Physics:Isotopes of nickel

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Short description: Nuclides with atomic number of 28 but with different mass numbers
Main isotopes of Chemistry:nickel (28Ni)
Iso­tope Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
58Ni 68.077% stable
59Ni trace 7.6×104 y ε 59Co
60Ni 26.223% stable
61Ni 1.140% stable
62Ni 3.635% stable
63Ni syn 100 y β− 63Cu
64Ni 0.926% stable
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Ni)
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Naturally occurring nickel (28Ni) is composed of five stable isotopes; 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni and 64Ni, with 58Ni being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance).[2] 26 radioisotopes have been characterised with the most stable being 59Ni with a half-life of 76,000 years, 63Ni with a half-life of 100.1 years, and 56Ni with a half-life of 6.077 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 60 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 8 meta states.

List of isotopes

Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (u)
[n 2][n 3] 		Half-life
[n 4] 		Decay
mode
[n 5] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 6] 		Spin and
parity
[n 7][n 4] 		Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy Normal proportion Range of variation
48Ni 28 20 48.01975(54)# 2.8(8) ms 2p (70%) 46Fe 0+
β+ (30%) 48Co
49Ni 28 21 49.00966(43)# 13(4) ms
[12(+5−3) ms] 		β+, p (83.4%) 48Fe 7/2−#
β+ (16.6%) 49Co
50Ni 28 22 49.99593(28)# 18.5(12) ms β+, p (73%) 49Fe 0+
β+, 2p (14%) 48Mn
β+ (13%) 50Co
51Ni 28 23 50.98772(28)# 23.8(2) ms β+, p (87.2%) 50Fe 7/2−#
β+ (12.3%) 51Co
β+, 2p (0.5%) 49Mn
52Ni 28 24 51.97568(9)# 38(5) ms β+ (83%) 52Co 0+
β+, p (17%) 51Fe
53Ni 28 25 52.96847(17)# 45(15) ms β+ (55%) 53Co (7/2−)#
β+, p (45%) 52Fe
54Ni 28 26 53.95791(5) 104(7) ms β+ 54Co 0+
55Ni 28 27 54.951330(12) 204.7(17) ms β+ 55Co 7/2−
56Ni 28 28 55.942132(12) 6.075(10) d β+ 56Co 0+
57Ni 28 29 56.9397935(19) 35.60(6) h β+ 57Co 3/2−
58Ni 28 30 57.9353429(7) Observationally stable[n 8] 0+ 0.680769(89)
59Ni 28 31 58.9343467(7) 7.6(5)×104 y EC (99%) 59Co 3/2−
β+ (1.5×10−5%)[3]
60Ni 28 32 59.9307864(7) Stable 0+ 0.262231(77)
61Ni 28 33 60.9310560(7) Stable 3/2− 0.011399(6)
62Ni[n 9] 28 34 61.9283451(6) Stable 0+ 0.036345(17)
63Ni 28 35 62.9296694(6) 100.1(20) y β− 63Cu 1/2−
63mNi 87.15(11) keV 1.67(3) μs 5/2−
64Ni 28 36 63.9279660(7) Stable 0+ 0.009256(9)
65Ni 28 37 64.9300843(7) 2.5172(3) h β− 65Cu 5/2−
65mNi 63.37(5) keV 69(3) μs 1/2−
66Ni 28 38 65.9291393(15) 54.6(3) h β− 66Cu 0+
67Ni 28 39 66.931569(3) 21(1) s β− 67Cu 1/2−
67mNi 1007(3) keV 13.3(2) μs β− 67Cu 9/2+
IT 67Ni
68Ni 28 40 67.931869(3) 29(2) s β− 68Cu 0+
68m1Ni 1770.0(10) keV 276(65) ns 0+
68m2Ni 2849.1(3) keV 860(50) μs 5−
69Ni 28 41 68.935610(4) 11.5(3) s β− 69Cu 9/2+
69m1Ni 321(2) keV 3.5(4) s β− 69Cu (1/2−)
IT 69Ni
69m2Ni 2701(10) keV 439(3) ns (17/2−)
70Ni 28 42 69.93650(37) 6.0(3) s β− 70Cu 0+
70mNi 2860(2) keV 232(1) ns 8+
71Ni 28 43 70.94074(40) 2.56(3) s β− 71Cu 1/2−#
72Ni 28 44 71.94209(47) 1.57(5) s β− (>99.9%) 72Cu 0+
β−, n (<.1%) 71Cu
73Ni 28 45 72.94647(32)# 0.84(3) s β− (>99.9%) 73Cu (9/2+)
β−, n (<.1%) 72Cu
74Ni 28 46 73.94807(43)# 0.68(18) s β− (>99.9%) 74Cu 0+
β−, n (<.1%) 73Cu
75Ni 28 47 74.95287(43)# 0.6(2) s β− (98.4%) 75Cu (7/2+)#
β−, n (1.6%) 74Cu
76Ni 28 48 75.95533(97)# 470(390) ms
[0.24(+55−24) s] 		β− (>99.9%) 76Cu 0+
β−, n (<.1%) 75Cu
77Ni 28 49 76.96055(54)# 300# ms
[>300 ns] 		β− 77Cu 9/2+#
78Ni 28 50 77.96318(118)# 120# ms
[>300 ns] 		β− 78Cu 0+
79Ni 28 51 78.970400(640)# 43.0 ms +86−75 β− 79Cu
80Ni 28 52 78.970400(640)# 24 ms +26−17 β− 80Cu
  1. ↑ mNi – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  5. ↑ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture
    IT: Isomeric transition
    n: Neutron emission
  6. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  7. ↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. ↑ Believed to decay by β+β+ to 58Fe with a half-life over 1.7×1022 years
  9. ↑ Highest binding energy per nucleon of all nuclides

Notable isotopes

The 5 stable and 30 unstable isotopes of nickel range in atomic weight from 48Ni to 82Ni, and include:[4]

Nickel-48, discovered in 1999, is the most neutron-poor nickel isotope known. With 28 protons and 20 neutrons 48Ni is "doubly magic" (like 208Pb) and therefore much more stable (with a lower limit of its half-life-time of .5 μs) than would be expected from its position in the chart of nuclides.[5] It has the highest ratio of protons to neutrons (proton excess) of any known doubly magic nuclide.[6]

Nickel-56 is produced in large quantities in supernovas and the shape of the light curve of these supernovas display characteristic timescales corresponding to the decay of nickel-56 to cobalt-56 and then to iron-56.

Nickel-58 is the most abundant isotope of nickel, making up 68.077% of the natural abundance. Possible sources include electron capture from copper-58 and EC + p from zinc-59.

Nickel-59 is a long-lived cosmogenic radionuclide with a half-life of 76,000 years. 59Ni has found many applications in isotope geology. 59Ni has been used to date the terrestrial age of meteorites and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and sediment.

Nickel-60 is the daughter product of the extinct radionuclide 60Fe (half-life = 2.6 My). Because 60Fe had such a long half-life, its persistence in materials in the Solar System at high enough concentrations may have generated observable variations in the isotopic composition of 60Ni. Therefore, the abundance of 60Ni present in extraterrestrial material may provide insight into the origin of the Solar System and its early history/very early history. Unfortunately, nickel isotopes appear to have been heterogeneously distributed in the early Solar System. Therefore, so far, no actual age information has been attained from 60Ni excesses. 60Ni is also the stable end-product of the decay of 60Zn, the product of the final rung of the alpha ladder. Other sources may also include beta decay from cobalt-60 and electron capture from copper-60.

Nickel-61 is the only stable isotope of nickel with a nuclear spin (I = 3/2), which makes it useful for studies by EPR spectroscopy.[7]

Nickel-62 has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any isotope for any element, when including the electron shell in the calculation. More energy is released forming this isotope than any other, although fusion can form heavier isotopes. For instance, two 40Ca atoms can fuse to form 80Kr plus 4 positrons (plus 4 neutrinos), liberating 77 keV per nucleon, but reactions leading to the iron/nickel region are more probable as they release more energy per baryon.

Nickel-63 has two main uses: Detection of explosives traces, and in certain kinds of electronic devices, such as gas discharge tubes used as surge protectors. A surge protector is a device that protects sensitive electronic equipment like computers from sudden changes in the electric current flowing into them. It is also used in Electron capture detector in gas chromatography for the detection mainly of halogens. It is proposed to be used for miniature betavoltaic generators for pacemakers.

Nickel-64 is another stable isotope of nickel. Possible sources include beta decay from cobalt-64, and electron capture from copper-64.

Nickel-78 is one of the element's heaviest known isotopes. With 28 protons and 50 neutrons, nickel-78 is doubly magic, resulting in much greater nuclear binding energy and stability despite having a lopsided neutron-proton ratio. It has a half-life of 122 ± 5.1 milliseconds.[8] As a consequence of its magic neutron number, nickel-78 is believed to have an important involvement in supernova nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron.[9] 78Ni, along with N = 50 isotones 79Cu and 80Zn, are thought to constitute a waiting point in the r-process, where further neutron capture is delayed by the shell gap and a buildup of isotopes around A = 80 results.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. 
  2. ↑ "Isotopes of the Element Nickel". Science education. Jefferson Lab. http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/iso028.html. 
  3. ↑ I. Gresits; S. Tölgyesi (September 2003). "Determination of soft X-ray emitting isotopes in radioactive liquid wastes of nuclear power plants". Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 258 (1): 107–112. doi:10.1023/A:1026214310645. 
  4. ↑ "New nuclides included for the first time in the 2017 evaluation.". Discovery of Nuclides Project. 22 December 2018. https://people.nscl.msu.edu/~thoennes/isotopes-2017/additional-isotopes-2017.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "Discovery of doubly magic nickel". CERN Courier. 15 March 2000. http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28206. 
  6. ↑ "Twice-magic metal makes its debut | Science News | Find Articles". http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_17_156/ai_57799535. 
  7. ↑ Maurice van Gastel; Wolfgang Lubitz (2009). "EPR Investigation of [NiFe Hydrogenases"]. in Graeme Hanson. High Resolution EPR: Applications to Metalloenzymes and Metals in Medicine. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 441–470. ISBN 9780387848563. https://archive.org/details/highresolutionep00hans. 
  8. ↑ Bazin, D. (2017). "Viewpoint: Doubly Magic Nickel". Physics 10 (121): 121. doi:10.1103/Physics.10.121. https://physics.aps.org/articles/v10/121. 
  9. ↑ Davide Castelvecchi (2005-04-22). "Atom Smashers Shed Light on Supernovae, Big Bang". Sky & Telescope. http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/atom-smashers-shed-light-on-supernovae-big-bang/. 
  10. ↑ Pereira, J.; Aprahamian, A.; Arndt, O.; Becerril, A.; Elliot, T.; Estrade, A.; Galaviz, D.; Hennrich, S. et al. (2009). "Beta decay studies of r-process nuclei at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory". 10th Symposium on Nuclei in the Cosmos. Mackinac Island. 



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