Biology:List of oldest trees

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Pando, a colony of quaking aspen, is one of the oldest-known clonal trees. Recent estimates of its age range up to 14,000 years old. It is located in Utah, United States.

This is a list of the oldest-known trees, as reported in reliable sources. Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary. In addition, tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented "tree-ring" (dendrochronological) count core samples, and from estimates. For these reasons, this article presents three lists of "oldest trees," each using varying criteria.

There are three tables of trees, which are listed by age and species. The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined, either through counting or cross-referencing tree rings or through radiocarbon dating. Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages, but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away. For some old trees, so much of the center is missing that their age cannot be directly determined. Instead, estimates are made based on the tree's size and presumed growth rate. The second table includes trees with these estimated ages. The last table lists clonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old.

The current record-holders for individual, non-clonal trees are the Great Basin bristlecone pine trees from California and Nevada, in the United States. Through tree-ring cross-referencing, they have been shown to be almost five millennia old.[1]

A clonal colony can survive for much longer than an individual tree. A colony of 48,000 quaking aspen trees (nicknamed Pando), covering 106 acres (43 ha) in the Fishlake National Forest of Utah, is considered one of the oldest and largest organisms in the world. Recent estimates set the colony's age at several thousand (up to 14,000) years, although tree ring samples date individual stems at rarely more than 130 years.[2][3][4][5][6] A colony of Huon pine trees covering 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) on Mount Read (Tasmania) is estimated to be around 10,000 years old, as determined by DNA samples taken from pollen collected from the sediment of a nearby lake. Individual trees in this group date to no more than 4,000 years old, as determined by tree ring samples.[7]

Trees with verified ages

Name Age
(years) 		Year Germinated Species Location Country Notes
Unnamed tree (not in a confirmed database), near Prometheus 5,0654,900 5,065+


ca. 3,065 BCE Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 Wheeler Peak, Nevada United States [8]
Prometheus
(WPN-114)		 4,900 4,900+


2,900+ BCE Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 Wheeler Peak, Nevada United States Cut down by Donald Rusk Currey in 1964.[9]
Methuselah 4,855[nb 1] 2,832 BCE Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 White Mountains (California) United States It is the oldest known living (non-clonal) tree in the world.[11]
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo 3,653–5,484
CBR26 3266 3,266


1,245 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[11]
D-21 3220 3,220


1,199 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[11]
D-23 3075 3,075


1,054 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[11]
CMC 3 3033 3,033


1,012 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[11]
Scofield Juniper 2675 2,675


654 BCE Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[12]		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[11]
BLK227 2,649 626 BCE Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina) United States [13]
CB-90-11 2,466 443 BCE Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine
Pinus aristata		 Central Colorado United States [11][14]
Panke Baobab 2419 2,419


398 BCE African baobab
Adansonia digitata		 Matabeleland North Zimbabwe Dead in 2011; the oldest non-clonal angiosperm ever documented.[15]
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 2,310 287 BCE Sacred fig
Ficus religiosa		 Anuradhapura, North Central Province Sri Lanka A sapling claimed to be from the Bodhi tree, the legendary tree under which the Buddha is said to have become enlightened. It was brought to its current location and planted at around 288 BCE by Sanghamitra, daughter of Emperor Ashoka. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[16]
? 2230 2,230


209 BCE Qilian juniper
Juniperus przewalskii		 Delingha, Qinghai Province China [11]
? 2200 2,200


179 BCE Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		 Northern California United States Dead.[11]
Bennett Juniper 2200 2,200


179 BCE Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[12]		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [11]
SHP 7 2110 2,110


89 BCE Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada California United States [11]
BLK232 2089 2,089


68 BCE Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina) United States [13]
? 1,950 74 Subalpine larch
Larix lyallii		 Kananaskis, Alberta Canada [11][17]
CRE 175 1889 1,889


133 Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		 Northern New Mexico United States [11]
Miles Juniper 1,836 189 Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[citation needed]		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [11][18]
Jōmon Sugi 1,812 212 Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yakushima Island Japan [19]
KET 3996 1,726 298 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Ketchum, Idaho United States [11][20]
BFR-46 1697 1,697


325 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Wasatch Mountains, Utah United States [11]
FL117 1,685 339 Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		 Ontario Canada [11][21]
ERE 1670 1,670


352 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Northern New Mexico United States [11]
RCR 1 1666 1,666


356 Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [11]
? 1661 1,661


361 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 South Park (Park County, Colorado) United States [11]
BBL 2 1649 1,649


373 Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [11]
BCK 69 1,658 376 Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Bladen County, North Carolina United States [11][22]
? 1636 1,636


386 Nootka cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis		 Vancouver Island Canada [11]
FL101 1567 1,567


455 Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		 Ontario Canada [11]
? 1542 1,542


480 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Central Colorado United States [11]
Italus 1,236 788 Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii		 Pollino National Park Italy Alive. Oldest tree in Europe with verified age (radiocarbon calibrated tree-ring procedure).[23]

Trees with estimated ages

Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and only serve as estimates.

Name Age
(years)		 Species Location Country Notes
"The Sisters" or "Sisters Olive Trees of Noah" 6,000[24] Olive
Olea europaea 		Bchaaleh, North Governorate Lebanon Folk legend also ascribes The Sisters as the source of the olive branch returned to Noah's Ark at the waning of the Biblical Flood.[25][26][27] The trees still produce olives.
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo 5,484 Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides } 		Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos Chile A new 2022 estimation of 5,484 years expands on a previous minimum age based on incomplete tree rings of 3,653.[28][29]
?[nb 2] 5,075 Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 White Mountains (California) United States Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan. However, core is missing and date is unconfirmed.[11]
Llangernyw Yew 4,000–5,000 Common yew
Taxus baccata		 Llangernyw, Conwy United Kingdom Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village, Wales. One of the 50 Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh 4,500 Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		 Abarkuh, Yazd Iran Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv".[30][31]
Gümeli Porsuğu 4,115 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Zonguldak Turkey Alive, found in 2016.[32][33]
The Ancient Yew 4,000 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Tisbury, Wiltshire United Kingdom 37 feet in circumference. Situated in the churchyard of St John's, Tisbury. Carbon dated by David Bellamy.[34]
The Senator 3,500 Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens		 Longwood, Florida United States Died in January 2012 from human-caused fire.[35][36]
Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601) 3,350 European olive tree

Olea europea L. var. europaea

Mouriscas, Abrantes Portugal Alive.[37][38]
Great Camphor of Takeo 3000+ Cinnamomum camphora
"Camphor Tree"		 Takeo, Saga Japan A large Camphor tree reputed to be over 3,000 years old.[39] Worshipped at a Shinto shrine dedicated to the tree, dating back to the 700s C.E.[40] Alive.
The President 3200 3,200 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Alive.
Fortingall Yew 3,000 Common yew
Taxus baccata		 Fortingall, Perthshire United Kingdom Alive. Possibly the oldest tree in Britain.[41][42][clarification needed]
Alishan Sacred Tree 3,000 Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis		 Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi Taiwan Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[43]
S'Ozzastru 3,000–4,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Luras, Sardinia Italy [44]
Patriarca da Floresta [pt] 3,020 Jequitibá-rosa

Cariniana legalis

Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo Brazil Alive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park.[45]
Raintree 3,000 Great Basin bristlecone pine Spring Mountains, Nevada United States Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia ({{{2}}}) 2,850 Olive
Olea europaea		 Santa Iria de Azóia [pt], Loures, Lisbon Portugal Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority; Tree ID[46]
Mother of the Forest 2520 2,520 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California United States Dead.
Sarv Zibad 2,500 Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		 Sarv Zibad, Khorasan Iran Also called "holly Sarv".[30][31]
General Sherman 2,300–2,700 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California United States Alive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), it is the largest known living single-stem tree, and among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet.[47][48]
Kayano Ōsugi 2,300 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa Japan Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".
Oliveira de Santa Luzia 2,210 Olive
Olea europaea		 Santa Luzia, Tavira, Algarve Portugal Alive.[49]
Jōmon Sugi 2,170–7,200 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yakushima Japan Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[50][51][52]
Koca Katran 2022 2,022 Lebanon cedar
Cedrus libani		 Antalya Turkey Alive.[53]
Ballyconnell Yew 2,000–5,000 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Ballyconnell, Annagh Ireland Oldest tree in Ireland.[citation needed]
Elia Vouvon 2,000–5,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Kolymvari, Crete Greece Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[54]
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi 2,000–4,000 Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa		 Sicily Italy Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu 2,000–3,000 Chinese juniper
Juniperus chinensis		 Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk South Korea Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".
Lady Liberty 2,000 Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Longwood, Florida United States Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tnjri 2,000 Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis		 Martuni Region Artsakh (de facto) / Azerbaijan (de jure) Oldest tree in de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure a part of Azerbaijan. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Stara Maslina 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Stari Bar, Bar Montenegro
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree 2,000 Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia		 Temecula, California United States Oldest oak tree in the United States , possibly in the world.
Tejo Milenario 2,000+ Yew
Taxus baccata		 Cazorla, Jaén Spain Oldest tree in Spain.[55]
? 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Exo Hora, Zakynthos Greece [56]
? 2,000 Yew
Taxus		 Sochi, Krasnodar Krai Russia A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[57]
Houkisugi at Nakagawa 2,000 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita, Kanagawa Japan
Methuselah 1,800 Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		 Woodside, California United States [58]
Araucaria Madre 1,800 Araucaria araucana Araucanía Chile Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[59]
Granit oak 1,700 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Granit Bulgaria
Kongeegen 1,500–2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand Denmark [60]
Stelmužė Oak 1,500–2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Stelmužė, Zarasai Lithuania Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.
Vilémovice Yew 1,500–2,000 Common yew
Taxus baccata		 Vilémovice Czech Republic 345 cm (136 in) in circumference.[61]
Aubépines 1,500 Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna		 Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne France Oldest tree in France.[62]
Jardine Juniper 1,500 Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		 Logan Canyon, Utah United States [63]
Árbol del Tule 1,433–1,600 Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum		 Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca Mexico Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Baikushev's pine 1,300 white fir
Pinus heldreichii		 Pirin Mountains Bulgaria Oldest known coniferous tree in Bulgaria. It is named after its discoverer, forest ranger Kostadin Baikushev.
Te Matua Ngahere 1,200–4,000 Kauri
Agathis australis		 Waipoua Forest, Northland New Zealand Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Algarrobo Abuelo 1,200+ Algarrobo
Prosopis chilensis		 Villa de Merlo, San Luis Province Argentina Possibly oldest algarrobo in Argentina.[citation needed]

Clonal trees

As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[citation needed]

Name Age
(years)		 Species Location Country Notes
Antarctic Beech less than 70 million years[64] Antarctic beech
Nothofagus moorei 		Repeater Station Road, Springbrook National Park, Queensland Australia Three individuals approximately 2000 years old are the parent trees to others in the surrounding forest; they grow clones by coppicing new shoots radially, forming a ring at the base of the parent tree trunk.[65]
Wollemi Pines 60+ million years Wollemi pine
Wollemia nobilis 		Wollemi National Park, New South Wales Australia According to Cris Brack and Matthew Brookhouse at the ANU Fenner School of Environment & Society: "Once you accept that a common, genetically identical stock can define a tree, then the absolute “winner” for oldest tree (or the oldest clonal material belonging to a tree) [in Australia] must go to the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis). It may be more than 60 million years old. The Wollemi pine clones itself, forming exact genetic copies. It was thought to be extinct until a tiny remnant population was discovered in Wollemi National Park in 1994... There is also substantial evidence that the tree has been cloning itself and its unique genes ever since it disappeared from the fossil record more than 60 million years ago."[66]
Unknown 43,600–130,000 King's lomatia
Lomatia tasmanica		 Southwest National Park, Tasmania Australia Lomatia tasmanica is an endangered species with only one population, consisting of several hundred genetically identical individuals. Although it flowers occasionally, fruit production has never been observed, and it propagates vegetatively. Fossilized leaves are dated as at least 43,600 years old, found in sediments with a maximum age of 130,000.[67]
Pando less than 14,000[3]–80,000[68] Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides		 Fishlake National Forest, Utah United States Covers 107 acres (0.43 km2) and has around 47,000 stems (aged up to 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak[69] 13,000[70] Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri		 Jurupa Mountains, California United States Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[70]
Old Tjikko 9,550 Norway spruce
Picea abies		 Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna Sweden The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[71][72] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[73] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[74]
Old Rasmus 9,500 Norway spruce
Picea abies		 Sonfjället, Härjedalen Sweden [75]
Mongarlowe mallee 3,000–13,000 Mongarlowe mallee
Eucalyptus recurva		 Mongarlowe, New South Wales Australia Alive. A critically endangered species, known only from 6 wild individuals, first described in the 1980s. Based on the size and growth rate of its lignotuber, the largest single specimen is estimated to be 3,000 years old. However, it is possible that two other specimens are actually the result of a split in the original rootstock, and based on their spread of 26m would be estimated at 13,000 years old, potentially the oldest single tree on earth.[76]
unknown 3,000[77]–10,000[78] Huon pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii		 Mount Read, Tasmania Australia Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[7]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ It is uncertain when Methuselah's age was determined, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957".[10] The age given here is based on this reference point.
  2. ↑ Not named yet

References

  1. ↑ Farmer, Jared (2022). Elderflora: A Modern History of Ancient Trees. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-09785-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=DDNdEAAAQBAJ. 
  2. ↑ Rogers, Paul C.; McAvoy, Darren J. (2018-10-17). "Mule deer impede Pando's recovery: Implications for aspen resilience from a single-genotype forest" (in en). PLOS ONE 13 (10): e0203619. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203619. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 30332420. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1303619R. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ding, Chen; Schreiber, Stefan G.; Roberts, David R.; Hamann, Andreas; Brouard, Jean S. (2017-07-05). "Post-glacial biogeography of trembling aspen inferred from habitat models and genetic variance in quantitative traits" (in en). Scientific Reports 7 (1): 4672. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04871-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 28680120. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...7.4672D. 
  4. ↑ Grant, Michael C. (1 October 1993). "The Trembling Giant". Discover Magazine. http://discovermagazine.com/1993/oct/thetremblinggian285. 
  5. ↑ "Botanical Record-Breakers". W.P Armstrong. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0601.htm#massive. 
  6. ↑ "SPECIES: Populus tremuloides". USDA - United States Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/poptre/all.html#BOTANICAL%20AND%20ECOLOGICAL%20CHARACTERISTICS. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Native Conifers of Tasmania". Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania. http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/veg/pines.html. 
  8. ↑ "The Prometheus Story - Great Basin National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" (in en). https://www.nps.gov/grba/learn/historyculture/the-prometheus-story.htm. "another bristlecone in the same area, proved to be 5,065 years old." 
  9. ↑ Salzer, Matthew; Baisan, Christopher (May 13–17, 2013). "Dendrochronology of the "Currey Tree"". Second American Dendrochronology Conference. University of Arizona, Tucson. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333058921. 
  10. ↑ "Pinus longaeva". Gymnosperm Database. 2020-01-17. https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_longaeva.php. 
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 "OldList, A Database Of Old Trees". Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research. May 2019. http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Juniperus grandis". Gymnosperm Database. 2020-01-17. https://conifers.org/cu/Juniperus_grandis.php. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Stahle, D. W.; Edmondson, J. R.; Howard, I. M.; Robbins, C. R.; Griffin, R. D.; Carl, A.; Hall, C. B.; Stahle, D. K. et al. (May 16, 2019). "Longevity, climate sensitivity, and conservation status of wetland trees at Black River, North Carolina". Environmental Research Communications 1 (4): 041002. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ab0c4a. Bibcode: 2019ERCom...1d1002S. 
  14. ↑ Brunstein, F. Craig; Yamaguchi, David K. (Aug 1992). "The Oldest Known Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pines (Pinus aristata Engelm.)". Arctic and Alpine Research 24 (3): 253–256. doi:10.2307/1551666. 
  15. ↑ Adrian Patrut et al. (2018) The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs. Nature Plants 4: 423–426. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0170-5
  16. ↑ "Oldest-known human-planted tree". 2011. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-known-human-planted-tree-#:~:text=The%20oldest%20tree%20known%20to,planted%20there%20in%20288%20BC.. 
  17. ↑ Worrall, John (1990). "Subalpine Larch: Oldest Trees in Canada?". The Forestry Chronicle 66 (5): 478–479. doi:10.5558/tfc66478-5. 
  18. ↑ Miles, D.H.; Worthington, M.J. (17–21 June 1998). "Sonora Pass junipers from California USA: construction of a 3,500-year chronology". in Stravinskiene, V.; Juknys, R.. Dendrochronology and Environmental Trends - Proceedings of the International Conference. Kaunas, Lithuania: Vytautas Magnas University Department of Environmental Sciences. 
  19. ↑ Suzuki, Eizi; Tsukahara, Jun (1987). "Age structure and regeneration of old growth Cryptomeria japonica forests on Yakushima Island". Journal of Plant Research 100 (3): 223–241. doi:10.1007/BF02492832. 
  20. ↑ Schulman, E. (1956). Dendroclimatic Changes in Semiarid America. Tucson: Univ. of Ariz. Press. 
  21. ↑ Larson, D. W.; Kelly, P. E. (1991). "The extent of old-growth Thuja occidentalis on cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment". Canadian Journal of Botany 69 (7): 1628–1636. doi:10.1139/b91-206. 
  22. ↑ Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Hehr, J. G. (10 June 1988). "North Carolina Climate Changes Reconstructed from Tree Rings: A.D. 372 to 1985". Science 240 (4858): 1517–1519. doi:10.1126/science.240.4858.1517. PMID 17798982. Bibcode: 1988Sci...240.1517S. 
  23. ↑ Piovesan, Gianluca; Biondi, Franco; Baliva, Michele; Saba, Emanuele Presutti; Calcagnile, Lucio; Quarta, Gianluca; D'Elia, Marisa; Vivo, Giuseppe De et al. (2018). "The oldest dated tree of Europe lives in the wild Pollino massif: Italus, a strip-bark Heldreich's pine" (in en). Ecology 99 (7): 1682–1684. doi:10.1002/ecy.2231. ISSN 1939-9170. PMID 29768656. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ecy.2231. 
  24. ↑ Pappagallo, Linda (2013-01-08). "The World's Oldest Olive Trees are Lebanese - Green Prophet" (in en-US). https://www.greenprophet.com/2013/01/noah-olive-trees-lebanon/. 
  25. ↑ "Epic Olive Trees - Olive Oil Times". https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/world/epic-olive-trees/26998. 
  26. ↑ "The World's Oldest Living Olive Trees Are Lebanese « Time Olive Trees" (in en-US). https://timeolivetrees.com/the-worlds-oldest-living-olive-trees-are-lebanese/. 
  27. ↑ "Olive trees of Bchaaleh are the oldest olive trees in Lebanon – LebanonUntravelled.com" (in en-US). https://lebanonuntravelled.com/olive-trees-of-bchaaleh-are-the-oldest-olive-trees-in-lebanon/. 
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named oldchile
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named conaf
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Cypress". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cypress-sarv-cupressus-tourn. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Trees in ancient Iran". Earthwatchers. http://www.earthwatchers.org/en/drkhtkriEN.html. 
  32. ↑ "Oldest yew tree found in Turkey's north". 13 June 2016. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/oldest-yew-tree-found-in-turkeys-north.aspx?pageID=238&nID=100428&NewsCatID=341. 
  33. ↑ "Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi". http://www.ktu.edu.tr/ormanmuhendisligi-etkinlik13857. 
  34. ↑ "The ancient yew tree". http://www.tisburyparishchurch.org/just-visiting-4/. 
  35. ↑ Pavuk, Amy. "'The Senator' Catches Fire". Orlando Sentinel. Times Newspaper. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/local/seminole/os-senator-cypress-tree-fire-20120116,0,6171920.story. 
  36. ↑ Scheper, J.. "Florida's Big Tree". Floridata.com. http://www.floridata.com/tracks/TheSenator/page2.htm. 
  37. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/aip/resource/docs/certificados/KNJ1-478-Declaracao.pdf. 
  38. ↑ "FLORESTAS — ICNF" (in pt). http://www.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/ArvoresFicha?Processo=KNJ1/478&Concelho=&Freguesia=&Distrito=. 
  39. ↑ "A town with sacred camphor trees and a new-style library". https://www.japan.travel/en/spot/766/. 
  40. ↑ "武雄神社とは". https://takeo-jinjya.jp/shrine/. 
  41. ↑ Bevan-Jones, Robert (2004). The ancient yew: a history of Taxus baccata. Bollington: Windgather Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-9545575-3-9. 
  42. ↑ Hidson, Toby (2014). "Addressing the claim that the Defynnog yewsin Powysmay be 5,000 years old". Ancient Yew Group. https://www.ancient-yew.org/userfiles/file/Defynnog%20v4f5.pdf. 
  43. ↑ "Alishan Forest Recreation area has new "tree king"". Taipei Times. 2006-07-02. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/07/02/2003316816. 
  44. ↑ "A Luras il patriarca degli olivastri millenari d'Europa" (in it). COMUNE DI LURAS. http://78.110.185.34/luras/ev/images/LURAS%20-Olivastri%20millenari%202.pdf. 
  45. ↑ Botosso, Paulo Cesar (November 2002). "Conhecer a Idade das Árvores: Importância e Aplicação". Embrapa Florestas Documentos 75: 25. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15427641.pdf. Retrieved 2017-10-26. 
  46. ↑ "UTAD classificou oliveira com 2.850 anos!" (in pt). CienciaPT. 2011-07-08. http://www.cienciapt.net/pt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=104157&Itemid=302. 
  47. ↑ "The General Sherman Tree". Sequoia National Park. U.S. National Park Service. 1997-03-27. http://www.nps.gov/seki/naturescience/sherman.htm. 
  48. ↑ "The General Sherman Tree - Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks (U.S. National Park Service)" (in en). https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/nature/sherman.htm. 
  49. ↑ "Árvores Monumentais de Portugal". ICNF. http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/aip/aip-monum-pt. 
  50. ↑ Hobson, Jake (2007). Niwaki: Pruning, Training and Shaping Trees the Japanese Way. Timber Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-88192-835-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=dR9074_8QioC&q=%22jomonsugi%22&pg=PA86. Retrieved 25 August 2008. 
  51. ↑ Flora and Fauna Fact Sheet (Web Japan)
  52. ↑ Miyazaki, Makoto. "The old men of the mountains". The Yomiuri Shimbun. http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/columns/0005/lens190.htm. 
  53. ↑ "Locals want quarries out of Çığlıkara Forest". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/locals-want-quarries-out-of-ciglikara-forest.aspx?pageID=438&n=locals-want-quarries-out-of-ciglikara-forest-2010-05-17. 
  54. ↑ "The Olive Tree and Olive Oil". Sfakia-crete.com. http://www.sfakia-crete.com/sfakia-crete/olive.html. 
  55. ↑ "Andalucía alberga el árbol más longevo de toda España". Cambio16. 2018-05-04. https://www.cambio16.com/arbol-mas-viejo-de-espana-andalucia/. 
  56. ↑ "the-oldest-olive-tree pictures, videos and albums". Webshots.com. http://www.webshots.com/explains/outdoors/the-oldest-olive-tree.html. 
  57. ↑ "О Кавказе". Wwf.ru. 2008-07-24. http://www.wwf.ru/about/where_we_work/caucasus/about/. 
  58. ↑ ""Methuselah" Redwood - Woodside, California". Waymarking.com. http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMQR9. 
  59. ↑ ""Parque de Araucarias Araucanas" - Chile: La edad milenaria e indefinida de las Araucarias Araucanas". 11 August 2013. http://parquedearaucarias.blogspot.cl/2013/08/la-edad-milenaria-e-indefinida-de-las.html. 
  60. ↑ "Kong Frederik den Syvendes Stiftelse Paa Jægerspris". Kongfrederik.dk. http://www.kongfrederik.dk/main.asp?me=41&sc=3. 
  61. ↑ "Tajemný tis ve Vilémovicích je nejstarším stromem v Česku" (in cs). Czech Radio. 2021-04-24. https://cesky.radio.cz/tajemny-tis-ve-vilemovicich-je-nejstarsim-stromem-v-cesku-8715601. 
  62. ↑ "Common Hawthorn next to the church in Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne, France". https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/fra/mayenne/saintmarssurlafutaie/2810_church/. 
  63. ↑ "Jardine Juniper Trail". Utahmountainbiking.com. 2001-08-31. http://www.utahmountainbiking.com/trails/jardine.htm. 
  64. ↑ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2022.2150549?journalCode=ghbi20Vento, Bárbara; Agrain, Federico; Puebla, Griselda (2022). "Ancient Antarctica: the early evolutionary history of Nothofagus". Historical Biology: 1–11. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2150549. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365900328. 
  65. ↑ "National Trust - Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus moorei )". https://trusttrees.org.au/tree/QLD/Springbrook/Repeater_Station_Road. 
  66. ↑ "Where the old things are: Australia's most ancient trees". 18 April 2017. https://theconversation.com/where-the-old-things-are-australias-most-ancient-trees-65893. 
  67. ↑ Lynch, A. J. J.; Barnes, R. W.; Vaillancourt, R. E.; Cambecèdes, J. (1998). "Genetic evidence that Lomatia tasmanica (Proteaceae) is an ancient clone". Australian Journal of Botany 46 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1071/BT96120. http://eprints.utas.edu.au/7645/1/Lynch1998.pdf. Retrieved 11 November 2013. 
  68. ↑ "Quaking Aspen". Bryce Canyon. National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/brca/naturescience/quakingaspen.htm. 
  69. ↑ Connor, Steve (December 23, 2009). "At 13,000 years, tree is world's oldest organism". The Independent (United Kingdom). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/at-13000-years-tree-is-worldrsquos-oldest-organism-1848009.html. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 May, Michael R; Provance, Mitchell C; Sanders, Andrew C; Ellstrand, Norman C; Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey (December 2009). "A Pleistocene Clone of Palmer's Oak Persisting in Southern California". PLOS ONE 4 (12): e8346. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008346. PMID 20041136. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.8346M. 
  71. ↑ "Swedes find 'world's oldest tree'". BBC News. 17 April 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7353357.stm. 
  72. ↑ Owen, James (14 April 2008). "Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden". National Geographic. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080414-oldest-tree.html. 
  73. ↑ "World's oldest living tree discovered in Sweden". Swedish Research Council. 16 April 2008. http://www.idw-online.de/pages/de/news255795. 
  74. ↑ Roger Highfield (17 April 2008). "World's oldest tree discovered in Sweden". London: The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/04/17/eatree117.xml. 
  75. ↑ "9 500 år gammal gran i Härjedalen" (in sv). http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/9-500-ar-gammal-gran-i-harjedalen-1.978329. 
  76. ↑ "Eucalyptus recurva (a mallee) Draft Recovery Plan". Sydney, Australia: National Parks and Wildlife Service NSW. 2002. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/recoveryplanDraftEucalyptusRecurva.pdf. 
  77. ↑ "The Oldest Living Tasmanian: The Huon Pine". Australian Broadcasting Company. http://www.abc.net.au/abccontentsales/s1201471.htm. 
  78. ↑ "Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden". National Geographic News. 2008-04-08. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080414-oldest-tree_2.html. 

72. National Trust. 2023. Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus moorei). [ONLINE] Available at: https://trusttrees.org.au/tree/QLD/Springbrook/Repeater_Station_Road. [Accessed 8 April 2023].



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