Physics:Isotopes of boron

From HandWiki
Main isotopes of Chemistry:boron (5B)
Iso­tope Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
10B 20% stable[1]
11B 80% stable[1]
10B content may be as low as 19.1% and as high as 20.3% in natural samples. 11B is the remainder in such cases.[2]
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(B)
  • [10.806, 10.821][3]
  • Conventional: 10.81
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Boron (5B) naturally occurs as isotopes The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. and The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist., the latter of which makes up about 80% of natural boron. There are 13 radioisotopes that have been discovered, with mass numbers from 7 to 21, all with short half-lives, the longest being that of The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist., with a half-life of only 771.9(9) ms and The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. with a half-life of 20.20(2) ms. All other isotopes have half-lives shorter than 17.35 ms. Those isotopes with mass below 10 decay into helium via short-lived isotopes of beryllium while those with mass above 11 mostly become carbon.

List of isotopes

Template:Isotope table discovery |-id=Boron-7 | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. | style="text-align:center" | 5 | style="text-align:center" |  2 | 7.029712(27) | style="text-align:center" | 1967 | 570(14) ys
[801(20) keV] | p | The element Chemistry:Beryllium does not exist.[n 1] | (3/2−) | | |- | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist.[n 2][n 3] | style="text-align:center" | 5 | style="text-align:center" |  3 | 8.0246073(11) | style="text-align:center" | 1950 | 771.9(9) ms | β+ | The element Chemistry:Be does not exist.[n 4] | 2+ | | |-id=Boron-9 | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. | style="text-align:center" | 5 | style="text-align:center" |  4 | 9.0133296(10) | style="text-align:center" | 1940 | 800(300) zs | p | | The element Chemistry:Beryllium does not exist.[n 5] | 3/2− | | |- | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist.[n 6] | style="text-align:center" | 5 | style="text-align:center" |  5 | 10.012936862(16) | style="text-align:center" | 1920 | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 3+ | colspan=2 align=center|[0.189, 0.204][4] |-id=Boron-11 | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. | style="text-align:center" | 5 | style="text-align:center" |  6 | 11.009305167(13) | style="text-align:center" | 1920 | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 3/2− | colspan=2 align=center|[0.796, 0.811][4] |-id=Boron-12 | rowspan=2|The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 5 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" |  7 | rowspan=2|12.0143526(14) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1935 | rowspan=2|20.20(2) ms | β− (99.40(2)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. | rowspan=2|1+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−α (0.60(2)%) | The element Chemistry:Beryllium does not exist.[n 7] |-id=Boron-13 | rowspan=2|The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 5 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" |  8 | rowspan=2|13.0177800(11) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1956 | rowspan=2|17.16(18) ms | β− (99.734(36)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−n (0.266(36)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. |-id=Boron-14 | rowspan=3|The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 5 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" |  9 | rowspan=3|14.025404(23) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1966 | rowspan=3|12.36(29) ms | β− (93.96(23)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. | rowspan=3|2− | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−n (6.04(23)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. |- | β−2n ?[n 8] | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. ? |-id=Boron-15 | rowspan=3|The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 5 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 10 | rowspan=3|15.031087(23) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1966 | rowspan=3|10.18(35) ms | β−n (98.7(1.0)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. | rowspan=3|3/2− | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β− (< 1.3%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. |- | β−2n (< 1.5%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. |-id=Boron-16 | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. | style=text-align:center | 5 | style=text-align:center | 11 | 16.039841(26) | style=text-align:center | 2000 | > 4.6 zs | n ?[n 8] | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. ? | 0− | | |-id=Boron-17 | rowspan=5|The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist.[n 9] | rowspan=5 style=text-align:center | 5 | rowspan=5 style=text-align:center | 12 | rowspan=5|17.04693(22) | rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 1973 | rowspan=5|5.08(5) ms | β−n (63(1)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. | rowspan=5|(3/2−) | rowspan=5| | rowspan=5| |- | β− (21.1(2.4)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. |- | β−2n (12(2)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. |- | β−3n (3.5(7)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. |- | β−4n (0.4(3)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. |-id=Boron-18 | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. | style=text-align:center | 5 | style=text-align:center | 13 | 18.05560(22) | style=text-align:center | 2010 | < 26 ns | n | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. | (2−) | | |-id=Boron-19 | rowspan=4|The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist.[n 10] | rowspan=4 style=text-align:center | 5 | rowspan=4 style=text-align:center | 14 | rowspan=4|19.06417(56) | rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 1984 | rowspan=4|2.92(13) ms | β−n (71(9)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. | rowspan=4|(3/2−) | rowspan=4| | rowspan=4| |- | β−2n (17(5)%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. |- | β−3n (< 9.1%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. |- | β− (> 2.9%) | The element Chemistry:Carbon does not exist. |-id=Boron-20 | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist.[5] | style=text-align:center | 5 | style=text-align:center | 15 | 20.07451(59) | style=text-align:center | 2018 | > 912.4 ys | n | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. | (1−, 2−) | | |-id=Boron-21 | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist.[5] | style=text-align:center | 5 | style=text-align:center | 16 | 21.08415(60) | style=text-align:center | 2018 | > 760 ys | 2n | The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. | (3/2−) | | |}

  1. ↑ Subsequently decays by double proton emission to The element Chemistry:Helium does not exist. for a net reaction of The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. → The element Chemistry:Helium does not exist. + 3 The element Chemistry:Hydrogen does not exist.
  2. ↑ Has 1 halo proton
  3. ↑ Intermediate product of a branch of proton–proton chain in stellar nucleosynthesis as part of the process converting hydrogen to helium
  4. ↑ Immediately decays into two α particles, for a net reaction of The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. → 2 The element Chemistry:Helium does not exist. + e+
  5. ↑ Immediately decays into two α particles, for a net reaction of The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. → 2 The element Chemistry:Helium does not exist. + The element Chemistry:Hydrogen does not exist.
  6. ↑ One of the few stable odd-odd nuclei
  7. ↑ Immediately decays into two α particles, for a net reaction of The element Chemistry:Boron does not exist. → 3 The element Chemistry:Helium does not exist. +  e−
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.
  9. ↑ Has 2 halo neutrons
  10. ↑ Has 4 halo neutrons

Boron-8

Boron-8 is an isotope of boron that undergoes β+ decay to beryllium-8 with a half-life of 771.9(9) ms. It is the strongest candidate for a halo nucleus with a loosely-bound proton, in contrast to neutron halo nuclei such as lithium-11.[6]

Although boron-8 beta decay neutrinos from the Sun make up only about 80 ppm of the total solar neutrino flux, they have a higher energy centered around 10 MeV,[7] and are an important background to dark matter direct detection experiments.[8] They are the first component of the neutrino floor that dark matter direct detection experiments are expected to eventually encounter.

Applications

Boron-10

Boron-10 is used in boron neutron capture therapy as an experimental treatment of some brain cancers.

See also

Daughter products other than boron

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements". National Institute of Standards and Technology. http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl. Retrieved 2008-09-21. 
  2. ↑ Szegedi, S.; Váradi, M.; Buczkó, Cs. M.; Várnagy, M.; Sztaricskai, T. (1990). "Determination of boron in glass by neutron transmission method". Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 146 (3): 177. doi:10.1007/BF02165219. 
  3. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Atomic Weight of Boron". https://ciaaw.org/boron.htm. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Leblond, S. (2018). "First observation of 20B and 21B". Physical Review Letters 121 (26): 262502–1–262502–6. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.262502. PMID 30636115. 
  6. ↑ Maaß, Bernhard; Müller, Peter; Nörtershäuser, Wilfried; Clark, Jason; Gorges, Christian; Kaufmann, Simon; König, Kristian; Krämer, Jörg et al. (November 2017). "Towards laser spectroscopy of the proton-halo candidate boron-8". Hyperfine Interactions 238 (1): 25. doi:10.1007/s10751-017-1399-5. Bibcode: 2017HyInt.238...25M. 
  7. ↑ Bellerive, A. (2004). "Review of solar neutrino experiments". International Journal of Modern Physics A 19 (8): 1167–1179. doi:10.1142/S0217751X04019093. Bibcode: 2004IJMPA..19.1167B. 
  8. ↑ Cerdeno, David G.; Fairbairn, Malcolm; Jubb, Thomas; Machado, Pedro; Vincent, Aaron C.; Boehm, Celine (2016). "Physics from solar neutrinos in dark matter direct detection experiments". JHEP 2016 (5): 118. doi:10.1007/JHEP05(2016)118. Bibcode: 2016JHEP...05..118C. 

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