Chemistry:Europium compounds

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Short description: Compounds with at least one europium atom

File:Luminescence of europium compounds.webm Europium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal europium (Eu). In these compounds, europium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as EuCl3, Eu(NO3)3 and Eu(CH3COO)3. Compounds with europium in the +2 oxidation state are also known. The +2 ion of europium is the most stable divalent ion of lanthanide metals in aqueous solution.[2] Many europium compounds fluoresce under ultraviolet light due to the excitation of electrons to higher energy levels.[1] Lipophilic europium complexes often feature acetylacetonate-like ligands, e.g., Eufod.

Properties of europium compounds

Formula Color Crystal structure Space group No
EuBr2 white SrBr2 P4/n 85
EuBr3 grey[3] PuBr3 Cmcm 63
EuCl2 white PbCl2 Pnma 62
EuCl3 yellow UCl3 P63/m 176
EuF2 dark yellowish[4] fluorite[5] Fm3m 225
EuF3 white LaF3[6] Pnma 62
EuI2 yellow monoclinic P21/c 14
EuI3 colorless[7] BiI3 R3 148
EuH2 dark red[8] PbCl2 Pnma 62
Eu(OH)2 pale yellow[9] orthorhombic P21am[9] 26
Eu(OH)3 pale pink[10] hexagonal P63/m[11] 176
EuO violet[12] fluorite Fm3m 225
Eu2O3 white monoclinic C2/m 12
EuS black fluorite Fm3m 225
EuSe black fluorite Fm3m 225
EuTe black fluorite Fm3m 225
EuSO4 white orthorhombic Pnma 62

Chalcogenides

Oxides

Europium(II) oxide can be obtained by the reduction of europium(III) oxide with metallic europium at high temperatures. It has a rock-salt structure, is a deep red solid, and is ferromagnetic at 77 K. It has the potential to become a magnetic refrigeration material (ΔSmag=−143 mg/cm3 K，50 kOe).[13][14] Europium(II) sulfide is also ferromagnetic, but europium(II) telluride is antiferromagnetic.[13] The mixed valence oxide Eu3O4 of europium can be obtained by reducing europium(III) oxide with a reducing agent in a hydrogen atmosphere, such as:[5]

2 Eu2O3 + 2 EuOCl + 2 LiH → 2 Eu3O4 + 2 LiCl + H2↑

Europium(III) oxide is the most stable oxide of europium, a light pink solid with a high melting point, which can be obtained by the thermal decomposition of europium(III) nitrate.[13] It reacts with water to give EuOOH.[15] The reaction of soluble europium salts with ammonia or sodium hydroxide can precipitate hydroxide Eu(OH)3, but in the presence of polyhydroxyl compounds (such as glucose), the precipitation is incomplete.[13]

Eu(H2O) and Eu(H2O)2 complexes can be obtained by the reaction of metallic europium in solid argon with water. Eu(H2O) is rearranged to obtain HEuOH, which is further decomposed into EuO and H2; Eu(H2O)2 is decomposed into Eu(OH)2 and H2.[16]

Other chalcogenides

Europium(III) sulfide can be obtained by the decomposition of Eu(Et2NCS2)3 then at 500~600 °C.[17] Europium(III) sulfide can also be obtained by the decomposition of the thiocyanate Eu(NCS)3;[18] Its two crystal forms, α-type and γ-type, belong to orthorhombic and cubic crystal systems, respectively.[19] Europium(II) sulfide is prepared by sulfiding the oxide at temperatures sufficiently high to decompose europium(III) oxide:[20]

Eu2O3 + 3 H2S → 2 EuS + 3 H2O + S

The selenides, europium(III) selenide and europium(II) selenide, and tellurides, europium(II) telluride and europium(III) telluride, are also known. They can generally be prepared by reacting europium with selenium or tellurium in a vacuum ampoule at a high temperature.[21][22][5] Europium(II) selenide can also be obtained by heating europium(II) oxalate with an excess of selenium.

Europium oxysulfide is obtained by reacting europium(III) oxide in a carbon disulfide/argon/low-pressure oxygen stream. It is a solid of the triclinic crystal system, with the space group P3m1, and its optical band gap is 4.4 eV.[23] Europium oxyselenide and europium oxytelluride can be prepared by reacting europium(III) oxide with selenium or tellurium at 600 °C.[24] The oxyselenide is heated in air and oxidized to oxyselenite.[25] A similar reaction occurs with oxytelluride to give Eu2TeO6.[26]

Halides

Europium(III) chloride hexahydrate

Europium metal reacts with all the halogens:

2 Eu + 3 X2 → 2 EuX3 (X = F, Cl, Br, I)

This route gives white europium(III) fluoride (EuF3), yellow europium(III) chloride (EuCl3), gray[3] europium(III) bromide (EuBr3), and colorless europium(III) iodide (EuI3). Europium also forms the corresponding dihalides: yellow-green europium(II) fluoride (EuF2), colorless europium(II) chloride (EuCl2) (although it has a bright blue fluorescence under UV light),[27] colorless europium(II) bromide (EuBr2), and green europium(II) iodide (EuI2).[28]

Europium can form all four trihalides. They are strong electrolytes in water, and all but the fluoride are soluble in water. Anhydrous europium trihalides can be prepared by reacting oxides or the halides' hydrates:[29]

Eu2O3 + 6 NH4Cl → 2 EuCl3 + 3 H2O + 6 NH3↑
EuCl3·6H2O + 6 SOCl2 → EuCl3 + 6 SO2↑ + 12 HCl↑

Among them, europium(III) iodide can only be obtained by reacting europium(III) oxide and hydroiodic acid.[30]

In addition, europium can also form all four dihalides. They can generally be prepared by reducing the corresponding europium trihalide with hydrogen gas or europium:

2 EuX3 + H2 → 2 EuX2 + 2 HX

Europium(II) iodide can also be obtained by direct treating the reagent with ammonium iodide.[31] Of the dihalides, EuF2 and EuI2 are yellow, and EuCl2 and EuBr2 are white, although when irradiated by ultraviolet lite, EuCl2 has a bright blue fluorescence.[27]

Pnictides

Europium(III) nitride is a black solid that can be prepared by the reaction of metallic europium in a stream of ammonia in corundum boats in fused quartz tubes at 700 °C:[32]

2 Eu +2 NH3 → 2 EuN + 3 H2

In this reaction, the europium is oxidized and the hydrogen in the ammonia is reduced. Europium(III) nitride shows Van Vleck paramagnetism[33] and crystallises in the rock salt structure.[34][35] Thin films of rare earth nitrides, including europium(III) nitride, tend to form oxides in the presence of oxygen.[36] Europium(III) phosphide can be produced from a solution of europium metal in liquid ammonia with phosphine at -78 °C. This produces hydrogen and first Eu(PH2)2 is formed, but it then decomposes to EuP and PH3.[37][38] It crystallises cubically like NaCl.[39] Pure europium(III) phosphide also shows Van Vleck paramagnetism.[40] Europium(II) diarsenide, Eu2As2, is unique which it contains the As2−
2 ion instead of the As3- ion, unlike other lanthanide arsenides. It crystallizes in the distorted Na2O2 structure, similar to nickel arsenide, and is produced from reacting europium and arsenic at 600 °C.[41][42] Other arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of europium are also known.[43][44][45]

Organoeuropium compounds

Organoeuropium compounds are a class of organic metal compounds containing Eu-C bonds. The cyclopentadienyl complexes of europium were studied in the early stage. They can be prepared by the reaction of sodium cyclopentadienide and anhydrous europium halide in tetrahydrofuran, such as:[46][47]

EuCl3 + 3 C5H5Na → (C5H5)3Eu + 3 NaCl
EuI2 + 2 (C5HiPr4)Na → (C5HiPr4)2Eu + 2 NaI

Europium bis(tetraisopropylocene) is an orange-red solid that can be melted at 165 °C.[47] The complex of cyclononatetraene and europium(II) can be prepared by a similar method, and its toluene solution emits blue-green fluorescence at 516 nm, compared with other organic europium(II) sandwich complexes (about 630 nm) with a clear blue shift.[48]

In addition to the preparation of organo-europium compounds by metathesis reaction, metal europium can also be directly involved in the reaction, such as the reaction of europium and pentamethylcyclopentadiene to generate light orange bis(pentamethylcyclopentadiene) europium;[47] and the reaction between cyclooctatetraene and europium gives the pale green cyclooctatetraene europium.[49]

Other compounds

File:Formation of europium hydroxide (365 nm UV light).webm

Europium(II) sulfate is the sulfate of divalent europium, which can be obtained by electrolysis of europium sulfate solution with mercury as the cathode, or by reducing europium(III) chloride with zinc amalgam, and then reacting with sulfuric acid.[50] It reacts with sodium carbonate or ammonium oxalate to obtain europium(II) carbonate and europium(II) oxalate, respectively:[50]

EuSO4 + Na2CO3 + xH2O → EuCO3·xH2O + Na2SO4
EuSO4 + (NH4)2C2O4(saturated) + H2O → EuC2O4·H2O + (NH4)2SO4

Europium(III) sulfate can be directly obtained by reacting europium(III) oxide and dilute sulfuric acid, and crystallized, and dehydration of hydrate can obtain the anhydrous form. Europium(III) sulfate is soluble in water, and its octahydrate has a solubility of 2.56 g at 20 °C.[51] Europium(III) sulfite (Eu2(SO3)3·nH2O，n=0, 3, 6[52]) and its basic salt (EuOHSO3·4H2O[53]) are known, and heating the sulfite in a carbon monoxide atmosphere will dehydrate to obtain the anhydrous form, and after Eu2O2SO4, finally obtain the oxysulfide Eu2O2S.[54]

Europium(II) hydroxide can be obtained by reacting metallic europium with sodium hydroxide.[9] Europium(II) hydroxide belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system. It decomposes to form europium(III) hydroxide,[55] a pale pink solid that reacts with acids and produces europium(III) salts. It can be prepared by reacting europium with water, or by reacting europium(III) nitrate with hexamethylenetetramine at 95 °C or with ammonium hydroxide.[56][57]

Europium(III) nitrate can be obtained by reacting europium(III) oxide and nitric acid and crystallizing. The crystal is dried with 45~55% sulfuric acid to obtain hexahydrate.[58] Its anhydrous form can be obtained by the reaction of europium oxide and dinitrogen tetroxide, while heating the hydrate can only obtain the basic salt EuONO3.[59] Europium(III) phosphate can be obtained by reacting europium(III) chloride and diammonium hydrogen phosphate (or europium(III) oxide and 5 mol/L phosphoric acid[60]), and its white monohydrate precipitates from solution. It loses water at 600~800 °C, and changes from a hexagonal phase with water to an anhydrous monoclinic phase.[61] Europium(III) oxide reacts with arsenic pentoxide to obtain europium(III) arsenate, which is a colorless crystal with a xenotime structure.[62]

Europium(III) acetate powder

Europium(III) carbonate is one of the carbonates of europium, which can be obtained by reacting a dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate saturated with carbon dioxide with a soluble europium salt. It is heated and decomposed to generate europium(III) oxide and carbon dioxide. Its basic salts and double salts are known.[63] Europium(III) acetate is a pale pink solid that can crystallize from an aqueous solution as the tetrahydrate, which is dried with sulfuric acid to give the trihydrate.[64] The reaction of europium(III) nitrate and oxalic acid gave europium oxalate decahydrate, which was converted to pentahydrate at 100 °C. Using potassium oxalate as raw material can only get double salt KEu(C2O4)2·2H2O.[64] The coordination polymer [Eu(C2O4)(HCOO)]n can be obtained by reacting europium oxalate and oxalic acid with oxalic acid at 200 °C.[65] Europium(III) oxalate is heated to 320 °C in a carbon dioxide atmosphere to obtain europium oxalate:[66]

Eu2(C2O4)3 → 2 EuC2O4 + 2 CO2↑

Applications

Compounds of Eu3+ can emit red light under excitation. For example, europium(III) oxide can be used in picture tube televisions[67] and europium-doped yttrium oxysulfide (Y2O2S:Eu3+) can be used as phosphors.[68] In addition, europium compounds can also be used in the manufacture of anti-counterfeiting materials.[69]

Based on the properties of europium(II) oxide, thin layers of europium(II) oxide deposited on silicon are being studied for use as spin filters. Spin filter materials only allow electrons of a certain spin to pass, blocking electrons of the opposite spin.[70] The synthesis of europium(II) oxide, as well as its europium(II) sulfide, because of their potential as laser window materials, insulating ferromagnets, ferromagnetic semiconductors, and magnetoresistant, optomagnetic, and luminescent materials.[71][72] Europium(II) sulfide was used in an experiment providing evidence of Majorana fermions relevant to quantum computing and the production of qubits.[73]

Eu(OCC(CH3)3CHCOC3F7)3 (abbreviated Eu(fod)3, where the fod ligand is the anion of the commercially available 6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedione) serves as a Lewis acid catalyst in organic synthesis including stereoselective Diels-Alder and aldol addition reactions. For example, Eu(fod)3 catalyzes the cyclocondensations of substituted dienes with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to yield dihydropyrans, with high selectivity for the endo product.[74]

Gallery

Europium compounds

  • Europium acetate tetrahydrate (Eu(CH3COO)3·4H2O)

  • Europium(III) chloride hexahydrate (EuCl3·6H2O)

  • Europium(III) hydroxide (Eu(OH)3)

  • Europium(III) oxide (Eu2O3)

  • Europium(III) sulfate (Eu2(SO4)3)

  • Europium nitrate hexahydrate (Eu(NO3)3·6H2O)

  • Europium nitrate under ultraviolet light at 365 nm

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Galimov, D.I.; Bulgakov, R.G. (Feb 2019). "The first example of fluorescence of the solid individual compounds of Eu 2+ ion: EuCl 2 , EuI 2 , EuBr 2" (in en). Luminescence 34 (1): 127–129. doi:10.1002/bio.3580. PMID 30520220. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bio.3580. 
  2. ↑ 无机化学丛书. pp 187-188. 1.2.3 氧化态及电极电势.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Phillips, Sidney L.; Perry, Dale L. (1995). Handbook of inorganic compounds. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 159. ISBN 9780849386718. 
  4. ↑ Zhao, Yongzhi; Ma, Ying; Hou, Shaochun; Zhang, Wenjuan; Wang, Jingjing; Ding, Yanrong; Hao, Yifan (2017). "Europium(II) fluoride structure research" (in zh). http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XTZZ201705017.htm. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Handbuch der präparativen anorganischen Chemie. 1 (3., umgearb. Aufl ed.). Stuttgart: Enke. 1975. p. 255. ISBN 978-3-432-02328-1. 
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  34. ↑ Larson, P.; Lambrecht, Walter R. L.; Chantis, Athanasios; van Schilfgaarde, Mark (2007-01-16). "Electronic structure of rare-earth nitrides using the $\mathrm{LSDA}+U$ approach: Importance of allowing $4f$ orbitals to break the cubic crystal symmetry". Physical Review B 75 (4): 045114. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.75.045114. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.75.045114. 
  35. ↑ Suehiro, T.; Hirosaki, N.; Wada, T.; Yajima, Y.; Mitomo, M. (Mar 2005). "Europium nitride synthesized by direct nitridation with ammonia" (in en). Powder Diffraction 20 (1): 40–42. doi:10.1154/1.1835963. ISSN 0885-7156. Bibcode: 2005PDiff..20...40S. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0885715600002372/type/journal_article. 
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  37. ↑ Pytlewski, L. L.; Howell, J. K. (1967). "Preparation of Europium and ytterbium phosphides in liquid ammonia" (in en). Chemical Communications (24): 1280. doi:10.1039/c19670001280. ISSN 0009-241X. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c19670001280. 
  38. ↑ Howell, J. K.; Pytlewski, L. L. (1970-08-01). "Thermal decomposition of europium and ytterbium dihydrogen phosphides" (in en). Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 6 (8): 681–686. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(70)80144-1. ISSN 0020-1650. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1650%2870%2980144-1. 
  39. ↑ Giacomo Bruzzone, Assunta Ferro Ruggiero, Giorgio L. Olcese (1964), Sul comportamento di ittrio, europio e itterbio nei composti MX con i metalloidi del V e VI gruppo., 36, Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Rendiconti, pp. 66–69 
  40. ↑ K. E. Mironov, G. P. Brygalina, V. N. Ikorskii (1974), Magnetism of europium phosphides, 1, Proc. Rare Earth Res. Conf., 11th, pp. 105–114 
  41. ↑ A. Iandelli; E. Franceschi (1973). "On the crystal structure of the compounds CaP, SrP, CaAs, SrAs and EuAs" (in en). Journal of the Less Common Metals 31 (2): 211–216. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(73)90107-0. 
  42. ↑ F. Hulliger (1979). "33 Rare earth pnictides" (in en). Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 4 (4th ed.). Zürich: Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik ETH. pp. 218–220. doi:10.1016/S0168-1273(79)04006-X. ISBN 9780444852168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1273(79)04006-X. Retrieved 26 June 2023. 
  43. ↑ S. Ono; F.L. Hui; J.G. Despault; L.D. Calvert; J.B. Taylor (1971). "Rare-earth pnictides: The arsenic-rich europium arsenides" (in en). Journal of the Less Common Metals 25 (3): 287–294. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(71)90152-4. 
  44. ↑ Taylor, J. B.; Calvert, L. D.; Wang, Y. (1977-12-01). "Powder data for some new europium arsenides" (in en). Journal of Applied Crystallography 10 (6): 492–494. doi:10.1107/S002188987701406X. ISSN 0021-8898. https://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S002188987701406X. 
  45. ↑ Taylor, J. B.; Calvert, L. D.; Wang, Y. (1979-04-01). "Powder data for some new europium antimonides and bismuthides" (in en). Journal of Applied Crystallography 12 (2): 249–251. doi:10.1107/S0021889879012309. ISSN 0021-8898. https://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?a18141. 
  46. ↑ 无机化学丛书. pp 338. 2.3.7 稀土元素有机化合物.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Sitzmann, Helmut; Dezember, Thomas; Schmitt, Oliver; Weber, Frank; Wolmershäuser, Gotthelf; Ruck, Michael (2000). "Metallocenes of Samarium, Europium, and Ytterbium with the Especially Bulky Cyclopentadienyl Ligands C5H(CHMe2)4, C5H2(CMe3)3, and C5(CHMe2)5". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 626 (11): 2241–2244. doi:10.1002/1521-3749(200011)626:11<2241::AID-ZAAC2241>3.0.CO;2-0. ISSN 0044-2313. 
  48. ↑ Kawasaki, Kenshiro; Sugiyama, Rion; Tsuji, Takashi; Iwasa, Takeshi; Tsunoyama, Hironori; Mizuhata, Yoshiyuki; Tokitoh, Norihiro; Nakajima, Atsushi (2017). "A designer ligand field for blue-green luminescence of organoeuropium(ii) sandwich complexes with cyclononatetraenyl ligands". Chemical Communications 53 (49): 6557–6560. doi:10.1039/C7CC03045B. ISSN 1359-7345. PMID 28524187. 
  49. ↑ Tsuji, Takashi; Hosoya, Natsuki; Fukazawa, Suguru; Sugiyama, Rion; Iwasa, Takeshi; Tsunoyama, Hironori; Hamaki, Hirofumi; Tokitoh, Norihiro et al. (2014). "Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Multidecker Organoeuropium Sandwich Complexes and Their Physical Properties". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118 (11): 5896–5907. doi:10.1021/jp4108014. ISSN 1932-7447. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 无机化学丛书. pp 203. 3. Ln2+的水溶液体系.
  51. ↑ 无机化合物合成手册. pp 258-259. 819 硫酸盐.
  52. ↑ Koskenlinna, Markus; Niinisto, Lauri. Lanthanoid sulfites. III. Preparation and properties of two isomorphous series of lanthanoid sulfite hydrates. Finnish Chemical Letters, 1975. (3-4): 83-88. ISSN 0303-4100.
  53. ↑ McCoy, Herbert N. (1939). "The Salts of Europium". Journal of the American Chemical Society 61 (9): 2455–2456. doi:10.1021/ja01878a055. ISSN 0002-7863. 
  54. ↑ Leskelä, Markku; Niinistö, Lauri (1980). "Thermal decomposition of europium sulfite trihydrate in carbon monoxide". Thermochimica Acta 37 (2): 125–130. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(80)80032-3. ISSN 0040-6031. 
  55. ↑ Eyring, Leroy (2016-06-23) (in en). Progress in the Science and Technology of the Rare Earths. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4831-5777-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=TwmBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455. 
  56. ↑ (in en) Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. Elsevier. 2010-10-27. ISBN 978-0-444-53591-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=8SstnPFSzb0C&pg=PA330. 
  57. ↑ Hunter, Ross J.; Preedy, Victor R. (2011-10-06) (in en). Nanomedicine and the Cardiovascular System. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-7989-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=lVnNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA373. 
  58. ↑ 高胜利, 刘翊纶, 杨祖培. 稀土硝酸盐的制法、性质及结构 . 稀土, 1990 (4): 23-28.
  59. ↑ 无机化合物合成手册. pp 260-261. 820 硝酸盐.
  60. ↑ Chen, Yang; Wei, Xian-Wen; Wu, Kong-Lin; Liu, Xiao-Wang (2012). "A facile hydrothermal route to flower-like single crystalline EuPO4·H2O". Materials Letters 89: 108–110. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2012.08.074. ISSN 0167-577X. 
  61. ↑ Zollfrank, Cordt; Scheel, Hanne; Brungs, Sabine; Greil, Peter (2008). "Europium(III) Orthophosphates: Synthesis, Characterization, and Optical Properties". Crystal Growth & Design 8 (3): 766–770. doi:10.1021/cg070483j. ISSN 1528-7483. 
  62. ↑ Golbs, Sylvia; Cardoso-Gil, Raul; Schmidt, Marcus (2009). "Crystal structure of europium arsenate, EuAsO4". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures 224 (2): 169–170. doi:10.1524/ncrs.2009.0076. ISSN 2197-4578. 
  63. ↑ 无机化合物合成手册. pp 261-263. 822 碳酸盐.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Sarkar, P. B. Some compounds of europium. Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France, 1927. (41): 185-189. ISSN 0037-8968.
  65. ↑ Hadi, Abdul Nada; Li, Wei; Feng, Guo-Qiang; Lu, Pei-Xiang. Synthesis, structure, photoluminescence and thermal expansion of a rare earth formate oxalate framework . Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2018. 37 (2): 262-269. DOI: 10.14102/j.cnki.0254-5861.2011-1683.
  66. ↑ Glasner, A.; Levy, E.; Steinberg, M. (1963). "Thermal decomposition of europium(III) oxalate". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 25 (11): 1415–1422. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(63)80413-3. ISSN 0022-1902. 
  67. ↑ Caro, Paul (1998-06-01). "Rare earths in luminescence". Rare earths. pp. 323–325. ISBN 978-84-89784-33-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=P4UCrfp_s0EC&pg=PA323. Retrieved 2019-07-06. 
  68. ↑ 无机化学丛书. pp 263. 1. 稀土发光材料.
  69. ↑ 魏俊青, 孙诚, 黄利强. 稀土铕配合物在荧光防伪油墨中的应用 . 天津科技大学学报, 2012(4):36-39.
  70. ↑ Caspers, C.; Müller, M.; Gray, A. X.; Kaiser, A. M.; Gloskovskii, A.; Fadley, C. S.; Drube, W.; Schneider, C. M. (2011-10-12). "Electronic structure of EuO spin filter tunnel contacts directly on silicon". Physica Status Solidi RRL (Wiley) 5 (12): 441–443. doi:10.1002/pssr.201105403. ISSN 1862-6254. Bibcode: 2011PSSRR...5..441C. http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/91237/files/pss_EuO_V3.pdf. 
  71. ↑ Ananth, K.P.; Gielisse, P.J.; Rockett, T.J. (1974). "Synthesis and characterization of europium sulfide". Materials Research Bulletin (Elsevier BV) 9 (9): 1167–1171. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(74)90033-6. ISSN 0025-5408. 
  72. ↑ Zhao, Fei; Sun, Hao-Ling; Su, Gang; Gao, Song (2006). "Synthesis and Size-Dependent Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse EuS Nanocrystals". Small (Wiley) 2 (2): 244–248. doi:10.1002/smll.200500294. ISSN 1613-6810. PMID 17193029. 
  73. ↑ Manna, Sujit; Wei, Peng; Xie, Yingming; Law, Kam Tuen; Lee, Patrick A.; Moodera, Jagadeesh S. (2020-04-06). "Signature of a pair of Majorana zero modes in superconducting gold surface states". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (16): 8775–8782. doi:10.1073/pnas.1919753117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 32253317. Bibcode: 2020PNAS..117.8775M. 
  74. ↑ Wenzel, T.J.; Ciak, J.M.; "Europium, tris(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedianato)" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2004. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn00449

External reading

  • Yi Xianwu, Huang Chunhui, Wang Wei, Liu Yujiu, Wu Jinguang. Inorganic Chemistry Series Vol.7 Scandium and Rare Earth Elements. Beijing: Science Press, 1992. ISBN 9787030305749.
  • The Handbook of Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds Vol.2. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 1986. CSBN 15063·3726 (Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds II. Tokyo: Maruzen Co., Ltd., 1977) Edited by the Chemical Society of Japan. Translated by An Jiaju and Chen Zhichuan.



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