Intuitive Machines to Make Final Preparations on EagleCam CubeSat" (in en). http://news.erau.edu/headlines/eagles-visit-intuitive-machines-to-make-final-preparations-on-eaglecam-cubesat. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Cavaliere, Mike (28 February 2024). "EagleCam Updates: Public Comments by Intuitive Machines CEO Steve Altemus". Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University News. https://news.erau.edu/headlines/eaglecam-updates-embry-riddle-device-lands-on-moon. 
  82. ↑ Hirano, Daichi (7 October 2022). "Palm-Sized Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2)". https://global.jaxa.jp/activity/pr/jaxas/no088/03.html. 
  83. ↑ Ross, Corbin (3 Nov 2021). "LSU slated to be first university to land technology on the moon as U.S. returns to lunar surface 50 years later". Louisiana State University. https://www.lsureveille.com/lsu-slated-to-be-first-university-to-land-technology-on-the-moon-as-u-s/article_a916102e-3764-11ec-9228-5be6e885435d.html. 
  84. ↑ "Tiger Eye 1". SpaRTAN Physics Group. https://spartanphysics.com/tiger-eye-1-1. 
  85. ↑ Aupperlee, Aaron (8 January 2024). "Carnegie Mellon University Payloads Iris, MoonArk Launch as Part of Historic Lunar Mission". Carnegie Mellon University. https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2024/january/carnegie-mellon-university-payloads-iris-moonark-launch-as-part-of-historic-lunar-mission. 
  86. ↑ Robinson-Smith, Will (19 Dec 2023). "Blue Origin launches New Shepard rocket on return to flight mission". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/12/19/blue-origin-launches-new-shepard-rocket-on-return-to-flight-mission/. 
  87. ↑ Greshko, Michael (February 9, 2024). "Second Private U.S. Moon Lander Readies for Launch". Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/second-private-u-s-moon-lander-readies-for-launch/. 
  88. ↑ "NASA, Intuitive Machines Share Images from the Moon, Provide Science Updates – Artemis" (in en-US). 2024-02-28. https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2024/02/28/nasa-intuitive-machines-share-images-from-the-moon-provide-science-updates/. 
  89. ↑ Space Technologies Lab [@SpaceTechLab]. "2/3 mission plans and procedures in order to deploy its CubeSat camera system. Despite the team's strong effort, the technical complications ultimately resulted in an inability to capture images of the Odysseus lander". https://twitter.com/SpaceTechLab/status/1762979276360479156.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  90. ↑ Jeff Foust (13 February 2024). "Intuitive Machines ready for launch of its first lunar lander". https://spacenews.com/intuitive-machines-ready-for-launch-of-its-first-lunar-lander/. 
  91. ↑ Michael Greshko (9 February 2024). "Second Private U.S. Moon Lander Readies for Launch". Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/second-private-u-s-moon-lander-readies-for-launch/. 
  92. ↑ Will Robinson-Smith [@w_robinsonsmith]. "In an update from @SpaceTechLab/@EmbryRiddle, the university says the EagleCam instrument was not deployed prior to descent to capture the touchdown of Odysseus.". https://twitter.com/w_robinsonsmith/status/1761097110017945707.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  93. ↑ Mike Cavaliere (28 February 2024). "EagleCam Updates: Public Comments by Intuitive Machines CEO Steve Altemus". http://news.erau.edu/headlines/eaglecam-updates-embry-riddle-device-lands-on-moon. 
  94. ↑ "Congressional Record". Washington, DC: Library of Congress. 20 March 2024. https://www.congress.gov/118/crec/2024/03/20/170/49/CREC-2024-03-20-pt1-PgS2465-3.pdf. 

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