Biology:Halobacteriaceae

Halobacteriaceae, from Ancient Greek ἅλς (háls), meaning "salt", and "bacterium", is a family in the order Halobacteriales and the domain Archaea. Halobacteriaceae represent a large part of halophilic Archaea, along with members in two other methanogenic families, Methanosarcinaceae and Methanocalculaceae. The family consists of many diverse genera that can survive extreme environmental niches. Most commonly, Halobacteriaceae are found in hypersaline lakes and can even tolerate sites polluted by heavy metals. They include neutrophiles, acidophiles (ex. Halarchaeum acidiphilum), alkaliphiles (ex. Natronobacterium), and there have even been psychrotolerant species discovered (ex. Hrr. lacusprofundi). Some members have been known to live aerobically, as well as anaerobically, and they come in many different morphologies. These diverse morphologies include rods in genus Halobacterium, cocci in Halococcus, flattened discs or cups in Haloferax, and other shapes ranging from flattened triangles in Haloarcula to squares in Haloquadratum, and Natronorubrum. Most species of Halobacteriaceae are best known for their high salt tolerance and red-pink pigmented members (due to bacterioruberin carotenoids), but there are also non-pigmented species and those that require moderate salt conditions. Some species of Halobacteriaceae have been shown to exhibit phosphorus solubilizing activities that contribute to phosphorus cycling in hypersaline environments. Techniques such as 16S rRNA analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization have been major contributors to taxonomic classification in Halobacteriaceae, partly due to the difficulty in culturing halophilic Archaea.

Overview

Halobacteriaceae are found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. They are also called halophiles, though this name is also used for other organisms which live in somewhat less concentrated salt water. They are common in most environments where large amounts of salt, moisture, and organic material are available. Large blooms appear reddish, from the pigment bacteriorhodopsin. This pigment is used to absorb light, which provides energy to create ATP. Halobacteria also possess a second pigment, halorhodopsin, which pumps in chloride ions in response to photons, creating a voltage gradient and assisting in the production of energy from light. The process is unrelated to other forms of photosynthesis involving electron transport and halobacteria are incapable of fixing carbon from carbon dioxide.

Halobacteria can exist in salty environments because although they are aerobes, they have a separate and different way of creating energy through use of light energy. Parts of the membranes of halobacteria are purplish in color and contain retinal pigment. This allows them to create a proton gradient across the membrane of the cell which can be used to create ATP for their own use.

They have certain adaptations to live within their salty environments. For example, their cellular machinery is adapted to high salt concentrations by having charged amino acids on their surfaces, allowing the cell to keep its water molecules around these components. The osmotic pressure and these amino acids help to control the amount of salt within the cell. However, because of these adaptations, if the cell is placed in a wet, less salty environment, it is likely to immediately burst from the osmotic pressure.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

Closely allied families include Halococcaceae and Haloarculaceae. Some sources may opt to use a nonphylogenetic placement of genera between Halobacteriaceae and these families (also see note 1).

16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024

53 marker proteins based GTDB 10-RS226

Halobacteriaceae *       Halanaeroarchaeum     Halodesulfurarchaeum         Salarchaeum       Halocalculus       Halarchaeum     Halobacterium                 Halomarina       Actinarchaeum     Halocatena           Haloglomus       Salinirubellus         Halorarius       Salella     Halosegnis         Natronomonas             Haloarculaceae       Halomicrobium 2       Halovenus *     Halosimplex           Halomicroarcula 2 (paraphyletic)     Haloarcula           Halosimplex 2         Halomicrobium (paraphyletic)     Halomicroarcula         Halorientalis         Salinibaculum *       Salinirussus     Halovenus 2           Halorhabdus       Halococcoides     Halapricum

Haladaptataceae     Halobacteriaceae *     Halanaeroarchaeum Sorokin et al. 2016     Halodesulfurarchaeum Sorokin et al. 2017             Halospeciosus Li et al. 2024     Salarchaeum Shimane et al. 2011         Halocalculus Minegishi et al. 2015     Halarchaeum Minegishi et al. 2010         Halobacterium (Elazari-Volcani 1940) Elazari-Volcani 1957                 Halococcaceae     Haloarculaceae       Halocatena * Verma et al. 2020 [incl. Actinarchaeum corrig. Tang et al. 2024]     Halomarina * Inoue et al. 2011         Natronomonas * Kamekura et al. 1997         Halorarius Sun et al. 2023     Halosegnis Duran-Viseras et al. 2022 [incl. Salella Deshmukh & Oren 2023]         Salinirubellus * Hou et al. 2018     Haloglomus Duran-Viseras, Sanchez-Porro & Ventosa 2020               Halorientalis           Halapricum       Halococcoides     Halorhabdus             Salinirussus       Salinibaculum * Han & Cui 2020     Halovenus * Makhdoumi-Kakhki et al. 2012         Halosimplex           Halomicrobium [incl. Halosiccatus]     Haloarcula [incl. Halomicroarcula]                 Haloferacaceae

Note 1: * polyphyletic Halobacteriaceae
Note 2: Unassigned Halobacteriaceae

• "Haloalcalophilium" Lizama et al. 2000a

See also

• List of Archaea genera

Further reading

Scientific journals

• Wright, A-DG (2006). "Phylogenetic relationships within the order Halobacteriales inferred from 16S rRNA gene sequences". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56 (Pt 6): 1223–1227. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63776-0. PMID 16738095. 
• Judicial, Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (2005). "The nomenclatural types of the orders Acholeplasmatales, Halanaerobiales, Halobacteriales, Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, Planctomycetales, Prochlorales, Sulfolobales, Thermococcales, Thermoproteales and Verrucomicrobiales are the genera Acholeplasma, Halanaerobium, Halobacterium, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanomicrobium, Planctomyces, Prochloron, Sulfolobus, Thermococcus, Thermoproteus and Verrucomicrobium, respectively. Opinion 79". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55 (Pt 1): 517–518. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63548-0. PMID 15653928. 
• "Nomenclatural type of orders: corrections necessary according to Rules 15 and 21a of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision), and designation of appropriate nomenclatural types of classes and subclasses. Request for an Opinion". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 (Pt 2): 725–727. 2001. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-2-725. PMID 11321122. 
• "International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Halobacteriaceae. Minutes of the meetings, 16 August 1999, Sydney, Australia". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50 (3): 1405–1407. 2000. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-3-1405. PMID 10843089. 

Scientific books

• "Group III. Extremely halophilic archaeobacteria. Order Halobacteriales ord. nov.". Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 3 (1st ed.). Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co.. 1989. p. 169. 
• Gibbons, NE (1974). "Family V. Halobacteriaceae fam. nov.". in RE Buchanan and NE Gibbons. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (8th ed.). Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co.. 
• Blum P, ed (2008). Archaea: New Models for Prokaryotic Biology. Caister Academic Press. [1]. ISBN 978-1-904455-27-1. http://www.horizonpress.com/arch. 

External links

• Correct names of taxa within the family Halobacteriaceae

Wikidata ☰ Q764133 entry