Astronomy:List of Ingenuity flights

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Short description: List of flights by the Martian helicopter Ingenuity


Ingenuity helicopter at Wright Brothers Field on Mars before first flight

The NASA helicopter Ingenuity on Mars made the first powered controlled flights by an aircraft on a planet other than Earth.[1][2] It first flew on April 19, 2021, after landing on February 18 attached to the underside of the Perseverance rover.[3] Ingenuity weighs 1.8 kilograms (4.0 lb) and is 49 cm (19 in) tall. It is powered by six lithium-ion solar-charged batteries.[4] It was built and operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), a field center of NASA. Ingenuity was designed to fly five times in 30 Mars sols (31 Earth days), but operated far above expectations, making its 72nd and final flight on January 18, 2024 (UTC), 977 Mars sols (1,004 Earth days) after its first flight. Its rotor blades were damaged on the last flight's landing, causing NASA to retire the craft.[5][6] Mission engineers determined that Ingenuity’s navigation system could not provide accurate data during the flight over featureless terrain, resulting in an off-balance hard landing.[7]

List of flights

Record values highlighted

Data sources:
"Flight Log". NASA. 2024-04-08. https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/#Flight-Log. 
"m20 heli waypoints" NASA

# Date (UTC) Duration (sec) Altitude Distance Max Ground Speed Route[8] Summary
Technology Demonstration Phase
1 Template:Marscalc[9]
(Sol 58) 		39.1 3 m (9.8 ft) 0.05 m (0.16 ft)[10] 0 m/s (0 mph) Vertical takeoff, hover, land at Wright Brothers Field (JZRO)

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′41″N 77°27′04″E / 18.44486°N 77.45102°E / 18.44486; 77.45102[11]

The first powered flight by any aircraft on another planet. While hovering, it rotated in place 96 degrees in a planned manoeuvre. Flight data was received at 11:30 UTC.[12][13]
2 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 61) 		51.9 5 m (16 ft) 4 m (13 ft) Roundtrip 0.5 m/s (1.1 mph) Hover, shift westward 2 m (6.6 ft), hover, return, hover, land within JZRO[14][15]

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′41″N 77°27′04″E / 18.44486°N 77.45102°E / 18.44486; 77.45102[11]

From initial hover, it tilted 5 degrees, allowing rotors to fly it 2 meters sideways. It stopped, hovered in place, and rotated counterclockwise, yawing from +90° to 0° to -90° to -180°, in 3 steps, to point its color camera in various directions to take photos. It flew back to the takeoff location and landed.[16]
3 April 25, 2021 at 11:31
(Sol 64) 		80.3 5 m (16 ft) 99.97 m (328.0 ft) Roundtrip 2 m/s (4.5 mph) Hover, shift northward 49.98 m (164.0 ft), return, hover, land within JZRO[17][18]

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′41″N 77°27′04″E / 18.44486°N 77.45101°E / 18.44486; 77.45101[11]

First flight to venture some distance from the deployment spot. It flew downrange 50 meters at two meters per second, stopped, hovered, then returned and landed at the departure spot.[19] Data from the flight was received at 14:16 UTC.[18]
Transition Phase
4 April 29, 2021 (Sol 68)[20] First attempt of flight 4 failed; onboard software did not transition to flight mode.[21][22][23]
Template:Marscalc[24]
(Sol 69) 		116.9 5 m (16 ft) 270.46 m (887.3 ft) Roundtrip 3.5 m/s (7.8 mph) Hover, shift southward 135.23 m (443.7 ft), hover, return, hover, land within JZRO[25]

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′41″N 77°27′04″E / 18.44486°N 77.45112°E / 18.44486; 77.45112[11]

Took color images while hovering at its farthest point from takeoff.[24] The Perseverance rover recorded both audio and video of Ingenuity in flight,[26] making the helicopter the first interplanetary vehicle whose sound was recorded off Earth.
5 May 7, 2021 at 19:26[27]
(Sol 76) 		108.2 10 m (33 ft) 130.84 m (429.3 ft) 2 m/s (4.5 mph) Hover, shift southwards 130.84 m (429.3 ft), climb to 10 m (33 ft), hover, land at Airfield B

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′34″N 77°27′05″E / 18.44267°N 77.45139°E / 18.44267; 77.45139[11]

This was the first flight to land at a new location, 129 m (423 ft) to the south. Arriving above the destination, it gained altitude, hovered, captured color terrain images, then landed at the new site, Airfield B.[28][29] This flight was the last in the technology demonstration phase.
Operation Demonstration Phase
6 May 23, 2021 at 5:20[30]
(Sol 91) 		139.9 10 m (33 ft) 202.39 m (664.0 ft) with direction changes) 4 m/s (8.9 mph) Shift southwest about 140.9 m (462 ft), southward about 14.1 m (46 ft), northeast about 46.8 m (154 ft), land at Airfield C

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′30″N 77°27′00″E / 18.44166°N 77.44994°E / 18.44166; 77.44994[11]

At each turn into the flight, colour images were taken. Near the end of the first leg of the route at 54 seconds into flight, a glitch occurred in the navigation images processing system. An image was dropped, and subsequent images with incorrect timestamps resulted in the craft tilting forward and backward up to 20 degrees, with large spikes in power consumption. It flew in that mode until successfully landing about 5 m (16 ft) away from the planned spot, after turning off navigation camera and flying on IMU.[30][31] This was the first time the helicopter had to land at an airfield which was not surveyed by any means other than MRO satellite imagery.[32][33]
7 June 6, 2021[22] (Sol Template:Perseverance Mission Timer) First attempt of flight 7 failed; onboard software did not transition to flight mode.[22]
June 8, 2021 at 15:54
(Sol 107) 		62.8[34] 10 m (33 ft)[35] 106.34 m (348.9 ft) 4 m/s (8.9 mph) Shift southward 106.3 m (349 ft) to land at Airfield D

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′24″N 77°27′01″E / 18.43988°N 77.45015°E / 18.43988; 77.45015[11]

Flew to a new landing spot, Airfield D. The color camera was not used to prevent the glitch of flight 6 happening again.[36][37]
8 Template:Marscalc[38]
(Sol 120) 		77.4 10 m (33 ft) 160.48 m (526.5 ft) 4 m/s (8.9 mph) Shift south south-east 160.48 m (526.5 ft) to land at Airfield E[22]

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′14″N 77°27′03″E / 18.43724°N 77.45079°E / 18.43724; 77.45079[11]

The landing spot was about 133.5 m (438 ft) away from the Perseverance rover. As in the previous flight, the color camera was switched off, pending a software update.[22]
9 July 5, 2021 at 9:03[35]
(Sol 133) 		166.4 10 m (33 ft) 631.78 m (2,072.8 ft) 5 m/s (11 mph) Shift southwest 631.79 m (2,070 ft) to Airfield F

[ ⚑ ] 18°25′41″N 77°26′44″E / 18.42809°N 77.44545°E / 18.42809; 77.44545[11]

Flew southwest, over Séítah, a prospective research location in Jezero crater. This flight strained the navigation system, which by design assumes flat ground; Séítah has uneven sand dunes. Controllers had Ingenuity partly compensate by flying slower over the more challenging part of the route. Landing occurred 47 m (154 ft) from the center of the 50 m (160 ft) planned ellipse.[39][10][40][41]
10 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 152) 		165.4[42] 12 m (39 ft)[43] 240.37 m (788.6 ft)[35] 5 m/s (11 mph) Loop south and west over prospective research location Raised Ridges to Airfield G

[ ⚑ ] 18°25′41″N 77°26′37″E / 18.42808°N 77.44373°E / 18.42808; 77.44373[11]

The helicopter flew past 10 waypoints, including takeoff and landing.[44] The general trajectory of the 10th flight was four chords of a broken oval, thus distance between the takeoff and landing points of about 95 meters.[45]
11 August 5, 2021 at 4:53[46]
(Sol 163) 		130.9 12 m (39 ft) 388.29 m (1,273.9 ft) 5 m/s (11 mph) Shift northwest 388.29 m (1,273.9 ft) to land at Airfield H

[ ⚑ ] 18°25′58″N 77°26′21″E / 18.43278°N 77.43919°E / 18.43278; 77.43919[11]

The flight positioned the craft for a route to take photographs of South Séítah.[46][47] The airfield " H " was the second after "Wright Brothers Field" in terms of the number of departures, and in terms of the total length (1069 m) and duration of these flights (481.8 s), as well as the parking time of the helicopter (3 months, from August 5 to November 6) airfield " H " even outstripped the cradle of Martian aeronautics.
12 August 16, 2021 at 12:57[48]
(Sol 174)
169.5
 10 m (33 ft) 448.21 m (1,470.5 ft) Roundtrip 4.3 m/s (9.6 mph) Takeoff and return, land within Airfield H

[ ⚑ ] 18°25′58″N 77°26′21″E / 18.43268°N 77.43924°E / 18.43268; 77.43924[11]

The return path was about 5 m (16 ft) to the side to allow another attempt to take paired images for stereo imagery. Landing was about 25 m (82 ft) east from the take-off point.[49] This flight was decisive for the subsequent fate of the helicopter, which then got its mission extended after August.[50] It captured images used to scout the South Seitha region which had been under consideration for future rover investigation, but proved less interesting than hoped.[51]
13 September 5, 2021 at 0:10[52]
(Sol 193) 		160.5 8 m (26 ft) 209.4 m (687 ft) Roundtrip 3.3 m/s (7.4 mph) Takeoff and return, land within Airfield H

[ ⚑ ] 18°25′58″N 77°26′21″E / 18.43285°N 77.43915°E / 18.43285; 77.43915[11]

The flight northeast and back concentrated on one particular ridgeline and outcrops in South Séítah.File:Ingenuity flight 13 full real-time animation.gif
14 September 18, 2021 (Sol Template:Perseverance Mission Timer) A flight attempt at a faster rotor spin rate of 2700 rpm was automatically canceled due to a servo motor anomaly.[53] Three days earlier, September 15, Ingenuity successfully ground tested a rotor spin rate of 2800 rpm.[54] Servo motor "wiggle" tests were done on September 21 and 23 to diagnose the problem that prevented flight.[53][55] More ground tests and another flight attempt were postponed until after solar conjunction. Then, on October 21, NASA/JPL reported a successful 50 rpm ground test.[56] Ingenuity made its 14th flight three days later.
October 24, 2021 at 8:18
(Sol 241)[35] 		23.0 5 m (16 ft) 2.18 m (7.2 ft) 0.5 m/s (1.1 mph) Dogleg eastwards 2.18 m (7.2 ft), land within Airfield H[53]

[ ⚑ ] 18°25′58″N 77°26′21″E / 18.43284°N 77.43920°E / 18.43284; 77.43920[11]

The brief flight verified use of the faster rotor spin of 2700 rpm, needed during seasonal lower atmospheric density on Mars.[57][58]File:Ingenuity flight 14 full real-time animation.gif
15 November 6, 2021 at 16:22

(Sol 254)

128.8 12 m (39 ft) 410.27 m (1,346.0 ft) 5 m/s (11 mph) Shift southeast 411.3 m (1,349 ft) to land at Airfield F

[ ⚑ ] 18°25′43″N 77°26′42″E / 18.42871°N 77.44501°E / 18.42871; 77.44501[11]

First in a series of four to seven flights on a return journey to Wright Brothers Field, due to the low atmospheric pressure and varied relief features. This leg ended in the Raised Ridges region.[59][60]
16 Template:Marscalc[61]
(Sol 268) 		107.9 10 m (33 ft) 116.99 m (383.8 ft) 1.5 m/s (3.4 mph) Shift northeast 116.99 m (383.8 ft) to land at Airfield J

[ ⚑ ] 18°25′48″N 77°26′47″E / 18.43013°N 77.44645°E / 18.43013; 77.44645[11]

Landed near the edge of South Séítah, prior to crossing that area on multiple impending flights.
17 December 5, 2021 at 12:25
(Sol 282) 		116.8 10 m (33 ft) 187.36 m (614.7 ft) 2.5 m/s (5.6 mph) Shift northeast 187.7 m (616 ft) to land at Airfield K

[ ⚑ ] 18°25′59″N 77°26′52″E / 18.43306°N 77.44771°E / 18.43306; 77.44771

Flew halfway across South Séítah along the heading of flight 9 but in the reverse direction.[62] The helicopter lost communication with the rover during final descent, roughly 3 m (10 ft) above the ground due to 5-meter Bras outcrop ib between, but JPL believed the flight was a success, based on available telemetry.[63] On Sol 285, Ingenuity relayed more information which suggested the helicopter was upright, based on the solar arrays charging the batteries, which could not be done if the helicopter fell sideways. JPL said local terrain and Perseverance positioning probably interrupted communication.[64]
18 December 15, 2021 at 17:27[65][66]
(Sol 292) 		124.3 10 m (33 ft) 231.56 m (759.7 ft) 2.5 m/s (5.6 mph) Shift northeast 231.8 m (760 ft) to land near the northern edge of South Séítah at Airfield L

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′10″N 77°27′00″E / 18.43623°N 77.45011°E / 18.43623; 77.45011

Flew across South Séítah in the reverse of the flight 9 heading and landed near flight 9 takeoff spot. This was another in a series of flights returning Ingenuity to Wright Brothers Field. Airfield L has featureless sandy terrain, chosen for the lack of rocks for safe landing. The area is actually so devoid of rock that the helicopter sent warnings due to insufficient features for the vision navigation to track. JPL planned to update software fault protection parameters to reduce the risk of a premature landing on Flight 19.
19

Originally planned for January 5, 2022 (Sol Template:Perseverance Mission Timer); rescheduled for January 23 (Sol Template:Perseverance Mission Timer); flown on February 8, 2022 (Sol Template:Perseverance Mission Timer).

The first attempt of flight 19 was postponed due to a dust storm approaching Jezero Crater, the first time weather delayed a flight of an airborne vehicle on a celestial object other than Earth.[67] The storm reduced sunlight by 18 percent on Ingenuity's solar array, which charges its batteries, and warm dust lowered the surrounding air density by seven percent, which could have exceeded Ingenuity's ability to generate adequate lift. JPL waited over a month for the air to clear and the helicopter to regain its pre-storm power generating ability.[67][68] The storm deposited dust on the navigation camera window. To prevent navigation errors, JPL uploaded a new image mask file in late January that ignores certain regions of the image. Dust and sand also accumulated in all the swashplate assemblies. Repeated actuator self-tests and servo-wiggles cleared the debris.
February 8, 2022 at 04:21[69][68]
(Sol 345) 		99.8 10 m (33 ft) 61.19 m (200.8 ft) 1 m/s (2.2 mph) Shift northeast 61.6 m (202 ft) to land just above the eastern ridge of South Séítah at Airfield E

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′13″N 77°27′03″E / 18.43700°N 77.45080°E / 18.43700; 77.45080

The helicopter flew out of South Séítah basin, across a dividing ridge and up to the main plateau, near the landing site of Flight 8. Images taken during Flight 9 were used to select a safe zone. The flight was another in a series to return to Wright Brothers Field. This gradual approach is due to lack of large landing sites in the area and lower atmospheric density in the summer, which requires higher rotor speeds and more power. The flight plan called for the helicopter to turn nearly 180 degrees before landing to aim its color camera toward the river delta for future flights.File:Ingenuity flight 19 full real-time animation.gif
20 Template:Marscalc[70][71]
(Sol 362) 		130.3 10 m (33 ft) 392.27 m (1,287.0 ft) 4.4 m/s (9.8 mph) Shift northwest 392.27 m (1,287.0 ft) flying across Séítah to land at Airfield M

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′36″N 77°26′55″E / 18.44337°N 77.44859°E / 18.44337; 77.44859

Ingenuity continued its journey back toward its original flight zone, landing just southwest of Wright Brothers Field. From there, it will take a shortcut to the Jezero Crater river delta, flying northwest across Séítah, while Perseverance drives around the region to the "Three Forks" a at the foot of the slopes, on the tops of which three dry channels (sleeves) of the Neretva flow.[72] The latest auto-navigation system allows Perseverance to break away from Ingenuity in a few sols, and therefore the helicopter had to go on a campaign first and in advance.[73]
21 March 10, 2022 at 22:10[74][75]
(Sol 375) 		129.2 10 m (33 ft) 374.4 m (1,228 ft) 3.85 m/s (8.6 mph) Shift northwest flying across Séítah to land at Airfield N

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′43″N 77°26′32″E / 18.44514°N 77.44219°E / 18.44514; 77.44219

First in a series of flights to a position near the base of the ancient river delta in Jezero Crater to scout ahead for Perseverance.
22 March 20, 2022 at 4:06[76]

(Sol 384)

101.4 10 m (33 ft) 70.4 m (231 ft) 1 m/s (2.2 mph) Dogleg northeast across northwest Séítah, landing back within Airfield N

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′46″N 77°26′35″E / 18.44610°N 77.44292°E / 18.44610; 77.44292

Second flight toward position near base of the delta. Ingenuity flew only 70.4 m (231 ft), not the planned ~350 m (1,150 ft).
23 March 24, 2022 at 6:44 [77]
(Sol 388) 		129.1 10 m (33 ft) 374.886 m (1,229.94 ft) 4 m/s (8.9 mph) Shift northeast and then northwest flying across Séítah to land at Airfield P [ ⚑ ] 18°26′42″N 77°26′36″E / 18.44508°N 77.44345°E / 18.44508; 77.44345 Another flight on the way to a position near the base of the delta. The flight was complex, including a sharp turn to avoid a large hill. In deciding the remaining route to the delta, the mission team considered multiple factors: thermal (temperature of helicopter parts), atmospheric, flight time, navigation drift, landing site terrain, and keeping up with the rover.[78]
24 April 3, 2022 at 12:49[78][10]
(Sol 398) 		69.8 10 m (33 ft) 47.54 m (156.0 ft) 1.45 m/s (3.2 mph) Shift northwest flying across Séítah to land within Airfield P

[ ⚑ ] 18°26′42″N 77°26′33″E / 18.44508°N 77.44246°E / 18.44508; 77.44246

Fourth of five sorties crossing the Séítah region. Rotors spun at 2,537 rpm, a reduction from 2,700 rpm used since flight 14; this was a return to the slower rate of the earliest flights. Increasing air density allowed the reduction, as the thin air of the ending Martian summer was being replaced by fall's denser air. The short flight positioned Ingenuity for a long flight to approach its destination near the delta.[78] The date of flight 24 marked one year since Ingenuity's deployment to the surface from Perseverance.
25 April 8, 2022 at 16:40[79]
(Sol 403) 		161.3 10 m (33 ft)
708.91 m (2,325.8 ft)
 5.50 m/s (12.3 mph) Shift northwest flying over Séítah, landing at staging area Airfield Q

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′17″N 77°25′50″E / 18.45477°N 77.43058°E / 18.45477; 77.43058

Longest distance of any flight. The mission team chose a route that avoided flying over hardware that was discarded and fell to the surface during the rover's entry-descent-landing (EDL) and might have caused unexpected performance from Ingenuity's laser altimeter and visual navigation system. This flight brought the helicopter out of the Séítah region.[78]
26 April 19, 2022[80][81] at 1:32[82]
(Sol 414) 		159.0 8 m (26 ft) 391.18 m (1,283.4 ft) 3.80 m/s (8.5 mph) Shift southeast, southwest, and then northwest to land at Airfield R

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′06″N 77°25′50″E / 18.45163°N 77.43046°E / 18.45163; 77.43046

Ingenuity flew closer to the delta and took color photos of the EDL debris, including the spacecraft backshell and parachute.[81]
27 April 23, 2022 at 4:11[83][11]
(Sol 418) 		153.9 10 m (33 ft) 304.96 m (1,000.5 ft) 3 m/s (6.7 mph) Shift slightly southeast, then southwest, and then northwest to land at Airfield S

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′09″N 77°25′35″E / 18.45252°N 77.42636°E / 18.45252; 77.42636

Ingenuity flew closer to the delta capturing the images of crater ridgeline.
28 April 29, 2022 at 7:44[84][11]
(Sol 423) 		152.9 10 m (33 ft) 420.94 m (1,381.0 ft) 3.6 m/s (8.1 mph) Shift northwest to land at Airfield T

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′26″N 77°25′14″E / 18.45714°N 77.42068°E / 18.45714; 77.42068

Ingenuity flew closer to the delta. This flight was the fifth in April - there has not been such an intensity of flights since the demonstration program, when 4 flights were made in April 2021.File:Ingenuity flight 28 full real-time animation.gif
29 May 26, 2022 (Sol 450) High-speed spin test of the rotor blades.[85][86]
June 11, 2022 at 15:06[84][35]
(Sol 465) 		66.6 10 m (33 ft) 181.96 m (597.0 ft) 5.50 m/s (12.3 mph) Shift southwest to land at Airfield U

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′21″N 77°25′04″E / 18.45597°N 77.41768°E / 18.45597; 77.41768

First flight without the use of its inclinometer and in the cold of Martian winter.[86]
30 August 6, 2022 (Sol 520) and August 15, 2022 (Sol 528)[87] One low-speed spin test of 50 rpm and one high-speed spin test of 2,573 rpm of the rotor blades to take a health check of the helicopter after it endured sandstorms and temperatures as low as −124 °F (−87 °C) during the Martian winter.
August 20, 2022 at 12:38[87][88]

(Sol 533)

33.3 5 m (16 ft) 2.35 m (7.7 ft) 0.5 m/s (1.1 mph) Dogleg sideways and land within Airfield U

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′22″N 77°25′04″E / 18.455973°N 77.41764°E / 18.455973; 77.41764

First flight after the dust season and first in more than two months. Intended to measure how accurately Ingenuity can still fly to a specified target after a long period of inactivity.
31 September 6, 2022 at 23:31[89] (Sol 550) 55.6 10 m (33 ft) 97.2 m (319 ft) 4.75 m/s (10.6 mph) Shift westwards and land at Airfield V

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′21″N 77°24′57″E / 18.455821°N 77.415911°E / 18.455821; 77.415911

Reposition helicopter.
32 September 18, 2022 at 6:46

(Sol 561)[35]

55.3 10 m (33 ft) 94.36 m (309.6 ft) 4.75 m/s (10.6 mph) Shift northwestwards and land at Airfield W

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′21″N 77°24′51″E / 18.455924°N 77.414237°E / 18.455924; 77.414237

Continue west near edge of delta
33 September 24, 2022 at 11:15

(Sol 567)[35]

55.6 10 m (33 ft) 112.28 m (368.4 ft) 4.75 m/s (10.6 mph) Shift westwards and land at Airfield X

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′20″N 77°24′44″E / 18.455623°N 77.412265°E / 18.455623; 77.412265

Reposition the helicopter. A small piece of foreign object debris (FOD) was seen clinging to the bottom right leg of the helicopter in footage from the navigation camera (Navcam) for a portion of this flight. It was not visible in Navcam footage from the previous flight. The debris is from the earliest frames to approximately halfway through the video, when it fell from the leg and drifted back to the Mars surface. All telemetry from the flight and a post-flight search were normal and showed no indication of vehicle damage. JPL tried to find the source of the debris.[90]
34 November 23, 2022 at 01:25

(Sol 625)

18.3 5 m (16 ft) 0.12 m (0.39 ft) 0 m/s (0 mph) Hover and land again at Airfield X

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′20″N 77°24′44″E / 18.455623°N 77.412265°E / 18.455623; 77.412265

A test of its fourth software update, with advanced navigation capabilities allowing it to safely fly up the steep terrain of the Jezero river delta, scouting ahead of the Perseverance rover.[91]
35 December 3, 2022 at 08:26

(Sol 635)

52.22 14 m (46 ft) 15.05 m (49.4 ft) 3 m/s (6.7 mph) Hover and land within Airfield X [ ⚑ ] 18°27′21″N 77°24′44″E / 18.455814°N 77.412090°E / 18.455814; 77.412090 Reposition helicopter.
36 December 10, 2022 at 12:57

(Sol 642)

60.52 10 m (33 ft) 110.32 m (361.9 ft)
Roundtrip 		5.5 m/s (12 mph) Dogleg northwest 55 m (180 ft), returning again to Airfield X

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′21″N 77°24′44″E / 18.455806°N 77.412087°E / 18.455806; 77.412087

Reposition helicopter.
37 December 17, 2022 at 17:34

(Sol 649)

55.2 10 m (33 ft) 62 m (203 ft) 3 m/s (6.7 mph) Shift northwest to land at Airfield Y

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′23″N 77°24′41″E / 18.456524°N 77.411518°E / 18.456524; 77.411518

Reposition helicopter.
38 December 24, 2022 (Sol Template:Perseverance Mission Timer) The first flight 38 attempt was rejected after onboard software did not transition to flight mode because of the approach of a short, but severe, dust storm.[92]
January 5, 2023 at 05:28

(Sol 667)

74.26 10 m (33 ft) 101.62 m (333.4 ft) 3.5 m/s (7.8 mph) Shift northwest to land at Airfield Z

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′26″N 77°24′36″E / 18.457278°N 77.409895°E / 18.457278; 77.409895

Reposition helicopter. It landed in between the sand dunes as seen by Perseverance.
39 January 11, 2023 at 10:05

(Sol 673)

78.7 10 m (33 ft) 143.76 m (471.7 ft)
Roundtrip 		4 m/s (8.9 mph) Dogleg northeast ~70 m (230 ft), returning to Airfield Z

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′26″N 77°24′36″E / 18.457253°N 77.409888°E / 18.457253; 77.409888

Test new flight software.
40 January 19, 2023 at 15:03

(Sol 681)

91.6 10 m (33 ft) 177.49 m (582.3 ft)
 3.20 m/s (7.2 mph) Shift northwest to Airfield Beta (β)

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′31″N 77°24′26″E / 18.458697°N 77.407122°E / 18.458697; 77.407122

Reposition helicopter.
41 January 27, 2023 at 19:27

(Sol 689)

109.1 10 m (33 ft) 181.35 m (595.0 ft)
Roundtrip 		3 m/s (6.7 mph) Dogleg northwest ~91 m (299 ft) landing back within Airfield Beta (β)

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′32″N 77°24′26″E / 18.459015°N 77.407090°E / 18.459015; 77.407090

Scouting for Perseverance and photographing science targets.
42 February 5, 2023 at 00:52

(Sol 697)

137.2 10 m (33 ft) 255.47 m (838.2 ft)
 3 m/s (6.7 mph) Shift northwest and land at Airfield Gamma (γ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°27′42″N 77°24′14″E / 18.461712°N 77.403799°E / 18.461712; 77.403799

Scouting for Perseverance and photographing science targets.
43 February 16, 2023 at 08:03

(Sol 708)

146 12 m (39 ft) 390 m (1,280 ft)
 4 m/s (8.9 mph) Shift northwest and land at Airfield Epsilon (ε)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′02″N 77°24′01″E / 18.467098°N 77.400395°E / 18.467098; 77.400395

Ingenuity commenced a series of frequent flights from this point through March to keep ahead of Perseverance, whose large no-fly exclusion zone prevents the two passing in the confines of the canyon.[93]Ingenuity must stay ahead of Perseverance in order to scout for it. It also photographs science targets en route.
44 February 19, 2023 at 10:04

(Sol 711)

141.26 12 m (39 ft) 324.12 m (1,063.4 ft)
 3.5 m/s (7.8 mph) Shift northwest and land at Airfield Zeta (ζ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′20″N 77°23′54″E / 18.472231°N 77.398408°E / 18.472231; 77.398408

Scouting, keeping ahead of Perseverance in the canyon, and photographing science targets.
45 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 714) 		144.54 12 m (39 ft) 502.6 m (1,649 ft)
(with directional changes) 		6 m/s (13 mph) Shift northwards, then northwest and land at Airfield Eta (η)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′38″N 77°23′33″E / 18.477147°N 77.392375°E / 18.477147; 77.392375

Scouting, keeping ahead of Perseverance in the canyon, and photographing science targets.
46 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 717) 		135.86 12 m (39 ft) 445.381 m (1,461.22 ft)
(with directional changes) 		5.30 m/s (11.9 mph) Shift southwest, then northeast and land at Airfield Theta (θ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′30″N 77°23′16″E / 18.475128°N 77.387830°E / 18.475128; 77.387830

Scouting, keeping ahead of Perseverance in the canyon, and photographing science targets.
47 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 729) 		138.69 12 m (39 ft) 449.75 m (1,475.6 ft)
(with directional changes) 		5.30 m/s (11.9 mph) Shift southwest, then westwards and land at Airfield Iota (ι)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′17″N 77°22′53″E / 18.471497°N 77.381368°E / 18.471497; 77.381368

Scouting Tenby, though the color camera narrowly missed the main area of interest by a few degrees outside the field of view;[94] keeping ahead of Perseverance in the canyon; and photographing science targets. Imaged by Perseverance while taking off from Airfield Theta (θ).[95]
48 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 741) 		149.90 12 m (39 ft) 387.56 m (1,271.5 ft)
(with directional changes) 		4.65 m/s (10.4 mph) Shift northwest and land at Airfield Kappa (κ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′28″N 77°22′36″E / 18.474483°N 77.376720°E / 18.474483; 77.376720

Scouting Castell Henllys successfully, producing high resolution pictures of the area,[94] keeping ahead of Perseverance in the canyon, and photographing science targets.
49 Between March 22, 2023 (Sol 741) and April 2, 2023

(Sol 752)

Two aborted flight attempts, the first due to high winds cooling the battery below preflight check levels, and the second due to a minor command sequencing glitch.[94]
Template:Marscalc
(Sol 752) 		142.71 16 m (52 ft) 278.99 m (915.3 ft)
(with directional changes) 		6.5 m/s (15 mph) Shift northwest, then sharp turn to northeasteast and land at Airfield Lambda (λ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′34″N 77°22′20″E / 18.476043°N 77.372303°E / 18.476043; 77.372303

Scouting, keeping ahead of Perseverance in the canyon and photographing the Southern wall of Belva Crater, again narrowly missing the main area of interest by a few degrees outside the field of view. It snapped the highest suborbital picture taken of the Martian surface since landing.[94]
50 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 763)[96] 		145.65 18 m (59 ft) 304.761 m (999.87 ft)
(with directional changes) 		4.6 m/s (10 mph) Shift northwest, then sharp turn to southeast and land at Airfield Mu (μ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′48″N 77°22′08″E / 18.479968°N 77.368802°E / 18.479968; 77.368802

After the previous flight, a communications blackout with Ingenuity occurred due to terrain between it and the rover blocking radio signals until April 11 (Sol 761), when the rover came within range. Also, the base station antenna on the rover is located on the right side and is low enough for various parts of the rover to occlude radio transmission.[94]

The 50th flight maintained altitude of 12 m (39 ft) until a "pop up" to a new record height of 18 m (59 ft) before landing.[96] Photography by Perseverance from only 23 m (75 ft) away, its closest approach in two years, showed dust build-up on the helicopter rotor blades and solar panel.[97]

After flight 50; compare with image at top, before first flight.
51 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 772)[98] 		136.9 12 m (39 ft) 190.701 m (625.66 ft)
(with directional changes) 		4 m/s (8.9 mph) Shift south, then northwest, then southwest then again northwest, then again southwest and finally south to Airfield Nu (ν)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′48″N 77°21′59″E / 18.480068°N 77.366480°E / 18.480068; 77.366480

Scouting, helping to identify locations of interest for the Perseverance.
52 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 776)[99] 		138.88 12 m (39 ft) 363.176 m (1,191.52 ft)
(with directional changes) 		3.7 m/s (8.3 mph) Shift west, then sharp turn to southeast and land at Airfield Xi (ξ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′50″N 77°21′36″E / 18.480457°N 77.360135°E / 18.480457; 77.360135

Scouting, helping to identify locations of interest for Perseverance. The flight succeeded on the scheduled date, but images and other confirming data were finally received on June 28, 2023 (Sol 837). The rover and helicopter were out of communication with each other for 63 days, because a hill stood between them, blocking radio signals.[100]
53 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 860)[101] 		74.85 5 m (16 ft) 142.618 m (467.91 ft) 2.5 m/s (5.6 mph) Shift west to Airfield Omicron (ο)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′58″N 77°21′36″E / 18.482857°N 77.360133°E / 18.482857; 77.360133

Scouting flight for Perseverance to the north. The low level (5 m or 16 ft) flight intended to create a detailed terrain record was cut short by an automatic contingency landing instruction via a program called ‘LAND_NOW’, prior to the intended ascent to 10 m (33 ft) to assess landing hazards. This is the first inflight abort of the rotorcraft. Investigation revealed, they started to experience the same flight 6 issue, i.e., a glitch occurred in the navigation images processing system.[102]
54 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 873)[103] 		24.37 5 m (16 ft) 0.026 m (0.085 ft) 0 m/s (0 mph) Pop-up, landing back on Airfield Omicron (ο)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′58″N 77°21′36″E / 18.482857°N 77.360133°E / 18.482857; 77.360133

Following an investigation of flight 53's truncated flight plan, this pop-up ascent was designed to test software modifications and confirm the reasons for the autoland instruction on flight 53.[102]
55 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 881) 		142.9 10 m (33 ft) 265.405 m (870.75 ft)
(with directional changes) 		4.7 m/s (11 mph) Shift southwest, then southeast and finally northwest to Airfield Pi (π)

[ ⚑ ] 18°28′54″N 77°21′25″E / 18.48172905°N 77.35698062°E / 18.48172905; 77.35698062

No advice from NASA regarding purpose.
56 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 894) 		140.9 12 m (39 ft) 435.761 m (1,429.66 ft)
(with directional changes) 		5.3 m/s (12 mph) Shift west, then northwest to land at Airfield Rho ( )

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′17″N 77°21′04″E / 18.487966°N 77.350987°E / 18.487966; 77.350987

Reposition.
57 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 902) 		128.6 10 m (33 ft) 222.607 m (730.34 ft)
(with directional changes) 		3 m/s (6.7 mph) Hover, shift north, then sharp turn southeast to land within Airfield Rho ( )

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′17″N 77°21′04″E / 18.487966°N 77.350987°E / 18.487966; 77.350987

Photograph science targets.
58 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 910) 		106.8 10 m (33 ft) 175.597 m (576.11 ft) 3 m/s (6.7 mph) Shift northwest to Airfield Sigma (σ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′22″N 77°20′54″E / 18.489411°N 77.348341°E / 18.489411; 77.348341

Reposition, scout the margin carbonate unit for Perseverance
59 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 915) 		142.6 20 m (66 ft) 1.138 m (3.73 ft) 0 m/s (0 mph) Pop-up, remain at Airfield Sigma (σ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′22″N 77°20′54″E / 18.489398°N 77.348344°E / 18.489398; 77.348344

Pop-up flight; new record altitude.
60 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 924) 		132.8 16 m (52 ft) 353.345 m (1,159.27 ft)
(with directional changes) 		8 m/s (18 mph) Shift northwest, then sharp turn southwest to land at Airfield Tau (τ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′38″N 77°20′42″E / 18.493917°N 77.345111°E / 18.493917; 77.345111

Reposition helicopter and photograph science targets.
61 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 933) 		129.5
24 m (79 ft)
 0.341 m (1.12 ft) 0 m/s (0 mph) Pop-up, remaining at Airfield Tau (τ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′38″N 77°20′42″E / 18.493916°N 77.345112°E / 18.493916; 77.345112

Expansion of flight envelope; pop-up flight; new record altitude.
62 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 940) 		121.07 18 m (59 ft) 291.691 m (956.99 ft)
(Roundtrip)
10 m/s (22 mph)
 Shift northwest ~130 m (430 ft), then north, then southeast, then southwest, landing again within Airfield Tau (τ).

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′40″N 77°20′41″E / 18.494364°N 77.344844°E / 18.494364; 77.344844

Expansion of flight envelope; new record groundspeed.[104]
63 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 947) 		142.6 12 m (39 ft) 591.457 m (1,940.48 ft)
 6.30 m/s (14.1 mph) Shift southwest to Airfield Upsilon (υ).

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′20″N 77°20′11″E / 18.488803°N 77.336503°E / 18.488803; 77.336503

Reposition
64 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 955) 		139.1 12 m (39 ft) 411 m (1,348 ft)
 5.80 m/s (13.0 mph) Shift north to Airfield Phi (φ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′41″N 77°20′01″E / 18.494827°N 77.333731°E / 18.494827; 77.333731

Reposition
65 November 2, 2023
(time unconfirmed)
(Sol 960) 		48 10 m (33 ft) 7 m (23 ft)
 1 m/s (2.2 mph) Minor shift west, remaining within Airfield Phi (φ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′41″N 77°20′01″E / 18.494827°N 77.333731°E / 18.494827; 77.333731

Reposition.
66 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 961) 		23 3 m (9.8 ft) 0.57 m (1 ft 10 in)[10]
 1 m/s (2.2 mph) South, remaining within Airfield Phi (φ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′41″N 77°20′01″E / 18.494813°N 77.333653°E / 18.494813; 77.333653

Reposition.
67 Between November 11 (Sol 969) and 25, 2023 (Sol 983) Solar conjunction, when Mars is behind the Sun, interrupts communications between NASA and Ingenuity. During the pause, Ingenuity was programmed to take color photos to study the movement of sand, which can be a threat to rovers.[105]
Template:Marscalc
(Sol 990) 		135.9 12 m (39 ft) 399.06 m (1,309.3 ft)[10]
 5.30 m/s (11.9 mph) Shift northwest to Airfield Chi (χ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′51″N 77°19′38″E / 18.497426°N 77.327111°E / 18.497426; 77.327111

Reposition.
68 December 15, 2023
(time unconfirmed)
(Sol 1002) 		131.1 16 m (52 ft) 702.28 m (2,304.1 ft)
(Roundtrip) 		10 m/s (22 mph) Excursion northeast ~414 m (1,358 ft) returning to Airfield Chi (χ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′51″N 77°19′38″E / 18.497426°N 77.327111°E / 18.497426; 77.327111

Flight test.
69 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 1007) 		135.4 16 m (52 ft) 702.27 m (2,304.0 ft)
(Roundtrip) 		10 m/s (22 mph) Excursion northeast ~414 m (1,358 ft), returning to Airfield Chi (χ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′51″N 77°19′38″E / 18.497426°N 77.327111°E / 18.497426; 77.327111

Flight test.
70 Template:Marscalc
(Sol 1009) 		132.9 12 m (39 ft) 255.109 m (836.97 ft) 3 m/s (6.7 mph) Shift northwest, then southwest, returning to Airfield Chi (χ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′48″N 77°19′25″E / 18.496747°N 77.323738°E / 18.496747; 77.323738

Reposition.
71 January 6, 2024
(time unconfirmed)
(Sol 1023) 		34.96 12 m (39 ft) 67.936 m (222.89 ft) 7 m/s (16 mph) Shift westwards, returning to Airfield Chi (χ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′50″N 77°19′22″E / 18.497253°N 77.322722°E / 18.497253; 77.322722

The planned flight was terminated early for technical reasons.
72 January 18, 2024
(time unconfirmed)
(Sol 1035) 		32.2 12 m (39 ft) 10.303 m (33.80 ft) 0 m/s (0 mph) Pop-up, returning to Airfield Chi (χ)

[ ⚑ ] 18°29′50″N 77°19′21″E / 18.497263°N 77.322539°E / 18.497263; 77.322539

Ingenuity was permanently grounded following this flight, a brief ascent to check the helicopter's systems after the previous flight's unplanned termination. Data sent via Perseverance indicated that the helicopter successfully climbed to its assigned altitude, but lost communication with Perseverance before landing because the vehicles were positioned out of line-of-sight, blocking radio signals, as had happened on previous occasions.[106][107][6] Communication was re-established on January 20,[108] and during the post-flight assessment, images of the rotor blade shadows taken by the onboard cameras after the flight showed damage to the blades, making the helicopter unfit to fly. On January 25, 2024, NASA Administrator, Bill Nelson, announced the end of the mission.[109][110][111] Engineers determined that Ingenuity’s navigation system could not provide accurate data during the flight over the location's featureless terrain, resulting in an off-balance hard landing that broke the blades.[7] The helicopter's final location is at Airfield Chi (χ) within the area since nicknamed by the project team Valinor Hills, a reference to the final residence of the immortals in the J.R.R. Tolkien trilogy, The Lord of the Rings.[112]
Image by Ingenuity after flight 72 of rotor blade shadow, showing damage.

Flight totals at end of mission

Number of flights Distance flown Time flown
72 17.242 km (10.714 mi) 128.92 min (Template:Duration)
Sols from detachment from rover on mission Sol 43, April 3, 2021, to end of mission: 1,000
Days from detachment from rover on mission Day 44, April 3, 2021, to end of mission: 1,027
Earth years: 2.81 years, or 2 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 6 days
Sources:[35][10]

Flight records

Category Duration Altitude Distance Max Ground Speed
Value 169.5 s (2 m 49 s) 24 m (79 ft) 708.91 m (2,325.8 ft) 10 m/s (22 mph)
Flight 12 61 25 62

Flight path

  • Ingenuity total flight path at end of mission, also showing Perseverance's track up to that point.
    Ingenuity total flight path at end of mission, also showing Perseverance's track up to that point.
  • Detail of end of mission location at Airfield Chi (χ), in the dunes of Valinor Hills.[113][112]
    Detail of end of mission location at Airfield Chi (χ), in the dunes of Valinor Hills.[113][112]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ AFP Staff Writers (2021-04-19). "Ingenuity helicopter successfully flew on Mars: NASA". Mars Daily. ScienceDaily. https://www.marsdaily.com/reports/Ingenuity_helicopter_successfully_flew_on_Mars_NASA_999.html. 
  2. ↑ Palca, Joe (2021-04-19). "Success! NASA's Ingenuity Makes First Powered Flight On Mars". National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2021/04/19/985588253/success-nasas-ingenuity-makes-first-powered-flight-on-mars. 
  3. ↑ Clarke, Stephen (2018-05-14). "Helicopter to accompany NASA's next Mars rover to Red Planet". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/05/14/helicopter-to-accompany-nasas-next-mars-rover-to-red-planet/. 
  4. ↑ "Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Landing Press Kit". NASA. January 2021. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/mars_2020/download/ingenuity_landing_press_kit.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends". https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/after-three-years-on-mars-nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-mission-ends. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 (in en) NASA Science Live: Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Tribute & Legacy, 2024-01-31, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkZ6jkqPMEc, retrieved 2024-02-01 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "NASA Performs First Aircraft Accident Investigation on Another World" (in en-US). https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-performs-first-aircraft-accident-investigation-on-another-world/. 
  8. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Location Map for Perseverance Rover – NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/where-is-the-rover/. 
  9. ↑ If a flight's UTC time is not published by NASA or media sources, it is calculated by the {{Marscalc}} template based on Mars timestamps published by NASA with photographs taken by the Navcam on Ingenuity.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 "m20_heli_waypoints". NASA. https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/m20_heli_waypoints.json. 
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 mars.nasa.gov. "Location Map for Perseverance Rover" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/where-is-the-rover/. 
  12. ↑ Palca, Joe (April 19, 2021). "Success! NASA's Ingenuity Makes 1st Powered Flight On Mars" (in en). NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/04/19/985588253/success-nasas-ingenuity-makes-first-powered-flight-on-mars. 
  13. ↑ Witze, Alexandra (April 19, 2021). "Lift off! First flight on Mars launches new way to explore worlds". Nature 592 (7856): 668–669. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00909-z. PMID 33875875. Bibcode: 2021Natur.592..668W. 
  14. ↑ "Mars helicopter's first flight could happen on Monday". 2021-04-17. https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/17/world/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-flight-monday-scn-trnd/index.html. "Ingenuity could fly four days after the first flight, then three days after the second flight and so on." 
  15. ↑ Status 294.
  16. ↑ "NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Logs Second Successful Flight" (in en). April 22, 2021. https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8928. 
  17. ↑ Status 295.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Flies Faster, Farther on Third Flight". 2021-04-25. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-flies-faster-farther-on-third-flight. 
  19. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2021-04-25). "'Nothing Short of Amazing': NASA Mars Helicopter Makes Longest Flight Yet - Ingenuity made a 328-foot round-trip journey, helping to demonstrate the capability of the vehicle's navigation system.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/25/science/mars-helicopter-nasa.html. 
  20. ↑ @NASAJPL (2021-04-29). "Aim high, and fly, fly again. The #MarsHelicopter's ambitious fourth flight didn't get off the ground, but the team…" (in en). https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1387842380427001857. 
  21. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2021-04-30). "NASA's Mars Helicopter Flies Again and Gets a New Mission" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/30/science/mars-helicopter-nasa.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Status 308.
  23. ↑ Wall, Mike (2021-04-29). "Mars helicopter Ingenuity misses takeoff for 4th flight on Red Planet - NASA's team is assessing what happened.". Space.com. https://www.space.com/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-fourth-flight-glitch. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Status 297.
  25. ↑ "With Goals Met, NASA to Push Envelope With Ingenuity Mars Helicopter". 2021-04-29. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/with-goals-met-nasa-to-push-envelope-with-ingenuity-mars-helicopter. 
  26. ↑ "NASA's Perseverance Captures Video, Audio of Fourth Ingenuity Flight". NASA. 2021-05-07. https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8941/nasas-perseverance-captures-video-audio-of-fourth-ingenuity-flight/. 
  27. ↑ Wall, Mike (May 8, 2021). "NASA's Mars helicopter Ingenuity lands at new airfield after 5th flight" (in en). https://www.space.com/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-fifth-flight-new-airfield. 
  28. ↑ (in en) NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter's Next Steps (Media Briefing), 2021-04-30, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAlXe-U0ws4, retrieved 2022-05-04 
  29. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2021-05-07). "NASA Mars Helicopter Makes One-Way Flight to New Mission – Ingenuity has flown almost flawlessly through the red planet's thin air and will now assist the science mission of the Perseverance rover.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/science/mars-helicopter-nasa-ingenuity.html. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Status 305.
  31. ↑ Kooser, Amanda (May 27, 2021). "NASA Mars Ingenuity helicopter survives 'in-flight anomaly' on sixth flight". https://www.cnet.com/news/nasa-mars-ingenuity-helicopter-survives-stressful-in-flight-anomaly/. 
  32. ↑ Wall, Mike (2021-05-27). "Mars helicopter Ingenuity experiences anomaly on 6th flight, but lands safely" (in en). https://www.space.com/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-sixth-flight-anomaly. 
  33. ↑ Strickland, Ashley (May 28, 2021). "Mars helicopter survives to tell the tale of stressful flight". https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/28/world/mars-helicopter-flight-anomaly-scn/index.html. 
  34. ↑ @NASAJPL (2021-06-08). "Another successful flight 👏#MarsHelicopter completed its 7th flight and second within its operations demo phase. I…" (in en). https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1402408813156724737. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 "Flight Log". NASA. https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/#Flight-Log. 
  36. ↑ Status 306.
  37. ↑ Wall, Mike (9 June 2021). "Mars helicopter Ingenuity aces 7th flight on the Red Planet". https://www.space.com/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-aces-seventh-flight. 
  38. ↑ @NASAJPL (2021-06-22). "Another successful flight for Ingenuity! The#MarsHelicopter completed its 8th flight on Monday. It flew for 77.4 s…" (in en). https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1407211503397183488. 
  39. ↑ Status 313.
  40. ↑ @nasajpl (July 5, 2021). "MarsHelicopter pushes its Red Planet limits". https://twitter.com/nasajpl/status/1412092497552019458. 
  41. ↑ Status 314.
  42. ↑ Malik, Tariq (2021-07-26). "NASA's Mars helicopter soars past 1-mile mark in 10th flight over Red Planet". Space.com. https://www.space.com/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-completes-first-mile-10th-flight. 
  43. ↑ Status 316.
  44. ↑ Bendix, Aria (July 24, 2021). "NASA's Mars helicopter nailed its 10th flight — double what engineers had hoped Ingenuity would do". https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-mars-ingenuity-helicopter-10th-flight-2021-7. 
  45. ↑ mars.nasa.gov (2021-07-23). "Aerial Scouting of 'Raised Ridges' for Ingenuity's Flight 10" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/316/aerial-scouting-of-raised-ridges-for-ingenuitys-flight-10/. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Status 318.
  47. ↑ @NASAJPL (2021-08-05). "#MarsHelicopter has safely flown to a new location! Ingenuity flew for 130.9 seconds and traveled about 380 meters…" (in en). https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1423316030055600133. 
  48. ↑ Status 321.
  49. ↑ @JPL. "A dozen for the books!". https://twitter.com/JPL/status/1427493737219776521.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  50. ↑ mars.nasa.gov (April 30, 2021). "NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter to Begin New Demonstration Phase" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8936/nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-to-begin-new-demonstration-phase. 
  51. ↑ Staff, ScienceAlert (2021-09-06). "Ingenuity Is So Good, NASA's Mars Helicopter Mission Just Got an Exciting Update" (in en-US). https://www.sciencealert.com/remember-nasa-s-little-mars-copter-it-s-still-going-strong. 
  52. ↑ Status 329.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Status 334.
  54. ↑ "rotor spin test at 2,800 rpm. Next up – flight 14". https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1438869634866761730. 
  55. ↑ Status 336.
  56. ↑ @NASAJPL. "Now that conjunction is over". https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1451350714379210760.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  57. ↑ @NASAJPL. "Flight 14 completed". https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1452676656846426112.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  58. ↑ Status 341.
  59. ↑ Status 343.
  60. ↑ @NASAJPL. "The #MarsHelicopter successfully completed its 15th flight". https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1457844542254706693.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  61. ↑ Status 346.
  62. ↑ Status 349.
  63. ↑ mars.nasa.gov (2021-12-07). "Flight 17 – Discovering Limits" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/350/flight-17-discovering-limits/. 
  64. ↑ Status 350.
  65. ↑ @NASAJPL. "The #MarsHelicopter keeps going, going, going!". https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1471887952317796353.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  66. ↑ "Mars Helicopter". NASA. https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/#Flight-Log. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Bapst, Jonathan; Mischna, Michael (January 19, 2022). "Grounded: First Flight Delay Due to Inclement Weather on Another World". NASA. https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/358/grounded-first-flight-delay-due-to-inclement-weather-on-another-world/. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Wall, Mike (8 February 2022). "Mars helicopter Ingenuity aces 19th flight after historic Red Planet weather delay". https://www.space.com/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-19th-flight-success. 
  69. ↑ Cacan, Martin (January 4, 2022). "Flight 19 - New Year, Same Ingenuity". https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/354/flight-19-new-year-same-ingenuity/. 
  70. ↑ mars.nasa.gov (23 February 2022). "Dusty Flight 19 Completed and Looking Ahead to Flight 20" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/366/dusty-flight-19-completed-and-looking-ahead-to-flight-20/. 
  71. ↑ @NASAJPL (26 February 2022). "Flight 20 was a success!". https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1497681547889045506. 
  72. ↑ mars.nasa.gov (2021-11-05). "Flight #15 - Start of the Return Journey" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/343/flight-15-start-of-the-return-journey/. 
  73. ↑ (in en) NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter's Next Steps (Media Briefing), 2021-04-30, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAlXe-U0ws4, retrieved 2022-09-07 
  74. ↑ @NASAJPL (March 11, 2022). "MarsHelicopter can't be stopped!". https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1502382611066339329. 
  75. ↑ Torbet, Georgina (March 12, 2022). "Mars helicopter Ingenuity powers through its 21st flight". https://www.digitaltrends.com/news/mars-ingenuity-flight-21/. 
  76. ↑ @NASAJPL (March 21, 2022). "Over the weekend, the #MarsHelicopter took its 22nd flight". https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1506072916797972483. 
  77. ↑ @NASAJPL (2022-03-24). "MarsHelicopter successfully completed its 23rd excursion.". https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1507160285722804238. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 Morrell, Ben (April 5, 2022). "Balancing Risks in the 'Séítah' Region - Flight 24". NASA. https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/373/balancing-risks-in-the-seitah-region-flight-24/. 
  79. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Images from the Mars Perseverance Rover" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/raw-images/. 
  80. ↑ Davis, Margaret (April 28, 2022). "NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Captures Image of Perseverance's Backshell and Parachute on Its 26th Flight". https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/37376/20220428/nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-captured-image-perseverances-backshell-parachute-26th.htm. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Chang, Kenneth (2022-04-27). "NASA Sees 'Otherworldly' Wreckage on Mars With Ingenuity Helicopter - The debris was part of the equipment that helped the Perseverance mission safely land on the red planet in 2021.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/27/science/nasa-mars-wreckage-photo.html. Retrieved 2022-04-28. 
  82. ↑ @NASAJPL (April 20, 2022). "Ingenuity completed its 26th flight". https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1516931305845321729. 
  83. ↑ "Mars Helicopter Sol 418: Navigation Camera". https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/raw-images/HNM_0418_0704045086_252ECM_N0270001HELI04968_0000A0J. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 mars.nasa.gov. "Images from the Mars Perseverance Rover" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/raw-images/. 
  85. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Images from the Mars Helicopter navigation camera showing movement of rotor blades confirming a high speed rotor spin test of ingenuity" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/raw-images/index.cfm?begin_sol=450&end_sol=450&af=HELI_NAV,HELI_RTE. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 mars.nasa.gov (2022-06-06). "Keeping Our Sense of Direction: Dealing With a Dead Sensor" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/385/keeping-our-sense-of-direction-dealing-with-a-dead-sensor/. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 mars.nasa.gov (2022-08-19). "Ingenuity Team Spun Up for Upcoming Flight 30" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/398/ingenuity-team-spun-up-for-upcoming-flight-30/. 
  88. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Images from the Mars Perseverance Rover" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/raw-images/. 
  89. ↑ "We had liftoff!". 2022-09-07. https://twitter.com/nasajpl/status/1567662224910721024. 
  90. ↑ "Foreign Object Debris Seen During Helicopter's 33rd Flight". 2022-09-30. https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/409/foreign-object-debris-seen-during-helicopters-33rd-flight/. 
  91. ↑ Balaram, Bob (2022-11-14). "Mars Helicopters - The 4R's - NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/417/mars-helicopters-the-4rs/. 
  92. ↑ mars.nasa.gov (14 February 2023). "Perseverance's Four-Legged Companion is Ready - NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/441/perseverances-four-legged-companion-is-ready/. 
  93. ↑ mars.nasa.gov (2023-03-23). "The Race Is On - NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/450/the-race-is-on/. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 94.4 Brown, Travis (May 26, 2023). "Hide and Seek". NASA. https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/466/hide-and-seek/. 
  95. ↑ NASA JPL. "NASA Ingenuity video". https://mars.nasa.gov/system/video_items/6145_Flight47Video.m4v. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 "Flight 50 Preview – By the Numbers". NASA/JPL. 2023-04-04. https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/457/flight-50-preview-by-the-numbers/. 
  97. ↑ Mathewson, Samantha (2023-04-26). "Perseverance Mars rover snaps amazing shot of dusty Ingenuity helicopter". https://www.space.com/perseverance-mars-rover-ingenuity-helicopter-dusty-photo. 
  98. ↑ "Flight 51 Preview – By the Numbers". NASA/JPL. 2023-04-17. https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/460/flight-51-preview-by-the-numbers/. 
  99. ↑ "Flight 52 Preview – By the Numbers". NASA/JPL. 2023-05-25. https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/462/flight-52-preview-by-the-numbers/. 
  100. ↑ "NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Phones Home" (in en-US). June 30, 2023. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-phones-home. 
  101. ↑ mars.nasa.gov (2023-07-20). "Flight 53 Preview – By the Numbers - NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/471/flight-53-preview-by-the-numbers/. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 Cowing, Keith (2023-08-08). "NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Flies Again After Unscheduled Landing" (in en-US). https://spaceref.com/newspace-and-tech/nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-flies-again-after-unscheduled-landing/. 
  103. ↑ mars.nasa.gov (2023-08-02). "Flight 54 Preview – By the Numbers - NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/473/flight-54-preview-by-the-numbers/. 
  104. ↑ mars.nasa.gov (2023-10-11). "Flight 62 Preview – By the Numbers - NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/487/flight-62-preview-by-the-numbers/. 
  105. ↑ "NASA's Mars Fleet Will Still Conduct Science While Lying Low". NASA. November 10, 2023. https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9512/nasas-mars-fleet-will-still-conduct-science-while-lying-low/. 
  106. ↑ mars.nasa.gov (2024-01-19). "Flight 72 Status Update - NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/508/flight-72-statatus-update/. 
  107. ↑ JPL, NASA. "Perseverance is currently out of line-of-sight with Ingenuity, but the team could consider driving closer for a visual inspection.". https://x.com/NASAJPL/status/1748525791724417385?s=20. 
  108. ↑ @NASAJPL. "Good news today". https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1748883252604236281.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  109. ↑ "After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/after-three-years-on-mars-nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-mission-ends. 
  110. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Images from the Mars Perseverance Rover - NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/raw-images/index.cfm?begin_sol=1040&end_sol=1043&af=HELI_NAV,HELI_RTE. 
  111. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Images from the Mars Perseverance Rover - NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/raw-images/index.cfm?begin_sol=1027&end_sol=1027&af=HELI_NAV,HELI_RTE. 
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 mars.nasa.gov (6 February 2024). "Perseverance Spots Ingenuity at Its Final Airfield" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/27919/perseverance-spots-ingenuity-at-its-final-airfield. 
  113. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Location Map for Perseverance Rover – NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/where-is-the-rover/. 

Status reports

  • Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator. (PDF) – The key design features of the prototype drone.
  • First Video of NASA's Ingenuity helicopter in flight – via YouTube.
  • Perseverance route map — including the flight tracks of Ingenuity
  • Explore Mars



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