Biology:Sulfatase

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Short description: Class of enzymes which break up sulfate esters by hydrolysis
1p49 opm.png
Identifiers
SymbolSulfatase
PfamPF00884
InterProIPR000917
PROSITEPDOC00117
SCOP21auk / SCOPe / SUPFAM
OPM superfamily24
OPM protein1p49

In biochemistry, sulfatases EC 3.1.6.- are a class of enzymes of the esterase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate esters into an alcohol and a bisulfate:

[math]\displaystyle{ \ce{R-OSO3 + H2O} \quad \xrightarrow[\text{sulfatase}]{} \quad \ce{R-OH + HSO4-} }[/math]

These may be found on a range of substrates, including steroids, carbohydrates and proteins. Sulfate esters may be formed from various alcohols and amines. In the latter case the resultant N-sulfates can also be termed sulfamates.

Sulfatases play important roles in the cycling of sulfur in the environment, in the degradation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids in the lysosome, and in remodelling sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular space. Together with sulfotransferases, sulfatases form the major catalytic machinery for the synthesis and breakage of sulfate esters.

Occurrence and importance

Sulfatases are found in lower and higher organisms. In higher organisms they are found in intracellular and extracellular spaces. Steroid sulfatase is distributed in a wide range of tissues throughout the body, enabling sulfated steroids synthesized in the adrenals and gonads to be desulfated following distribution through the circulation system. Many sulfatases are localized in the lysosome, an acidic digestive organelle found within the cell. Lysosomal sulfatases cleave a range of sulfated carbohydrates including sulfated glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids. Genetic defects in sulfatase activity can arise through mutations in individual sulfatases and result in certain lysosomal storage disorders with a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from defects in physical and intellectual development.

Three-dimensional structure

Ester sulfate hydrolysis by sulfate enzyme

The following sulfatases have been shown to be structurally related based on their sequence homology:[1][2][3]

Human proteins containing this domain

ARSA; ARSB; ARSD; ARSF; ARSG; ARSH; ARSI; ARSJ; ARSK; ARSL; GALNS; GNS; IDS; PIGG; SGSH; STS; SULF1; SULF2;

References

  1. "Phylogenetic conservation of arylsulfatases. cDNA cloning and expression of human arylsulfatase B". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (6): 3374–3381. 1990. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)39778-9. PMID 2303452. 
  2. "Hunter syndrome: isolation of an iduronate-2-sulfatase cDNA clone and analysis of patient DNA". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (21): 8531–8535. 1990. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.21.8531. PMID 2122463. Bibcode1990PNAS...87.8531W. 
  3. "Structure and expression of the gene encoding the periplasmic arylsulfatase of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii". Mol. Gen. Genet. 218 (2): 229–239. 1989. doi:10.1007/BF00331273. PMID 2476654. 

External links

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR000917