Philosophy:Outline of philosophy

From HandWiki
Short description: Overview of and topical guide to philosophy
Part of a series on
Philosophy
PlatoKantNietzscheBuddhaConfuciusAverroesLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, Averroes
About this image
Philosophers
Periods
Branches

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.[1][2] It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions (such as mysticism, myth, or religion) by being critical and generally systematic and by its reliance on rational argument.[3] It involves logical analysis of language and clarification of the meaning of words and concepts.

The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek philosophia (φιλοσοφία), which literally means "love of wisdom".[4][5][6]


Branches of philosophy

The branches of philosophy and their sub-branches that are used in contemporary philosophy are as follows.

Aesthetics

Aesthetics is study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of truth.

Epistemology

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the source, nature and validity of knowledge.

Ethics

Ethics – study of value and morality.

  • Applied ethics – philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. It is thus the attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life.
    • Bioethics – analysis of controversial ethical issues emerging from advances in medicine.
    • Environmental ethics – studies ethical issues concerning the non-human world. It exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including environmental law, environmental sociology, ecotheology, ecological economics, ecology and environmental geography.
    • Medical ethics – studies ethical issues concerning medicine and medical research
    • Professional ethics – ethics to improve professionalism
  • Discourse ethics – discovery of ethical principles through the study of language
  • Normative ethics – study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act
  • Metaethics – branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments

Logic

Logic – the systematic study of the form of valid inference and reasoning.

Also regarded as the separate formal science

Metaphysics

Metaphysics – concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it.

  • Ontology – philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
  • Philosophy of space and time – branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time.

Other

Philosophic traditions by region

Regional variations of philosophy.

Africana philosophy

Main page: Philosophy:Africana philosophy

Eastern philosophy

Main page: Philosophy:Eastern philosophy

Middle Eastern Philosophy

Main page: Philosophy:Middle Eastern philosophy
  • Iranian philosophy
  • Pakistani philosophy
  • Turkish philosophy

Indigenous American philosophy

Western philosophy

Main page: Philosophy:Western philosophy
  • American philosophy
  • Australian philosophy
  • British philosophy
  • Canadian philosophy
  • Czech philosophy
  • Danish philosophy
  • Dutch philosophy
  • French philosophy
  • Greek philosophy
  • German philosophy
  • Italian philosophy
  • Maltese philosophy
  • Polish philosophy
  • Romanian philosophy
  • Russian philosophy
  • Scottish philosophy
  • Slovene philosophy
  • Spanish philosophy
  • Yugoslav philosophy

History of philosophy

Main page: History of philosophyThe history of philosophy in specific contexts of time and space.

Timeline of philosophy

Ancient and classical philosophy

Main page: Ancient philosophyPhilosophies during ancient history.

Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy

Classical Chinese philosophy

Classical Indian philosophy

Medieval and post-classical philosophy

Main page: Philosophy:Medieval philosophy

Philosophies during post-classical history.

Christian philosophy

Main page: Philosophy:Christian philosophy

Islamic philosophy

Jewish philosophy

  • Judeo-Islamic philosophies

Post-classical Chinese philosophy

Modern and contemporary philosophy

Main page: Modern philosophyPhilosophies during the modern era.

Renaissance philosophy

Main page: Philosophy:Renaissance philosophy

Early modern philosophy

Main page: Philosophy:Early modern philosophy

Contemporary philosophy

Main page: Philosophy:Contemporary philosophy

Philosophical schools of thought

Main pages: List of philosophies and Glossary of philosophyPhilosophical schools of thought not tied to particular historic contexts.

Aesthetical movements

Epistemological stances


Ethical theories

Logical systems

Metaphysical stances


Political philosophies

Philosophy of language theories and stances


Philosophy of mind theories and stances


Philosophy of religion stances


Philosophy of science theories and stances


Philosophical literature

Main page: Philosophy:Philosophy and literature

Reference works

  • Encyclopedia of Philosophy – one of the major English encyclopedias of philosophy. The second edition, edited by Donald M. Borchert, was published in ten volumes in 2006 by Thomson Gale. Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically ordered articles.
  • Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – a free online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995. The current general editors are James Fieser (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee at Martin) and Bradley Dowden (Professor of Philosophy at California State University, Sacramento). The staff also includes numerous area editors as well as volunteers.
  • Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy – encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998 (ISBN:978-0415073103). Originally published in both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-ROM, in 2002 it was made available online on a subscription basis. The online version is regularly updated with new articles and revisions to existing articles. It has 1,300 contributors providing over 2,000 scholarly articles.
  • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely-accessible to internet users. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide.
  • Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01964-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=dzmMaVTvUzAC. 
  • Huang, Siu-chi (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-26449-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=sjzPPg8eK7sC. 
  • The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
  • Edwards, Paul, ed (1967). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Macmillan & Free Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=uqaajgEACAAJ. ; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
  • International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
  • Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
  • Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
  • History of Philosophy (9 vols.) by Frederick Copleston
  • A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) by W.T. Jones
  • History of Italian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
  • Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
  • Indian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
  • A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vols.) by Surendranath Dasgupta
  • History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
  • Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming by Chan, Wing-tsit
  • Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
  • Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
  • Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
  • A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
  • History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
  • History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
  • A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
  • Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
  • Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Mautner, T., Ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. London, Penguin Books.
  • Runes, D., ed (1942). The Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc.. http://www.ditext.com/runes/. Retrieved 27 December 2005. 
  • Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). The HarperCollins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, Harper Perennial.
  • The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. 15 April 2008. ISBN 978-0-470-99787-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=HNWIcgEswrsC. 
  • Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
  • Popkin, R.H. (1999). The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, jt. eds. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. N.B.: First published in England under the title, "The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought". ISBN:978-0-06-010578-5
  • Reese, W.L. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. ISBN:978-0-391-00688-1

General introduction

  • Aristotle (1941). Richard McKeon. ed. The Basic Works of Aristotle. New York: Random House. 
  • Blumenau, Ralph. Philosophy and Living. ISBN:978-0-907845-33-1
  • Craig, Edward. Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN:978-0-19-285421-6
  • Harrison-Barbet, Anthony, Mastering Philosophy. ISBN:978-0-333-69343-8
  • Russell, Bertrand. The Problems of Philosophy. ISBN:978-0-19-511552-9
  • Sinclair, Alistair J. What is Philosophy? An Introduction, 2008, ISBN:978-1-903765-94-4
  • Sober, Elliott. (2001). Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. ISBN:978-0-13-189869-1
  • Solomon, Robert C. Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN:978-0-534-16708-0
  • Warburton, Nigel. Philosophy: The Basics. ISBN:978-0-415-14694-4
  • Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN:978-0-19-505292-3
  • Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1, 2, & 3) by Louis P. Pojman
  • Cottingham, John. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.
  • Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View. ISBN:978-0-345-36809-6

Topical introductions

African

  • Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. An Introduction to African Philosophy. ISBN:978-0-8476-8841-8

Eastern

  • A Source Book in Indian Philosophy by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
  • Hamilton, Sue. Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction. ISBN:978-0-19-285374-5
  • Kupperman, Joel J. Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts. ISBN:978-0-19-513335-6
  • Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. ISBN:978-0-86316-282-4
  • Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. ISBN:978-0-415-22852-7
  • Copleston, Frederick. Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev. ISBN:978-0-268-01569-5

Islamic

Historical introductions

General

Ancient

  • Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN:978-0-7456-1977-4

Medieval

Modern and contemporary

  • The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill by Edwin Arthur
  • European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche by Monroe Beardsley
  • Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition) by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
  • Curley, Edwin, A Spinoza Reader, Princeton, 1994, ISBN:978-0-691-00067-1
  • Bullock, Alan, R.B. Woodings, and John Cumming, eds. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers, in series, Fontana Original[s]. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992 [1983]. xxv, 867 p. ISBN:978-0-00-636965-3
  • Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. ISBN:978-0-415-26763-2
  • Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings by James Baillie
  • Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Thinking it Through  – An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy, 2003, ISBN:978-0-19-513458-2
  • Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN:978-0-19-285359-2

Lists

See also

References

  1. ↑ Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."
  2. ↑ A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
  3. ↑ Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."
  4. ↑ Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
  5. ↑ Online Etymology Dictionary
  6. ↑ The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". Webster's New World Dictionary (Second College ed.). 

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Philosophy:Outline_of_philosophy&oldid=3289658"