Medicine:Reference ranges for blood tests

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Short description: Common human medical data ranges for blood test results

Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.

Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.[1]

Interpretation

A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval).[2] It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.[citation needed]

Plasma or whole blood

In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:[3]

  • All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
  • All values in Hematology – white blood cells
  • Platelet count (Plt)

A few values are for inside red blood cells only:

  • Vitamin B9 (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
  • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Units

  • Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.
  • Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.[4]
  • International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.
  • Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden.[5]
  • Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity.

Arterial or venous

If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid–base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.[citation needed]

Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays).[6] Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.[6]

Usual or optimal

Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges. In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.[7][8][9]

Variability

Further information: Reference range

References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy,[10] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy, lack of standardisation, lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity.[11] Also, reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small.[12]

Sorted by concentration

By mass and molarity

Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range.

Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).

The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:

  • Numerically:
[math]\displaystyle{ \text{molar concentration} \times \text{molar mass} = \text{mass concentration} }[/math]
  • Measured directly in distance on the scales:
[math]\displaystyle{ \log_{10} \frac{\text{molar mass}}{1000} = \text{distance to right (decades)} }[/math],

where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance in number of decades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in the division change places, or, alternatively, distance to right is changed to distance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540,[13] is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left. Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.

The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only the normal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for that substance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7 cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molar concentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to the right in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.

By units

Units do not necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.

Reference ranges for blood tests - by units.png

A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above, like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.

By enzyme activity

Reference ranges for blood tests - by enzyme activity.png

White blood cells

Reference ranges for blood tests - white blood cells.png

Sorted by category

Ions and trace metals

Further information: Biology:Trace metal and Medicine:Metals in medicine

Included here are also related binding proteins, like ferritin and transferrin for iron, and ceruloplasmin for copper.

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit* Comments
Sodium (Na) 135,[14] 137[5][15] 145,[5][15] 147[14] mmol/L or mEq/L[14] See hyponatremia or hypernatremia
310,[16] 320[16] 330,[16] 340[16] mg/dL
Potassium (K) 3.5,[5][14] 3.6[15] 5.0,[5][14][15] 5.1 mmol/L or mEq/L[14] See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
14[17] 20[17] mg/dL
Chloride (Cl) 95,[14] 98,[18] 100[5] 105,[14] 106,[18] 110[5] mmol/L or mEq/L[14] See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia
340[19] 370[19] mg/dL
Ionized calcium (Ca) 1.03,[20] 1.10[5] 1.23,[20] 1.30[5] mmol/L See hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia
4.1,[21] 4.4[21] 4.9,[21] 5.2[21] mg/dL
Total calcium (Ca) 2.1,[14][22] 2.2[5] 2.5,[5][22] 2.6,[22] 2.8[14] mmol/L
8.4,[14] 8.5[23] 10.2,[14] 10.5[23] mg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) – male 65,[24] 76[15] 176,[24] 198[15] µg/dL See hypoferremia or the following: iron overload (hemochromatosis), iron poisoning, siderosis, hemosiderosis, hyperferremia
11.6,[25][26] 13.6[26] 30,[25] 32,[26] 35[26] μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – female 26,[15] 50[24] 170[15][24] µg/dL
4.6,[26] 8.9[25] 30.4[25] μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – newborns 100[24] 250[24] µg/dL
18[26] 45[26] µmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – children 50[24] 120[24] µg/dL
9[26] 21[26] µmol/L
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) 240,[24] 262[15] 450,[24] 474[15] μg/dL
43,[26] 47[26] 81,[26] 85[26] µmol/L
Transferrin 190,[27] 194,[5] 204[15] 326,[5] 330,[27] 360[15] mg/dL
25[28] 45[28] μmol/L
Transferrin saturation 20[24] 50[24] %
Ferritin – Males and postmenopausal females 12[29] 300[29][30] ng/mL or µg/L
27[31] 670[31] pmol/L
Ferritin – premenopausal females 12[29] 150[29] – 200[30] ng/mL or µg/L
27[31] 330[31] – 440[31] pmol/L
Ammonia 10,[32] 20[33] 35,[32] 65[33] μmol/L See hypoammonemia and hyperammonemia
17,[34] 34[34] 60,[34] 110[34] μg/dL
Copper (Cu) 70[23] 150[23] µg/dL See hypocupremia or hypercupremia
11[35][36] 24[35] μmol/L
Ceruloplasmin 15[23] 60[23] mg/dL
1[37] 4[37] μmol/L
Phosphate (HPO42−) 0.8 1.5[38] mmol/L See hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia
Inorganic phosphorus (serum) 1.0[14] 1.5[14] mmol/L
3.0[14] 4.5[14] mg/dL
Zinc (Zn) 60,[39] 72[40] 110,[40] 130[39] μg/dL See zinc deficiency or zinc poisoning
9.2,[41] 11[5] 17,[5] 20[41] µmol/L
Magnesium 1.5,[23] 1.7[42] 2.0,[23] 2.3[42] mEq/L or mg/dL See hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia
0.6,[43] 0.7[5] 0.82,[43] 0.95[5] mmol/L
  • Note: Although 'mEq' for mass and 'mEq/L' are sometimes used in the United States and elsewhere, they are not part of SI and are now considered redundant.

Acid–base and blood gases

Further information: Chemistry:Acid–base homeostasis

If arterial/venous is not specified for an acid–base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.

Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.[6] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.[44]

Test Arterial/Venous Lower limit Upper limit Unit
pH Arterial 7.34,[15] 7.35[14] 7.44,[15] 7.45[14]
Venous 7.31[45] 7.41[45]
[H+] Arterial 36[14] 44[14] nmol/L
3.6[46] 4.4[46] ng/dL
Base excess Arterial & venous[45] −3[45] +3[45] mEq/L
Oxygen partial pressure (pO2) Arterial pO2 10,[14] 11[47] 13,[47] 14[14] kPa
75,[14][15] 83[23] 100,[15] 105[14] mmHg or torr
Venous 4.0[47] 5.3[47] kPa
30[45] 40[45] mmHg or torr
Oxygen saturation Arterial 94,[45] 95,[18] 96[23] 100[18][23] %
Venous Approximately 75[18]
Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) Arterial PaCO2 4.4,[14] 4.7[47] 5.9,[14] 6.0[47] kPa
33,[14] 35[15] 44,[14] 45[15] mmHg or torr
Venous 5.5,[47] 6.8[47] kPa
41[45] 51[45] mmHg or torr
Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO2) Arterial 23[45] 30[45] mmol/L
100[48] 132[48] mg/dL
Bicarbonate (HCO3−) Arterial & venous 18[23] 23[23] mmol/L
110[49] 140[49] mg/dL
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) Arterial & venous 21, 22[14] 27, 28[14] mmol/L or mEq/L[14]
134[49] 170[49] mg/dL

Liver function

Further information: Medicine:Liver function tests
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Total protein (TotPro) 60,[14] 63[15] 78,[14] 82,[15] 84[23] g/L See serum total protein Interpretation
Albumin 35[14][50] 48,[15] 55[14] g/L See hypoalbuminemia
3.5[15] 4.8,[15] 5.5[14] U/L
540[51] 740[51] μmol/L
Globulins 23[14] 35[14] g/L
Total bilirubin 1.7,[52] 2,[14] 3.4,[52] 5[5] 17,[14][52] 22,[52] 25[5] μmol/L
0.1,[14] 0.2,[15] 0.29[53] 1.0,[14][23] 1.3,[15] 1.4[53] mg/dL
Direct/conjugated bilirubin 0.0[14] or N/A[5] 5,[14] 7[5][52] μmol/L
0[14][15] 0.3,[14][15] 0.4[23] mg/dL
Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT[5]) 5,[54] 7,[15] 8[14] 20,[14] 21,[18] 56[15] U/L Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
Female 0.15[5] 0.75[5] µkat/L
Male 0.15[5] 1.1[5]
Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT[5]) Female 6[55] 34[55] IU/L Also called
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
0.25[5] 0.60[5] µkat/L
Male 8[55] 40[55] IU/L
0.25[5] 0.75[5] µkat/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 0.6[5] 1.8[5] µkat/L
Female 42[54] 98[54] U/L
Male 53[54] 128[54]
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) 5,[54] 8[15] 40,[54] 78[15] U/L
Female 0.63[56] µkat/L
Male 0.92[56] µkat/L

Cardiac tests

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Creatine kinase (CK) Male 24,[57] 38,[15] 60[54] 174,[23] 320[54] U/L or ng/mL
0.42[58] 1.5[58] µkat/L
Female 24,[57] 38,[15] 96[23] 140,[23] 200[54] U/L or ng/mL
0.17[58] 1.17[58] µkat/L
CK-MB 0 3,[15] 3.8,[5] 5[54] ng/mL or μg/L[5]
Myoglobin Female 1[59] 66[59] ng/mL or µg/L
Male 17[59] 106[59]
Cardiac troponin T (low sensitive) 0.1[7] ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff
Cardiac troponin I

(high sensitive)

0.03[7] ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff
Cardiac troponin T (high sensitive) Male 0.022[7] ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff
Female 0.014[7] ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff
newborn/infants not established more than adults [60][61]
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
-more detailed ranges in BNP article
Interpretation Range / Cutoff
Congestive heart failure unlikely < 100 pg/mL[8][9]
"Gray zone" 100–500 pg/mL[8][9]
Congestive heart failure likely > 500 pg/mL[8][9]
NT-proBNP
-more detailed ranges in NT-proBNP article
Interpretation Age Cutoff
Congestive heart failure likely < 75 years > 125 pg/mL[62]
> 75 years > 450pg/mL[62]

Lipids

Further information: Chemistry:Blood lipids
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Therapeutic target
Triglycerides 10–39 years 54[23] 110[23] mg/dL < 100 mg/dL[63]
or 1.1 mmol/L[63]
0.61[64] 1.2[64] mmol/L
40–59 years 70[23] 150[23] mg/dL
0.77[64] 1.7[64] mmol/L
> 60 years 80[23] 150[23] mg/dL
0.9[64] 1.7[64] mmol/L
Total cholesterol 3.0,[65] 3.6[14][65] 5.0,[5][66] 6.5[14] mmol/L < 3.9 mmol/L[63]
120,[15] 140[14] 200,[15] 250[14] mg/dL < 150 mg/dL[63]
HDL cholesterol Female 1.0,[67] 1.2,[5] 1.3[65] 2.2[67] mmol/L > 1.0[67] or 1.6[65] mmol/L
40[68] or 60[69] mg/dL
40,[68] 50[70] 86[68] mg/dL
HDL cholesterol Male 0.9[5][67] 2.0[67] mmol/L
35[68] 80[68] mg/dL
LDL cholesterol
(Not valid when
triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)		 2.0,[67] 2.4[66] 3.0,[5][66] 3.4[67] mmol/L < 2.5 mmol/L[67]
80,[68] 94[68] 120,[68] 130[68] mg/dL < 100 mg/dL[68]
LDL/HDL quotient n/a 5[5] (unitless)

Tumour markers

Test Patient type Cutoff Unit Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) 44[15] ng/mL or µg/L Hepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancer
Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) In males and non-pregnant females 5[15] IU/L or mU/mL choriocarcinoma
CA19-9 40[15] U/mL Pancreatic cancer
CA-125 30,[71] 35[72] kU/L or U/mL
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Non-smokers, 50 years 3.4,[5] 3.6[73] μg/L
Non-smokers, 70 years 4.1[73]
Smokers 5[74]
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) 40–49 years 1.2–2.9[75] μg/L[5][15] or ng/mL[23] More detailed cutoffs in PSA – Serum levels
70–79 years, non-African-American 4.0–9.0[75]
70–79 years, African-American 7.7–13[75]
PAP 3[23] units/dL (Bodansky units)
Calcitonin 5,[76] 15[76] ng/L or pg/mL Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer[76]
More detailed cutoffs in Calcitonin article

Endocrinology

Thyroid hormones

Further information: Chemistry:Thyroid function tests
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH or thyrotropin)		 Adults –
standard range		 0.3,[5] 0.4,[15] 0.5,[23] 0.6[77] 4.0,[5] 4.5,[15] 6.0[23] mIU/L or μIU/mL
Adults –
optimal range		 0.3,[78] 0.5[79] 2.0,[79] 3.0[78]
Infants 1.3[80] 19[80]
Free thyroxine (FT4)
-more detailed ranges in
Thyroid function tests article
 Normal adult 0.7,[81] 0.8[15] 1.4,[81] 1.5,[15] 1.8[82] ng/dL
9,[5][83] 10,[84] 12[85] 18,[5][83] 23[85] pmol/L
Child/Adolescent
31 d – 18 y		 0.8[81] 2.0[81] ng/dL
10[83] 26[83] pmol/L
Pregnant 0.5[81] 1.0[81] ng/dL
6.5[83] 13[83] pmol/L
Total thyroxine 4,[84] 5.5[15] 11,[84] 12.3[15] μg/dL
60[84][85] 140,[84] 160[85] nmol/L
Free triiodothyronine (FT3) Normal adult 0.2[84] 0.5[84] ng/dL
3.1[86] 7.7[86] pmol/L
Children 2-16 y 0.1[87] 0.6[87] ng/dL
1.5[86] 9.2[86] pmol/L
Total triiodothyronine 60,[15] 75[84] 175,[84] 181[15] ng/dL
0.9,[5] 1.1[84] 2.5,[5] 2.7[84] nmol/L
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) 12[15] 30[15] mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg) 1.5[84] 30[84] pmol/L
1[84] 20[84] μg/L

Sex hormones

Further information: Biology:Sex steroid

The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH.

Levels of estradiol (the main estrogen), progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle.[88]
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Dihydrotestosterone adult male 30 85 ng/dL
Testosterone Male, overall 8,[89] 10[90] 27,[89] 35[90] nmol/L
230,[91] 300[92] 780–1000[91][92] ng/dL
Male < 50 years 10[5] 45[5] nmol/L
290[91] 1300[91] ng/dL
Male > 50 years 6.2[5] 26[5] nmol/L
180[91] 740[91] ng/dL
Female 0.7[90] 2.8–3.0[90][5] nmol/L
20[92] 80–85[92][91] ng/dL
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone male 0.06[23] 3.0[23] mg/L
0.18[93] 9.1[93] µmol/L
Female (Follicular phase) 0.2[23] 1.0[23] mg/L
0.6[93] 3.0[93] µmol/L
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
-more detailed menstrual cycle
ranges in separate diagram
 Prepubertal <1[94] 3[94] IU/L
Adult male 1[94] 8[94]
Adult female (follicular
and luteal phase)		 1[94] 11[94]
Adult female (Ovulation) 6[94]
95% PI (standard)		 26[94]
95% PI)
5[95]
90% PI (used in diagram)		 15[95]
(90% PI)
Post-menopausal female 30[94] 118[94]
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-more detailed menstrual cycle
ranges in separate diagram
 Female, peak 20[95]
90% PI (used in diagram)		 75[95]
(90% PI)		 IU/L
Female, post-menopausal 15[96] 60[96]
Male aged 18+ 2[97] 9[97]
Estradiol
(an estrogen)
-more detailed ranges in
estradiol article
 Adult male 50[98] 200[98] pmol/L
14[99] 55[99] pg/mL
Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase,
and luteal phase)		 70[98] 500,[98] 600[98] pmol/L
19[99] 140,[99] 160[99] pg/mL
Adult female – free (not protein bound) 0.5[100] 9[100] pg/mL
1.7[100] 33[100] pmol/L
Post-menopausal female N/A[98] < 130[98] pmol/L
N/A[99] < 35[99] pg/mL
Progesterone
-more detailed ranges
in Progesterone article
 Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21–23) 17,[95] 35[101] 92[101] nmol/L
6,[95] 11[102] 29[102] ng/mL
Androstenedione Adult male and female 60[96] 270[96] ng/dL
Post-menopausal female < 180[96]
Prepubertal < 60[96]
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
-more detailed ranges
in DHEA-S article
 Adult male and female 30[103] 400[103] µg/dL
SHBG
-more detailed ranges
in SHBG article
 Adult female 40[104] 120[104] nmol/L
Adult male 20[104] 60[104]
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
-more detailed ranges in
AMH article
 13–45 years 0.7[105] 20[105] ng/mL
5[106] 140[106] pmol/L

Other hormones

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 2.2[107] 13.3[107] pmol/L
20[15] 100[15] pg/mL
Cortisol 09:00 am 140[108] 700[108] nmol/L
5[109] 25[109] μg/dL
Midnight 80[108] 350[108] nmol/L
2.9[109] 13[109] μg/dL
Growth hormone (fasting) 0 5[14] ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) 7[14] n/a ng/mL
IGF-1
-more detailed ranges in
IGF-1 article
 Female, 20 yrs 110[110] 420[110] ng/mL
Female, 75 yrs 55[110] 220[110]
Male, 20 yrs 160[110] 390[110]
Male, 75 yrs 48[110] 200[110]
Prolactin
-more detailed ranges in
Prolactin article
 Female 71,[111] 105[111] 348,[111] 548[111] mIU/L
3.4,[111] 3.9[111] 16.4,[111] 20.3[111] µg/L
Male 58,[111] 89[111] 277,[111] 365[111] mIU/L
2.7,[111] 3.3[111] 13.0,[111] 13.5[111] µg/L
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 10,[112] 17[113] 65,[112] 70[113] pg/mL
1.1,[5] 1.8[114] 6.9,[5] 7.5[114] pmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)
– Standard reference range		 8,[23][115] 9[115] 40,[115] 80[23] ng/mL
20,[116] 23[117] 95,[117] 150[116] nmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
– Therapeutic target range		 30,[118] 40[119] 65,[119] 100[118] ng/mL
85,[63] 100[119] 120,[63] 160[119] nmol/L
Plasma renin activity 0.29,[120] 1.9[121] 3.7[120][121] ng/(mL·h)
3.3,[122] 21[123] 41[122][123] mcU/mL
Aldosterone
-more detailed ranges in
Aldosterone article
 Adult 19,[122] 34.0[122] ng/dL
530,[124] 940[124] pmol/L
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio
-more detailed ranges in
Aldosterone/renin ratio article
 Adult 13.1,[125] 35.0[125] ng/dL per ng/(mL·h)
360,[125] 970[125] pmol/liter per µg/(L·h)

Vitamins

Also including the vitamin B12)-related amino acid homocysteine.

Test Patient type Standard range Optimal range Unit
Lower limit Upper limit Lower limit Upper limit
Vitamin A 30[23] 65[23] µg/dL
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) – Serum		 Age > 1 year 3.0[126] 16[126] 5[127] ng/mL or μg/L
6.8[128] 36[128] 11[128] nmol/L
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells		 200[126] 600[126] ng/mL or μg/L
450[128] 1400[128] nmol/L
Pregnant 400[126] ng/mL or μg/L
900[126] nmol/L
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 130,[129] 160[130] 700,[129] 950[130] ng/L
100,[131] 120[5] 520,[131] 700[5] pmol/L
Homocysteine
-more detailed ranges in
Homocysteine article
 3.3,[132] 5.9[132] 7.2,[132] 15.3[132] 6.3[63] μmol/L
45,[133] 80[133] 100,[133] 210[133] 85[63] μg/dL
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 0.4[23] 1.5[23] 0.9[63] mg/dL
23[134] 85[134] 50[63] μmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) 8,[23][115] 9[115] 40,[115] 80[23] 30,[118] 40[119] 65,[119] 100[118] ng/mL
20,[116] 23[117] 95,[117] 150[116] 85,[63] 100[119] 120,[63] 160[119] nmol/L
Vitamin E 28[63] μmol/L
1.2[63] mg/dL

Toxins

Test Limit type Limit Unit
Lead Optimal health range < 20[18] or 40[23] µg/dL
Blood ethanol content Limit for drunk driving 0,[135] 0.2,[135] 0.8[135] ‰ or g/L
17.4[136] mmol/L

Hematology

Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Hemoglobin (Hb) Male 2.0,[137] 2.1[14][138] 2.5,[137] 2.7[14][138] mmol/L Higher in neonates, lower in children.
130,[5] 132,[15] 135[14] 162,[15] 170,[5] 175[14] g/L
Female 1.8,[137] 1.9[14][138] 2.3,[137] 2.5[14][137][138] mmol/L Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
120[5][14][15] 150,[5] 152,[15] 160[14][23] g/L
Hemoglobin subunits (sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin") Male 8.0,[139] 8.4[139] 10.0,[139] 10.8[139] mmol/L 4 per hemoglobin molecule
Female 7.2,[139] 7.6[139] 9.2,[139] 10.0[139]
Hemoglobin in plasma 0.16[14] 0.62[14] μmol/L Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
1 4 mg/dL
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) < 50 years 3.6[5] 5.0[5] % of Hb
> 50 years 3.9[5] 5.3[5]
Haptoglobin < 50 years 0.35[5] 1.9[5] g/L
> 50 years 0.47[5] 2.1[5]
Hematocrit (Hct) Male 0.39,[5] 0.4,[15] 0.41,[14] 0.45[23] 0.50,[5] 0.52,[15] 0.53,[14] 0.62[23] L/L
Female 0.35,[5] 0.36,[14] 0.37[15][23] 0.46,[5][14][15] 0.48[23] L/L
Child 0.31[15] 0.43[15] L/L
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) Male 76,[23] 82[15] 100,[23] 102[15] fL Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
Female 78[15] 101[15] fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) 11.5[15] 14.5[15] %
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) 0.39[14] 0.54[14] fmol/cell
25,[14] 27[5][23] 32,[23] 33,[5] 35[14] pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 4.8,[140] 5.0[140] 5.4,[140] 5.6[140] mmol/L
31,[15] 32[5][23] 35,[15] 36[5][23] g/dL or %[note 1]
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC) Male 4.2,[23] 4.3[5][14][15] 5.7,[5] 5.9,[14] 6.2,[15] 6.9[23] x1012/L
or
million/mm3
Female 3.5,[14] 3.8,[15] 3.9[5] 5.1,[5] 5.5[14][15]
Infant/Child 3.8[15] 5.5[15]
Reticulocytes Adult 26[5] 130[5] x109/L
0.5[14][15] 1.5[14][15] % of RBC
Newborn 1.1[15] 4.5[15] % of RBC
Infant 0.5[15] 3.1[15] % of RBC
Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) Adult 1.6[141] 12.1[141] % of reticulocytes
Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent Adult 30.0[141] 37.6[141] %
24.1[142] 35.8[142] pg
Immature platelet fraction (IPF) Adult 0.8[141] 5.6[141] %

White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC) Adult 3.5,[5] 3.9,[143] 4.1,[15] 4.5[14] 9.0,[5] 10.0,[143] 10.9,[15] 11[14]
  • x109/L
  • x103/mm3 or
  • x103/μL
Newborn 9[144] 30[144]
1 year old 6[144] 18[144]
Neutrophil granulocytes
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)		 Adult 1.3,[5] 1.8,[143] 2[144] 5.4,[5] 7,[143] 8[144] x109/L
45–54[14] 62,[14] 74 % of WBC
Newborn 6[144] 26[144] x109/L
Neutrophilic band forms Adult 0.7[144] x109/L
3[14] 5[14] % of WBC
Lymphocytes Adult 0.7,[5] 1.0[143][144] 3.5,[143] 3.9,[5] 4.8[144] x109/L
16–25[14] 33,[14] 45 % of WBC
Newborn 2[144] 11[144] x109/L
Monocytes Adult 0.1,[5] 0.2[145][146] 0.8[5][144][146] x109/L
3,[14] 4.0 7,[14] 10 % of WBC
Newborn 0.4[144] 3.1[144] x109/L
Mononuclear leukocytes
(Lymphocytes + monocytes)		 Adult 1.5 5 x109/L
20 35 % of WBC
CD4+ T cells Adult 0.4,[15] 0.5[18] 1.5,[18] 1.8[15] x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytes Adult 0.0,[5] 0.04[146] 0.44,[146] 0.45,[144] 0.5[5] x109/L
1[14] 3,[14] 7 % of WBC
Newborn 0.02[144] 0.85[144] x109/L
Basophil granulocytes Adult 40[143] 100,[5][146] 200,[144] 900[143] x106/L
0.0 0.75,[14] 2 % of WBC
Newborn 0.64[144] x109/L

Coagulation

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt) 140,[15] 150[5][14] 350,[5][23] 400,[14] 450[15] x109/L or
x1000/µL
Mean platelet volume (MPV) 7.2,[147] 7.4,[148] 7.5[149] 10.4,[148] 11.5,[149] 11.7[147] fL
Prothrombin time (PT) 10,[18] 11,[14][150] 12[15] 13,[18] 13.5,[150] 14,[15] 15[14] s PT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised
INR 0.9[5] 1.2[5] The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 18,[15] 30[5][18] 28,[15] 42,[5] 45[18] s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT) 11 18 s
Fibrinogen 1.7,[15] 2.0[5] 3.6,[5] 4.2[15] g/L
Antithrombin 0.80[5] 1.2[5] kIU/L
0.15,[151] 0.17[152] 0.2,[151] 0.39[152] mg/mL
Bleeding time 2 9 minutes
Viscosity 1.5[153] 1.72[153] cP

Immunology

Acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)		 Male 0 Age÷2[154] mm/h ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[155]
Female (Age+10)÷2[154]
C-reactive protein (CRP) 5,[5][156] 6[157] mg/L
200,[158] 240[158] nmol/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) 20,[159] 22[160] 38,[160] 53[159] μmol/L
89,[161] 97[5] 170,[5] 230[161] mg/dL
Procalcitonin 0.15[162] ng/mL or μg/L

Isotypes of antibodies

Further information: Biology:Antibody
Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit
IgA Adult 70,[5] 110[163] 360,[5] 560[163] mg/dL
IgD 0.5[163] 3.0[163]
IgE 0.01[163] 0.04[163]
IgG 800[163] 1800[163]
IgM 54[163] 220[163]

Autoantibodies

Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level.

Test Negative Equivocal Positive Unit
anti-SS-A (Ro) < 1.0[164] n/a ≥ 1.0[164] Units (U)
anti-SS-B (La) < 1.0[165] n/a ≥ 1.0[165]
Anti ds-DNA < 30.0[166] 30.0–75.0[166] > 75.0[166] International Units per millilitre (IU/mL)
Anti ss-DNA < 8[167] 8–10[167] > 10[167] Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Anti-histone antibodies < 25[167] n/a[167] > 25[167]
Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA)		 < 20[167] 21–30[167] > 30[167]
Perinuclear anti-neutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA)		 < 5[167] n/a > 5[167]
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) < 0.1[168] 0.1-0.9[168] ≥ 1.0[168] Units (U)
Rheumatoid factor (RF) < 20 20–30 > 30[15] Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) in
preschoolers		 > 100
ASOT at school age > 250[15]
ASOT in adults > 125[15]
Test Negative Low/weak positive Moderate positive High/strong positive Unit
Anti-phospholipid IgG < 20[167] 20–30[167] 31–50[167] > 51[167] GPLU/mL[167]
Anti-phospholipid IgM < 1.5[167] 1.5–2.5[167] 2–9.9[167] > 10[167] MPL /mL[167]
Anti-phospholipid IgA < 10[167] 10–20[167] 21–30[167] > 31[167] arb U/mL[167]
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies < 20[167] 20–39[167] 40–59[167] > 60[167] EU[167]

Other immunology

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Serum free light chains (FLC): kappa/lambda ratio 0.26[169] 1.65[169] (unitless)

Other enzymes and proteins

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Serum total protein 60,[14] 63[15] 78,[14] 82,[15] 84[23] g/L
Further information: Serum total protein § Interpretation
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 50[23] 150[23] U/L
0.4[54] 1.7[54] μmol/L
1.8[5] 3.4[5] µkat/L < 70 years old[5]
Amylase 25,[14] 30,[15] 53[23] 110,[15] 120,[170] 123,[23] 125,[14] 190[54] U/L
0.15[5] 1.1[5] µkat/L
200[158] 240[158] nmol/L
D-dimer
-more detailed ranges in D-dimer article
 n/a 500[171] ng/mL Higher in pregnant women[172]
0.5[5] mg/L
Lipase 7,[15] 10,[23] 23[54] 60,[15] 150,[23] 208[54] U/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 23[54] 57[54] U/L
Acid phosphatase 3.0[54] ng/mL
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) 2.3[5] 16[5] µg/L

Other electrolytes and metabolites

Electrolytes and metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Osmolality 275,[14] 280,[23] 281[5] 295,[14] 296,[23] 297[5] mOsm/kg Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity Slightly less than osmolality mOsm/L Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea 3.0[173] 7.0[173] mmol/L BUN – blood urea nitrogen
7[14] 18,[14] 21[15] mg/dL
* Uric acid[15] 0.18[14] 0.48[14] mmol/L
Female 2.0[23] 7.0[23] mg/dL
Male 2.1[23] 8.5[23] mg/dL
Creatinine Male 60,[5] 68[174] 90,[5] 118[174] μmol/L May be complemented with creatinine clearance
0.7,[175] 0.8[175] 1.0,[175] 1.3[175] mg/dL
Female 50,[5] 68[174] 90,[5] 98[174] μmol/L
0.6,[175] 0.8[175] 1.0,[175] 1.1[175] mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio 5[23] 35[23] –
Plasma glucose (fasting) 3.8,[14] 4.0[5] 6.0,[5] 6.1[176] mmol/L See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology)
65,[15] 70,[14] 72[177] 100,[176] 110[23] mg/dL
Full blood glucose (fasting) 3.3[5] 5.6[5] mmol/L
60[177] 100[177] mg/dL
Random glucose 3.9[178] 7.8[178] mmol/L
70[179] 140[179] mg/dL
Lactate (Venous) 4.5[23] 19.8[23] mg/dL
0.5[180] 2.2[180] mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial) 4.5[23] 14.4[23] mg/dL
0.5[180] 1.6[180] mmol/L
Pyruvate 300[23] 900[23] μg/dL
34[181] 102[181] μmol/L
Ketones 1[182] mg/dL
0.1[182] mmol/L

Medication

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Digoxin 0.5[183] 2.0[183] ng/mL Narrow therapeutic window
0.6[183] 2.6[183] nmol/L
Lithium 0.4,[184] 0.5,[185][186] 0.8[187] 1.3[185][186] mmol/L Narrow therapeutic window
Paracetamol 30[188] mg/L Risk of paracetamol toxicity at higher levels
200[188] µmol/L

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The MCHC in g/dL and the mass fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells in % are numerically identical in practice, assuming a RBC density of 1g/mL and negligible hemoglobin in plasma.

References

  1. ↑ "Reference Ranges and What They Mean". Lab Tests Online (USA). http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/ref-ranges/start/6. 
  2. ↑ Page 19 in: Stephen K. Bangert MA MB BChir MSc MBA FRCPath; William J. Marshall MA MSc MBBS FRCP FRCPath FRCPEdin FIBiol; Marshall, William Leonard (2008). Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-443-10186-1. 
  3. ↑ Bransky A, Larsson A, Aardal E, Ben-Yosef Y, Christenson RH (2021). "A Novel Approach to Hematology Testing at the Point of Care.". J Appl Lab Med 6 (2): 532–542. doi:10.1093/jalm/jfaa186. PMID 33274357. 
  4. ↑ "Units of measurement" in Medical toxicology, Richard C. Dart Edition: 3, illustrated, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, p. 34 ISBN:978-0-7817-2845-4 1914 pages
  5. ↑ 5.000 5.001 5.002 5.003 5.004 5.005 5.006 5.007 5.008 5.009 5.010 5.011 5.012 5.013 5.014 5.015 5.016 5.017 5.018 5.019 5.020 5.021 5.022 5.023 5.024 5.025 5.026 5.027 5.028 5.029 5.030 5.031 5.032 5.033 5.034 5.035 5.036 5.037 5.038 5.039 5.040 5.041 5.042 5.043 5.044 5.045 5.046 5.047 5.048 5.049 5.050 5.051 5.052 5.053 5.054 5.055 5.056 5.057 5.058 5.059 5.060 5.061 5.062 5.063 5.064 5.065 5.066 5.067 5.068 5.069 5.070 5.071 5.072 5.073 5.074 5.075 5.076 5.077 5.078 5.079 5.080 5.081 5.082 5.083 5.084 5.085 5.086 5.087 5.088 5.089 5.090 5.091 5.092 5.093 5.094 5.095 5.096 5.097 5.098 5.099 5.100 5.101 5.102 5.103 5.104 5.105 5.106 5.107 5.108 5.109 5.110 5.111 5.112 5.113 5.114 5.115 5.116 5.117 5.118 5.119 5.120 5.121 5.122 5.123 5.124 5.125 5.126 Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Arterial versus venous reference ranges", Medical Laboratory Observer, April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Ashvarya Mangla. "Troponins". http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2073935-overview.  Updated: Jan 14, 2015
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Gray zone BNP levels in heart failure patients in the emergency department: results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT) multicenter study". American Heart Journal 151 (5): 1006–11. May 2006. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.017. PMID 16644322. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Impact of the history of congestive heart failure on the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study". The American Journal of Medicine 119 (1): 69.e1–11. January 2006. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.029. PMID 16431187. 
  10. ↑ Abbassi-Ghanavati, M.; Greer, L. G.; Cunningham, F. G. (2009). "Pregnancy and Laboratory Studies". Obstetrics & Gynecology 114 (6): 1326–31. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c2bde8. PMID 19935037. 
  11. ↑ Armbruster, David; Miller (August 2007). "The Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM): A Global Approach to Promote the Standardisation of Clinical Laboratory Test Results". The Clinical Biochemist Reviews 28 (3): 105–14. PMID 17909615. 
  12. ↑ William Q. Meeker & Gerald J. Hahn (1982). "Sample Sizes for Prediction Intervals". Journal of Quality Technology 14 (4): 201–206. doi:10.1080/00224065.1982.11978821. 
  13. ↑ PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
  14. ↑ 14.000 14.001 14.002 14.003 14.004 14.005 14.006 14.007 14.008 14.009 14.010 14.011 14.012 14.013 14.014 14.015 14.016 14.017 14.018 14.019 14.020 14.021 14.022 14.023 14.024 14.025 14.026 14.027 14.028 14.029 14.030 14.031 14.032 14.033 14.034 14.035 14.036 14.037 14.038 14.039 14.040 14.041 14.042 14.043 14.044 14.045 14.046 14.047 14.048 14.049 14.050 14.051 14.052 14.053 14.054 14.055 14.056 14.057 14.058 14.059 14.060 14.061 14.062 14.063 14.064 14.065 14.066 14.067 14.068 14.069 14.070 14.071 14.072 14.073 14.074 14.075 14.076 14.077 14.078 14.079 14.080 14.081 14.082 14.083 14.084 14.085 14.086 14.087 14.088 14.089 14.090 14.091 14.092 14.093 14.094 14.095 14.096 14.097 14.098 14.099 14.100 14.101 14.102 14.103 14.104 14.105 14.106 14.107 Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-0-07-149868-5. https://archive.org/details/firstaidforusmle00taol. 
  15. ↑ 15.000 15.001 15.002 15.003 15.004 15.005 15.006 15.007 15.008 15.009 15.010 15.011 15.012 15.013 15.014 15.015 15.016 15.017 15.018 15.019 15.020 15.021 15.022 15.023 15.024 15.025 15.026 15.027 15.028 15.029 15.030 15.031 15.032 15.033 15.034 15.035 15.036 15.037 15.038 15.039 15.040 15.041 15.042 15.043 15.044 15.045 15.046 15.047 15.048 15.049 15.050 15.051 15.052 15.053 15.054 15.055 15.056 15.057 15.058 15.059 15.060 15.061 15.062 15.063 15.064 15.065 15.066 15.067 15.068 15.069 15.070 15.071 15.072 15.073 15.074 15.075 15.076 15.077 15.078 15.079 15.080 15.081 15.082 15.083 15.084 15.085 15.086 15.087 15.088 15.089 15.090 15.091 15.092 15.093 15.094 15.095 15.096 15.097 15.098 15.099 15.100 15.101 15.102 15.103 15.104 15.105 Normal Reference Range Table from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 Merck Manuals > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests Last full review/revision February 2003
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g•mol−1
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism". Clin. Chem. 24 (11): 1962–65. November 1978. doi:10.1093/clinchem/24.11.1962. PMID 709830. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=709830. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1
  23. ↑ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.13 23.14 23.15 23.16 23.17 23.18 23.19 23.20 23.21 23.22 23.23 23.24 23.25 23.26 23.27 23.28 23.29 23.30 23.31 23.32 23.33 23.34 23.35 23.36 23.37 23.38 23.39 23.40 23.41 23.42 23.43 23.44 23.45 23.46 23.47 23.48 23.49 23.50 23.51 23.52 23.53 23.54 23.55 23.56 23.57 23.58 23.59 23.60 23.61 23.62 23.63 23.64 23.65 23.66 23.67 23.68 23.69 23.70 23.71 23.72 23.73 23.74 23.75 23.76 23.77 Blood Test Results – Normal Ranges Bloodbook.Com
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 Slon S (2006-09-22). "Serum Iron". University of Illinois Medical Center. http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay July 15, 2005
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Table 1. Page 133" Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Andrea Duchini. "Hemochromatosis Workup". http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177216-workup#c8.  Updated: Jan 02, 2016
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (8): 1084–87. August 2001. doi:10.5858/2001-125-1084-MCCAHH. PMID 11473464. http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=125&page=1084. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion". Clin. Chem. 41 (7): 1048. July 1995. doi:10.1093/clinchem/41.7.1048a. PMID 7600690. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1
  36. ↑ "Reference range for copper". GPnotebook. https://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=1040580630. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
  38. ↑ Walter F. Boron (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 849. ISBN 978-1-4160-2328-9. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Archived copy". http://www.dlolab.com/PDFs/DLO-OCTOBER-2008-LAB-UPDATE.pdf. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
  44. ↑ "Agreements between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate". Emerg Med J 23 (8): 622–24. August 2006. doi:10.1136/emj.2006.035915. PMID 16858095. 
  45. ↑ 45.00 45.01 45.02 45.03 45.04 45.05 45.06 45.07 45.08 45.09 45.10 45.11 The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 47.6 47.7 Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
  50. ↑ "Reference range (albumin)". GPnotebook. https://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=288686147. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
  54. ↑ 54.00 54.01 54.02 54.03 54.04 54.05 54.06 54.07 54.08 54.09 54.10 54.11 54.12 54.13 54.14 54.15 54.16 54.17 54.18 Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. ISBN:978-3-437-15120-0. Length: 1288 pages
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 GPnotebook > reference range (AST) Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Gamma-GT". Leistungsverzeichnis. Medizinisch-Diagnostische Institute. http://www.mdi-labor.de/l_leistungsverzeichnis_detail.php?u_id=663&init=letter. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "Creatine kinase". GPnotebook. https://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=1436155929. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 Page 585 in: Lee, Mary Ann (2009). Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. Amer Soc of Health System. ISBN 978-1-58528-180-0. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers Retrieved on April 22, 2010
  60. ↑ Caselli, C.; Cangemi, G.; Masotti, S.; Ragusa, R.; Gennai, I.; Del Ry, S.; Prontera, C.; Clerico, A. (2016-07-01). "Plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy neonates, children and adolescents measured with a high sensitive immunoassay method: High sensitive troponin I in pediatric age" (in en). Clinica Chimica Acta 458: 68–71. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.029. ISSN 0009-8981. PMID 27118089. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009898116301553. 
  61. ↑ Baum, Hannsjörg; Hinze, Anika; Bartels, Peter; Neumeier, Dieter (2004-12-01). "Reference values for cardiac troponins T and I in healthy neonates" (in en). Clinical Biochemistry 37 (12): 1079–82. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.08.003. ISSN 0009-9120. PMID 15589813. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009912004002218. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Page 220 in: Lee, Mary Ann (2009). Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. Amer Soc of Health System. ISBN 978-1-58528-180-0. 
  63. ↑ 63.00 63.01 63.02 63.03 63.04 63.05 63.06 63.07 63.08 63.09 63.10 63.11 63.12 63.13 Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values Retrieved on July 9, 2009
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 64.4 64.5 Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dL and mmol/L? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 "Reference range (cholesterol)". GPnotebook. https://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-214630397. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 67.5 67.6 67.7 Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) – plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 68.6 68.7 68.8 68.9 Derived from values in mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
  69. ↑ What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
  70. ↑ "HDL Cholesterol: The Test". September 3, 2001. http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hdl/test.html. 
  71. ↑ GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
  72. ↑ ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 Retrieved on March 8, 2011
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study". Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 68 (8): 703–13. June 2008. doi:10.1080/00365510802126836. PMID 18609108. https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/11808120. 
  74. ↑ Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Luboldt, Hans-Joachim; Schindler, Joachim F.; Rübben, Herbert (2007). "Age-Specific Reference Ranges for Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker for Prostate Cancer". EAU-EBU Update Series 5 (1): 38–48. doi:10.1016/j.eeus.2006.10.003. ISSN 1871-2592. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 "Reference intervals for serum calcitonin in men, women, and children". Clinical Chemistry 50 (10): 1828–30. October 2004. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963. PMID 15388660. 
  77. ↑ The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer (2002). "LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease". National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). http://www.nacb.org/lmpg/thyroid_LMPG_PDF.stm.  – see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free UNC Health Care System
  82. ↑ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 83.5 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
  84. ↑ 84.00 84.01 84.02 84.03 84.04 84.05 84.06 84.07 84.08 84.09 84.10 84.11 84.12 84.13 84.14 Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays – Thyroid Disease Manager
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 "Euthyroid patient with elevated serum free thyroxine". Clinical Chemistry 54 (7): 1239–41. July 2008. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.101428. PMID 18593963. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 "Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism 14 (9): 1635–39. 2001. doi:10.1515/jpem.2001.14.9.1635. INIST:13391788. PMID 11795654. 
  88. ↑ Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.001. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 "Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis". http://www.andrologyaustralia.org/pageContent.asp?pageCode=LOWTESTDIAG#LOWTESTDIAGNORM. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 91.3 91.4 91.5 91.6 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 MedlinePlus > Testosterone Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 93.3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 94.4 94.5 94.6 94.7 94.8 94.9 reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: "Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 44 (7): 883–87. 2006. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.160. PMID 16776638. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 96.2 96.3 96.4 96.5 New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}] Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Mayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum , retrieved December 2012
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 98.3 98.4 98.5 98.6 GPNotebook – reference range (oestradiol) Retrieved on September 27, 2009
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.5 99.6 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.3 Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43 (2): 436–45. August 1976. doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436. PMID 950372. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 pp. 350–52
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.3 Unit Code 91215 at Mayo Clinic Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Antimullerian Hormone (AMH), Serum from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 Derived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in:
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 Nieman, Lynnette K (29 September 2019). "Measurement of ACTH, CRH, and other hypothalamic and pituitary peptides". UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measurement-of-acth-crh-and-other-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-peptides. 
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 108.3 Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 109.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 110.2 110.3 110.4 110.5 110.6 110.7 "Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)". Growth Hormone & IGF Research 18 (3): 228–37. June 2008. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005. PMID 17997337. 
  111. ↑ 111.00 111.01 111.02 111.03 111.04 111.05 111.06 111.07 111.08 111.09 111.10 111.11 111.12 111.13 111.14 111.15 Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from Table 2 in: "Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms". Clinical Chemistry 54 (10): 1673–81. October 2008. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312. PMID 18719199. 
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Table 2 in: "Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone". Endocr Pract 12 (2): 137–44. 2006. doi:10.4158/ep.12.2.137. PMID 16690460. 
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 115.2 115.3 115.4 115.5 Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 116.2 116.3 Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D". Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80388-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=pxEJNs0IUo4C.  Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 117.3 "Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (3): 752–58. September 2004. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.3.752. PMID 15321818. 
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 118.3 "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population". Horm. Metab. Res. 41 (5): 402–07. May 2009. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. PMID 19241329. 
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 119.2 119.3 119.4 119.5 119.6 119.7 "Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: data are not sufficient to show inefficacy". BMJ 331 (7508): 108–09; author reply 109. July 2005. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b. PMID 16002891. 
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in: Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 "Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 263 (7): 3137–41. March 1988. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69046-5. PMID 2893797. 
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 122.2 122.3 New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in: Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 125.2 125.3 "The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 (1): 72–78. January 2005. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1149. PMID 15483077. 
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 126.2 126.3 126.4 126.5 Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges Retrieved on July 9, 2009
  127. ↑ University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 128.3 128.4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 132.2 132.3 "Homocysteine". http://www.thedoctorsdoctor.com/labtests/homocysteine.htm. 
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 133.2 133.3 Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
  134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
  135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 135.2 For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country
  136. ↑ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
  137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 137.2 137.3 137.4 Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90 (2): 511–19. 2001. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511. PMID 11160049. 
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 138.2 138.3 Normal Lab Values at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013
  139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 139.2 139.3 139.4 139.5 139.6 139.7 molar concentration as given for hemoglobin above, but multiplied by 4, according to: "Wrong molar hemoglobin reference values-a longstanding error that should be corrected". Annals of Hematology 89 (2): 209. February 2010. doi:10.1007/s00277-009-0791-x. PMID 19609525. 
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 140.2 140.3 Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90 (2): 511–19. 2001. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511. PMID 11160049. . Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
  141. ↑ 141.0 141.1 141.2 141.3 141.4 141.5 Morkis IV, Farias MG, Scotti L (2016). "Determination of reference ranges for immature platelet and reticulocyte fractions and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent.". Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 38 (4): 310–313. doi:10.1016/j.bjhh.2016.07.001. PMID 27863758. 
  142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 Brugnara C, Schiller B, Moran J (2006). "Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret He) and assessment of iron-deficient states.". Clinical and Laboratory Haematology 28 (5): 303–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00812.x. PMID 16999719. 
  143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 143.2 143.3 143.4 143.5 143.6 143.7 lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
  144. ↑ 144.00 144.01 144.02 144.03 144.04 144.05 144.06 144.07 144.08 144.09 144.10 144.11 144.12 144.13 144.14 144.15 144.16 144.17 144.18 144.19 144.20 McClatchey, Kenneth D. (November 28, 2002). Clinical Laboratory Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780683307511. https://books.google.com/books?id=3PJVLH1NmQAC. 
  145. ↑ "Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in Polish population" Central European Journal of Immunology (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1–2): 1–5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
  146. ↑ 146.0 146.1 146.2 146.3 146.4 gpnotebook.co.uk > blood constituents (reference range) Retrieved on May 14, 2009
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 "Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects: Insight from a large epidemiologic study". Thromb. Res. 128 (4): 358–60. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2011.05.007. PMID 21620440. 
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units) From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010
  149. ↑ 149.0 149.1 "[Platelet count and mean platelet volume in the Spanish population]" (in es). Med Clin (Barc) 110 (20): 774–77. 1998. PMID 9666418. 
  150. ↑ 150.0 150.1 MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003652
  151. ↑ 151.0 151.1 Antithrombin III at eMedicine
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 Antithrombin CO000300 in Coagulation Test Handbook at Massachusetts General Hospital. In turn citing:
    • Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327–58.
  153. ↑ 153.0 153.1 "Home". http://pathology.bsuh.nhs.uk/pathology/Default.aspx?tabid=108. 
  154. ↑ 154.0 154.1 "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". British Medical Journal 286 (6361): 266. January 1983. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. PMID 6402065. 
  155. ↑ "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J 2 (5544): 85–87. 1967. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. PMID 6020854. 
  156. ↑ "C-reactive protein". GPnotebook. https://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=946536472. 
  157. ↑ 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 158.2 158.3 Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
  159. ↑ 159.0 159.1 "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn". Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 25 (3): 274–75. March 2003. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. PMID 12621252. 
  160. ↑ 160.0 160.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
  161. ↑ 161.0 161.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
  162. ↑ "Procalcitonin, Serum". Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/83169. 
  163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 163.2 163.3 163.4 163.5 163.6 163.7 163.8 163.9 The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
  164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 "SSA – Clinical: SS-A/Ro Antibodies, IgG, Serum". Mayo Clinic Laboratories. https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81360. 
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 "SSB – Clinical: SS-B/La Antibodies, IgG, Serum". Mayo Clinic Laboratories. https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81359. 
  166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 166.2 "ADNA – Clinical: DNA Double-Stranded Antibodies, IgG, Serum". Mayo Clinic Laboratories. https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8178. 
  167. ↑ 167.00 167.01 167.02 167.03 167.04 167.05 167.06 167.07 167.08 167.09 167.10 167.11 167.12 167.13 167.14 167.15 167.16 167.17 167.18 167.19 167.20 167.21 167.22 167.23 167.24 167.25 167.26 167.27 167.28 167.29 167.30 chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges Retrieved on April 29, 2010
  168. ↑ 168.0 168.1 168.2 "AMA – Clinical: Mitochondrial Antibodies (M2), Serum". Mayo Clinic Laboratories. https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8176. 
  169. ↑ 169.0 169.1 "Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Blood 106 (3): 812–17. August 2005. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038. PMID 15855274. 
  170. ↑ "Reference range (amylase)". GPnotebook. https://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=309002307. 
  171. ↑ "Plasma measurement of D-dimer levels for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes". Archives of Internal Medicine 162 (22): 2589–93. 2002. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.22.2589. PMID 12456231. 
  172. ↑ "D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed". Clinical Chemistry 51 (5): 825–29. May 2005. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883. PMID 15764641. 
  173. ↑ 173.0 173.1 "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town". Journal of Clinical Pathology 33 (4): 380–85. April 1980. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. PMID 7400337. 
  174. ↑ 174.0 174.1 174.2 174.3 "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 37 (1): 49–59. January 2000. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. PMID 10672373. 
  175. ↑ 175.0 175.1 175.2 175.3 175.4 175.5 175.6 175.7 Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
  176. ↑ 176.0 176.1 MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Glucose tolerance test
  177. ↑ 177.0 177.1 177.2 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
  178. ↑ 178.0 178.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 180g/mol
  179. ↑ 179.0 179.1 "Diabetes – Prevention". http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Diabetes_Basics/hic_Understanding_Pre-Diabetes.  Last revised 1/15/2013
  180. ↑ 180.0 180.1 180.2 180.3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
  181. ↑ 181.0 181.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
  182. ↑ 182.0 182.1 Ketones at eMedicine
  183. ↑ 183.0 183.1 183.2 183.3 Page 700 in:
    Richard C. Dart (2004). Medical Toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins=year=2004. ISBN 9780781728454. 
  184. ↑ The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0.4–0.8 mmol/L plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic-depressive illness Camcolit 250 mg Lithium Carbonate Revision 2 December 2010, Retrieved 5 May 2011
  185. ↑ 185.0 185.1 Amdisen A. (1978). "Clinical and serum level monitoring in lithium therapy and lithium intoxication". J. Anal. Toxicol. 2 (5): 193–202. doi:10.1093/jat/2.5.193. 
  186. ↑ 186.0 186.1 R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 851–54.
  187. ↑ One study (Solomon, D.; Ristow, W.; Keller, M.; Kane, J.; Gelenberg, A.; Rosenbaum, J.; Warshaw, M. (1996). "Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry 153 (10): 1301–07. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.10.1301. PMID 8831438. ) concluded a "low" dose of 0.4–0.6 mmol/L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects, but a higher rate of relapse, than a "standard" dose of 0.8–1.0 mmol/L. However, a reanalysis of the same experimental data (Perlis, R.; Sachs, G.; Lafer, B.; Otto, M.; Faraone, S.; Kane, J.; Rosenbaum, J. (2002). "Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: A reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data". The American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (7): 1155–59. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1155. PMID 12091193. ) concluded the higher rate of relapse for the "low" dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levels[improper synthesis?]
  188. ↑ 188.0 188.1 John Marx; Ron Walls; Robert Hockberger (2013). Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781455749874. 

External links

Further reading

  • Rappoport, n.; Paik, P.; Oskotsky, B.; Tor, R.; Ziv, E.; Zaitlen, N.; Butte, A. (4 November 2017). "Creating ethnicity-specific reference intervals for lab tests from EHR data". bioRxiv 10.1101/213892.



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