Chemistry:Sodium bicarbonate
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Names | |||
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IUPAC name
sodium hydrogencarbonate
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Other names
Baking soda, bicarb (laboratory slang), bicarbonate of soda, nahcolite, natrium hydrogen carbonate, natron
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Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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4153970 | |||
ChEBI | |||
ChEMBL | |||
ChemSpider | |||
DrugBank | |||
EC Number |
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KEGG | |||
MeSH | Sodium+bicarbonate | ||
PubChem CID
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RTECS number |
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UNII | |||
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Properties | |||
NaHCO3 | |||
Molar mass | 84.0066 g mol−1 | ||
Appearance | White crystals | ||
Odor | Odorless | ||
Density |
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Melting point | (Decomposes to sodium carbonate starting at 50 °C[1][6]) | ||
Solubility | 0.02 wt% acetone, 2.13 wt% methanol @22 °C.[4] insoluble in ethanol | ||
log P | −0.82 | ||
Acidity (pKa) | |||
Refractive index (nD)
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nα = 1.377 nβ = 1.501 nγ = 1.583 | ||
Structure | |||
Monoclinic | |||
Thermochemistry | |||
Heat capacity (C)
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87.6 J/mol K[7] | ||
Std molar
entropy (S |
101.7 J/mol K[7] | ||
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−950.8 kJ/mol[7] | ||
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)
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−851.0 kJ/mol[7] | ||
Pharmacology | |||
1=ATC code }} | B05CB04 (WHO) B05XA02 (WHO), QG04BQ01 (WHO) | ||
Intravenous, oral | |||
Hazards | |||
Main hazards | Causes serious eye irritation | ||
Safety data sheet | External MSDS | ||
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
Flash point | Incombustible | ||
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LD50 (median dose)
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4220 mg/kg (rat, oral)[8] | ||
Related compounds | |||
Other anions
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Sodium carbonate | ||
Other cations
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Related compounds
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |||
verify (what is ?) | |||
Infobox references | |||
Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogencarbonate[9]), commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO3−). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs.[10]
Nomenclature
Because it has long been known and widely used, the salt has many different names such as baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda, and bicarbonate of soda and can often be found near baking powder in stores. The term baking soda is more common in the United States, while bicarbonate of soda is more common in Australia, the United Kingdom, and Ireland.[11] Abbreviated colloquial forms such as sodium bicarb, bicarb soda, bicarbonate, and bicarb are common.[12]
The word saleratus, from Latin sal æratus (meaning "aerated salt"), was widely used in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate.[13]
Its E number food additive code is E500.[14]
The prefix bi- in "bicarbonate" comes from an outdated naming system predating molecular knowledge. It is based on the observation that there is twice as much carbonate (CO3−2) per sodium in sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as there is in sodium carbonate (Na2CO3).[15] The modern chemical formulas of these compounds now express their precise chemical compositions which were unknown when the name bi-carbonate of potash was coined (see also: bicarbonate).
Uses
Cooking
Cooking
In cooking, baking soda is primarily used in baking as a leavening agent. When it reacts with acid or is heated, carbon dioxide is released, which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in cakes, quick breads, soda bread, and other baked and fried foods. When an acid is used, the acid–base reaction can be generically represented as follows:[16]
- NaHCO3 + H+ → Na+ + CO2 + H2O
Acidic materials that induce this reaction include hydrogen phosphates, cream of tartar, lemon juice, yogurt, buttermilk, cocoa, and vinegar. Baking soda may be used together with sourdough, which is acidic, making a lighter product with a less acidic taste.[17] Since the reaction occurs slowly at room temperature, mixtures (cake batter, etc.) can be allowed to stand without rising until they are heated in the oven.[citation needed]
Heat can also by itself cause sodium bicarbonate to act as a raising agent in baking because of thermal decomposition, releasing carbon dioxide at temperatures above 80 °C (180 °F), as follows:[18]
- 2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
When used this way on its own, without the presence of an acidic component (whether in the batter or by the use of a baking powder containing acid), only half the available CO2 is released (one CO2 molecule is formed for every two equivalents of NaHCO3). Additionally, in the absence of acid, thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate also produces sodium carbonate, which is strongly alkaline and gives the baked product a bitter, soapy taste and a yellow color.
Baking powder
Baking powder, also sold for cooking, contains around 30% of bicarbonate, and various acidic ingredients that are activated by the addition of water, without the need for additional acids in the cooking medium.[19][20][21] Many forms of baking powder contain sodium bicarbonate combined with calcium acid phosphate, sodium aluminium phosphate, or cream of tartar.[22] Baking soda is alkaline; the acid used in baking powder avoids a metallic taste when the chemical change during baking creates sodium carbonate.[23]
Pyrotechnics
Sodium bicarbonate is one of the main components of the common "black snake" firework. The effect is caused by the thermal decomposition, which produces carbon dioxide gas to produce a long snake-like ash as a combustion product of the other main component, sucrose.[24] Sodium bicarbonate also delays combustion reactions through the release of carbon dioxide and water, both of which are flame retardants, when heated.
Mild disinfectant
It has weak disinfectant properties,[25][26] and it may be an effective fungicide against some organisms.[27] Because baking soda will absorb musty smells, it has become a reliable method for used book sellers when making books less malodorous.[28]
Fire extinguisher
Sodium bicarbonate can be used to extinguish small grease or electrical fires by being thrown over the fire, as heating of sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide.[29] However, it should not be applied to fires in deep fryers; the sudden release of gas may cause the grease to splatter.[29] Sodium bicarbonate is used in BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an alternative to the more corrosive monoammonium phosphate in ABC extinguishers. The alkaline nature of sodium bicarbonate makes it the only dry chemical agent, besides Purple-K, that was used in large-scale fire suppression systems installed in commercial kitchens. Because it can act as an alkali, the agent has a mild saponification effect on hot grease, which becomes a smothering, soapy foam.[30]
Neutralization of acids
Sodium bicarbonate reacts spontaneously with acids, releasing CO2 gas as a reaction product. It is commonly used to neutralize unwanted acid solutions or acid spills in chemical laboratories.[31] It is not appropriate to use sodium bicarbonate to neutralize base[32] even though it is amphoteric, reacting with both acids and bases.[citation needed]
Sports supplement
Sodium bicarbonate is taken as a sports supplement to improve muscular endurance.[33] Studies conducted mostly in males have shown that sodium bicarbonate is most effective in enhancing performance in short-term, high-intensity activities.[34]
Agriculture
Sodium bicarbonate can prevent the growth of fungi when applied on leaves, although it will not kill the fungus. Excessive amounts of sodium bicarbonate can cause discolouration of fruits (two percent solution) and chlorosis (one percent solution).[35]
Medical uses and health
Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water can be used as an antacid to treat acid indigestion and heartburn.[36][37] Its reaction with stomach acid produces salt, water, and carbon dioxide:
- NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2(g)
A mixture of sodium bicarbonate and polyethylene glycol such as PegLyte,[38] dissolved in water and taken orally, is an effective gastrointestinal lavage preparation and laxative prior to gastrointestinal surgery, gastroscopy, etc.[citation needed]
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate in an aqueous solution is sometimes used for cases of acidosis, or when insufficient sodium or bicarbonate ions are in the blood.[39] In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left, and thus raises the pH. For this reason, sodium bicarbonate is used in medically supervised cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated only when the blood pH is markedly low (< 7.1–7.0).[40]
Sodium bicarbonate has been shown to reduce contrast-induced nephropathy, the most common cause of acute renal failure.[41]
HCO3− is used for treatment of hyperkalemia, as it will drive K+ back into cells during periods of acidosis.[42] Since sodium bicarbonate can cause alkalosis, it is sometimes used to treat aspirin overdoses. Aspirin requires an acidic environment for proper absorption, and a basic environment will diminish aspirin absorption in cases of overdose.[43] Sodium bicarbonate has also been used in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose.[44] It can also be applied topically as a paste, with three parts baking soda to one part water, to relieve some kinds of insect bites and stings (as well as accompanying swelling).[45]
Some alternative practitioners, such as Tullio Simoncini, have promoted baking soda as a cancer cure, which the American Cancer Society has warned against due to both its unproven effectiveness and potential danger in use.[46] Edzard Ernst has called the promotion of sodium bicarbonate as a cancer cure "one of the more sickening alternative cancer scams I have seen for a long time".[47]
Sodium bicarbonate can be added to local anaesthetics, to speed up the onset of their effects and make their injection less painful.[48] It is also a component of Moffett's solution, used in nasal surgery.[49]
It has been proposed that acidic diets weaken bones.[50] One systematic meta-analysis of the research shows no such effect.[51] Another also finds that there is no evidence that alkaline diets improve bone health, but suggests that there "may be some value" to alkaline diets for other reasons.[52]
Antacid (such as baking soda) solutions have been prepared and used by protesters to alleviate the effects of exposure to tear gas during protests.[failed verification][53]
Similarly to its use in baking, sodium bicarbonate is used together with a mild acid such as tartaric acid as the excipient in effervescent tablets: when such a tablet is dropped in a glass of water, the carbonate leaves the reaction medium as carbon dioxide gas (HCO3− + H+ → H2O + CO2↑ or, more precisely, HCO3− + H3O+ → 2 H2O + CO2↑). This makes the tablet disintegrate, leaving the medication suspended and/or dissolved in the water together with the resulting salt (in this example, sodium tartrate).[54]
Personal hygiene
Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredient in some mouthwashes. It has anticaries and abrasive properties.[55] It works as a mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums, neutralizes the production of acid in the mouth, and also acts as an antiseptic to help prevent infections.[56][57] Sodium bicarbonate in combination with other ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorant.[58][59] Sodium bicarbonate may be used as a buffering agent, combined with table salt, when creating a solution for nasal irrigation.[60]
It is used in eye hygiene to treat blepharitis. This is done by addition of a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently boiled, followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with a cotton swab dipped in the solution.[61][62]
Veterinary uses
Sodium bicarbonate is used as a cattle feed supplement, in particular as a buffering agent for the rumen.[63]
Cleaning agent
Sodium bicarbonate is used in a process for removing paint and corrosion called sodablasting. As a blasting medium, sodium bicarbonate is used to remove surface contamination from softer and less resilient substrates such as aluminium, copper or timber which could be damaged by silica sand abrasive media.[64]
A manufacturer recommends a paste made from baking soda with minimal water as a gentle scouring powder.[29] Such a paste can be useful in removing surface rust, as the rust forms a water-soluble compound when in a concentrated alkaline solution.[65] Cold water should be used, as hot-water solutions can corrode steel.[66] Sodium bicarbonate attacks the thin protective oxide layer that forms on aluminium, making it unsuitable for cleaning this metal.[67] A solution in warm water will remove the tarnish from silver when the silver is in contact with a piece of aluminium foil.[67][68] Baking soda is commonly added to washing machines as a replacement for water softener and to remove odors from clothes. It is also almost as effective in removing heavy tea and coffee stains from cups as sodium hydroxide, when diluted with warm water.
During the Manhattan Project to develop the nuclear bomb in the early 1940s, the chemical toxicity of uranium was an issue. Uranium oxides were found to stick very well to cotton cloth, and did not wash out with soap or laundry detergent. However, the uranium would wash out with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate. Clothing can become contaminated with toxic dust of depleted uranium (DU), which is very dense, hence used for counterweights in a civilian context, and in armour-piercing projectiles. DU is not removed by normal laundering; washing with about 6 ounces (170 g) of baking soda in 2 gallons (7.5 L) of water will help to wash it out.[69]
Odor control
It is often claimed that baking soda is an effective odor remover,[70][better source needed] and it is often recommended that an open box be kept in the refrigerator to absorb odor.[71] This idea was promoted by the leading U.S. brand of baking soda, Arm & Hammer, in an advertising campaign starting in 1972.[72] Though this campaign is considered a classic of marketing, leading within a year to more than half of American refrigerators containing a box of baking soda,[73][74] there is little evidence that it is in fact effective in this application.[75][76]
Hydrogen gas production
Sodium bicarbonate can be used as a catalyst in gas production. Its performance for this application is "good"; however, it is not usually used.[citation needed] Hydrogen gas is produced via electrolysis of water, a process in which electric current is applied through a volume of water, which causes the hydrogen atoms to separate from the oxygen atoms. This demonstration is usually done in high school chemistry classes to show electrolysis.
Chemistry
Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric compound. Aqueous solutions are mildly alkaline due to the formation of carbonic acid and hydroxide ion:
- HCO−3 + H2O → H2CO3 + OH−
Sodium bicarbonate can often be used as a safer alternative to sodium hydroxide, and as such can be used as a wash to remove any acidic impurities from a "crude" liquid, producing a purer sample. Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and an acid produces a salt and carbonic acid, which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and water:
- NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O+CO2
- H2CO3 → H2O + CO2(g)
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid (found in vinegar), producing sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide:
- NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2(g)
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases such as sodium hydroxide to form carbonates:
- NaHCO3 + NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O
Thermal decomposition
At temperatures from 80–100 °C (176–212 °F), sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide. The conversion is faster at 200 °C (392 °F):[77]
- 2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Most bicarbonates undergo this dehydration reaction. Further heating converts the carbonate into the oxide (above 850 °C/1,560 °F):[77]
- Na2CO3 → Na2O + CO2
These conversions are relevant to the use of NaHCO3 as a fire-suppression agent ("BC powder") in some dry-powder fire extinguishers.[citation needed]
Stability and shelf life
If kept cool (room temperature) and dry (an airtight container is recommended to keep out moist air), sodium bicarbonate can be kept without a significant amount of decomposition for at least two or three years.[78][79][80][81]
History
The word natron has been in use in many languages throughout modern times (in the forms of anatron, natrum and natron) and originated (like Spanish, French and English natron as well as 'sodium') via Arabic naṭrūn (or anatrūn; cf. the Lower Egyptian “Natrontal” Wadi El Natrun, where a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate for the dehydration of mummies was used [82]) from Greek nítron (νίτρον) (Herodotus; Attic lítron (λίτρον)), which can be traced back to ancient Egyptian ntr. The Greek nítron (soda, saltpeter) was also used in Latin (sal) nitrum and in German Salniter (the source of Nitrogen, Nitrat etc.).[83][84]
In 1791, French chemist Nicolas Leblanc produced sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash. The pharmacist Valentin Rose the Younger is credited with the discovery of sodium bicarbonate in 1801 in Berlin. In 1846, two American bakers, John Dwight and Austin Church, established the first factory in the United States to produce baking soda from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide.[85]
Saleratus, potassium or sodium bicarbonate, is mentioned in the novel Captains Courageous by Rudyard Kipling as being used extensively in the 1800s in commercial fishing to prevent freshly caught fish from spoiling.[86]
In 1919, US Senator Lee Overman declared that bicarbonate of soda could cure the Spanish flu. In the midst of the debate on 26 January 1919, he interrupted the discussion to announce the discovery of a cure. "I want to say, for the benefit of those who are making this investigation," he reported, "that I was told by a judge of a superior court in the mountain country of North Carolina they have discovered a remedy for this disease." The purported cure implied a critique of modern science and an appreciation for the simple wisdom of simple people. "They say that common baking soda will cure the disease," he continued, "that they have cured it with it, that they have no deaths up there at all; they use common baking soda, which cures the disease."[87]
Production
Sodium bicarbonate is produced industrially from sodium carbonate:[88]
- Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NaHCO3
It is produced on the scale of about 100,000 tonnes/year (as of 2001) [dubious ][89] with a worldwide production capacity of 2.4 million tonnes per year (as of 2002).[90] Commercial quantities of baking soda are also produced by a similar method: soda ash, mined in the form of the ore trona, is dissolved in water and treated with carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate precipitates as a solid from this solution.[citation needed]
Regarding the Solvay process, sodium bicarbonate is an intermediate in the reaction of sodium chloride, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. The product however shows low purity (75pc).[citation needed]
Although of no practical value, NaHCO3 may be obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide:[citation needed]
- CO2 + NaOH → NaHCO3
Mining
Naturally occurring deposits of nahcolite (NaHCO3) are found in the Eocene-age (55.8–33.9 Mya) Green River Formation, Piceance Basin in Colorado. Nahcolite was deposited as beds during periods of high evaporation in the basin. It is commercially mined using common underground mining techniques such as bore, drum, and longwall mining in a fashion very similar to coal mining.[citation needed]
It is also produced by solution mining, pumping heated water through nahcolite beds and crystalizing the dissolved nahcolite through a cooling crystallization process.
In popular culture
Sodium bicarbonate, as "bicarbonate of soda", was a frequent source of punch lines for Groucho Marx in Marx Brothers movies. In Duck Soup, Marx plays the leader of a nation at war. In one scene, he receives a message from the battlefield that his general is reporting a gas attack, and Groucho tells his aide: "Tell him to take a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda and a half a glass of water."[91] In A Night at the Opera, Groucho's character addresses the opening night crowd at an opera by saying of the lead tenor: "Signor Lassparri comes from a very famous family. His mother was a well-known bass singer. His father was the first man to stuff spaghetti with bicarbonate of soda, thus causing and curing indigestion at the same time."[92]
In the Joseph L. Mankewicz classic All About Eve, the Max Fabian character (Gregory Ratoff) has an extended scene with Margo Channing (Bette Davis) in which, suffering from heartburn, he requests and then drinks bicarbonate of soda, eliciting a prominent burp. Channing promises to always keep a box of bicarb with Max's name on it.
See also
- Carbonic acid
- List of ineffective cancer treatments
- List of minerals
- Natron
- Natrona (disambiguation)
- Potassium bicarbonate
- Trona
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Haynes, p. 4.90
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Haynes, p. 5.194
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Sodium Bicarbonate". United Nations Environment Programme. http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/oecdsids/Sodium%20bicarbonate.pdf.
- ↑ "Solubilities of Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate in Acetone-Water and Methanol-Water Mixtures". J. Chem. Eng. Data 11 (3): 323–324. 1966. doi:10.1021/je60030a009.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Haynes, p. 7.23
- ↑ "Thermal behaviour of diclofenac, diclofenac sodium and sodium bicarbonate compositions". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 90 (3): 903–907. 2007. doi:10.1007/s10973-006-8182-1.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Haynes, p. 5.19
- ↑ Griffith, John F. (1964). "Interlaboratory variations in the determination of acute oral LD50". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 6 (6): 726–730. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(64)90124-3. PMID 14235840.
- ↑ Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005, IUPAC, p. 137, http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf
- ↑ "Mineral Springs – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/mineral-springs.
- ↑ "What's the difference between bicarbonate of soda, baking soda and baking powder?". ThatsLife! Pacific Network. 6 November 2018. https://www.thatslife.com.au/bicarbonate-of-soda-baking-soda-baking-powder-difference.
- ↑ PubChem. "Sodium bicarbonate" (in en). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/516892.
- ↑ "Definition of SALERATUS" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/saleratus.
- ↑ "Approved additives and E numbers" (in en). https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers.
- ↑ Wollaston, WH (January 1814). "I. A Synoptic scale of chemical equivalents". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 104: 1–22. doi:10.1098/rstl.1814.0001. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1814.0001.
- ↑ The Technology of Cake Making (6 ed.). Springer. 1997. p. 102. ISBN 9780751403497. https://books.google.com/books?id=OTy8aIWxHhQC&pg=PA102. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
- ↑ Cascio, Julie. "Sourdough". University of Alaska Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service. https://www.uaf.edu/files/ces/publications-db/catalog/hec/FNH-00061.pdf.
- ↑ "The Many Practical Uses of Baking Soda in the Kitchen". About.com Food. http://foodreference.about.com/od/Ingredients_Basics/a/What-Is-Baking-Soda.htm.
- ↑ "The Chemistry of Baking". New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. http://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/food/6D.pdf.
- ↑ "Baking Soda and Baking Powder" (in en). http://www.finecooking.com/item/12173/baking-soda-and-baking-powder.
- ↑ "Baking Soda FAQs". Church & Dwight Company. What is the difference baking soda and baking powder?. http://www.armandhammer.com/FAQ/BakingSoda.aspx.
- ↑ "Glossary Ingredients". Cooking.com. http://www.cooking.com/recipes-and-more/glossary.aspx?GlossName=Baking+powder.
- ↑ "Sodium Bicarbonate" (in en). 2016-07-11. http://brpadhikarychemicals.com/high-density-polyethylene-hdpe/.
- ↑ "Sugar snake". MEL Science 2015–2019. https://melscience.com/US-en/experiments/sugar-snake/. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
- ↑ "Virucidal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate on a food contact surface against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate". International Journal of Food Microbiology 109 (1–2): 160–3. May 2006. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.08.033. PMID 16540196.
- ↑ "Antimicrobial activity of home disinfectants and natural products against potential human pathogens". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 21 (1): 33–8. January 2000. doi:10.1086/501694. PMID 10656352.
- ↑ "Evaluation of antifungal activity of carbonate and bicarbonate salts alone or in combination with biocontrol agents in control of citrus green mold". Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences 72 (4): 773–7. 2007. PMID 18396809.
- ↑ Altman, Gail (22 May 2006). "Book Repair for BookThinkers: How To Remove Odors From Books". The BookThinker (69). http://www.bookthink.com/0069/69alt.htm.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "Arm & Hammer Baking Soda – Basics – The Magic of Arm & Hammer Baking Soda". http://www.armhammer.com/basics/magic.
- ↑ Voelkert, J. Craig (2015). "Fire and Fire Extinguishment - A Brief Guide to Fire Chemistry and Extinguishment Theory for fire Equipment Service Technicians". p. 15. https://www.amerex-fire.com/upl/downloads/educational-documents/fire-and-fire-extinguishment-99cd88b2.pdf.
- ↑ "Prepare for Emergencies from Uncontrolled Hazards". American Chemical Society. https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/chemical-safety/basics/prepare-for-emergencies.html.
- ↑ Hurum, Deanna. "Laboratory Safety". Civil Engineering. Northwestern University. http://faculty.washington.edu/korshin/Class-486/AEESP-safety-notes.pdf.
- ↑ "Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscular Strength and Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Sports Medicine 50 (7): 1361–1375. July 2020. doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01275-y. PMID 32096113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32096113/.
- ↑ "Effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance: an umbrella review". Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 18 (1): 71. 2021. doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00469-7. PMID 34794476.
- ↑ "Horticulture myths". http://www.uvm.edu/pss/ppp/articles/myths.html.
- ↑ "Sodium Bicarbonate". Jackson Siegelbaum Gastroenterology. 1998. http://gicare.com/medication/sodium-bicarbonate/.
- ↑ "Sodium Bicarbonate (Oral Route, Intravenous Route, Subcutaneous Route) Side Effects - Mayo Clinic". https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/sodium-bicarbonate-oral-route-intravenous-route-subcutaneous-route/side-effects/drg-20065950?p=1.
- ↑ "PegLyte". Pendo Phama. http://pendopharm.com/product/peglyte/.
- ↑ "Sodium Bicarbonate Intravenous Infusion". Consumer Medicine Information. Better Health Channel. 13 July 2004. http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcmed.nsf/pages/pucsodbi/$File/pucsodbi.pdf.
- ↑ "Respiratory Acidosis: Treatment & Medication". emedicine. 26 March 2020. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301574-treatment.
- ↑ "Current status of sodium bicarbonate in coronary angiography: an updated comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review". Cardiology Research and Practice 2015: 690308. 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/690308. PMID 25973282.
- ↑ Dart, Richard C. (2004). Medical Toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 910–. ISBN 978-0-7817-2845-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC&pg=PA910.
- ↑ Cloth Diapers. Donald C. Cooper PhD. pp. 46–. https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz4J9oSJT4IC&pg=PA46.
- ↑ [old info]"Epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate independently and additively increase survival in experimental amitriptyline poisoning". Critical Care Medicine 25 (4): 669–74. April 1997. doi:10.1097/00003246-199704000-00019. PMID 9142034.
- ↑ "Insect bites and stings: First aid". Mayo Clinic. 15 January 2008. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/first-aid-insect-bites/fa00046.
- ↑ "Sodium Bicarbonate". American Cancer Society. 28 November 2008. http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/sodium-bicarbonate.
- ↑ Ernst, Edzard (3 February 2017). "This must be the most sickening cancer scam I have seen for a while". https://edzardernst.com/2017/02/this-must-be-the-most-sickening-cancer-scam-i-have-seen-for-a-while/.
- ↑ Edgcombe, H; Hocking, G (6 October 2006). "Local Anaesthetic Pharmacology". http://www.frca.co.uk/article.aspx?articleid=100505.
- ↑ Benjamin, E.; Wong, D.K.K.; Choa, D. (2004). "'Moffett's' solution: a review of the evidence and scientific basis for the topical preparation of the nose". Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences 29 (6): 582–587. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2273.2004.00894.x. PMID 15533141.
- ↑ Fox, Douglas (15 December 2001). "Hard cheese". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17223214-900-hard-cheese/.
- ↑ Fenton, T. R.; Tough, S. C.; Lyon, A. W.; Eliasziw, M.; Hanley, D. A. (2011). "Causal assessment of dietary acid load and bone disease: A systematic review & meta-analysis applying Hill's epidemiologic criteria for causality". Nutrition Journal 10: 41. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-41. PMID 21529374.
- ↑ Schwalfenberg, Gerry K. (2012). "The Alkaline Diet: Is There Evidence That an Alkaline pH Diet Benefits Health?". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2012/727630. PMID 22013455.
- ↑ "Medical information from Prague 2000". http://www.starhawk.org/activism/trainer-resources/teargas.html.
- ↑ Shirsand, S. B.; Suresh, Sarasija; Jodhana, L. S.; Swamy, P. V. (2010). "Formulation Design and Optimization of Fast Disintegrating Lorazepam Tablets by Effervescent Method". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 72 (4): 431–436. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.73911. ISSN 0250-474X. PMID 21218052.
- ↑ Storehagen, Silje; Ose, Nanna; Midha, Shilpi. "Dentifrices and mouthwashes ingredients and their use". Institutt for klinisk odontologi. Universitetet i Oslo. https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/33076/Storehagen_Ose_Midha.pdf?sequence=1.
- ↑ Barth J, "Oral Product", US patent 4132770A, issued 1979
- ↑ "Role of different ingredients of tooth pastes and mouthwashes in oral health.". Journal of Pakistan Dental Association 20 (3): 163–70. July 2011. http://applications.emro.who.int/imemrf/J_Pak_Dent_Assoc/J_Pak_Dent_Assoc_2011_20_3_163_170.pdf.
- ↑ Lamb, John Henderson (1946). "Sodium Bicarbonate: An Excellent Deodorant". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 7 (3): 131–133. doi:10.1038/jid.1946.13.
- ↑ "Bicarb soda: natural body deodorant". sustainableecho.com. 10 March 2009. http://sustainableecho.com/bicarb-soda-natural-body-deodorant/.
- ↑ Metson, Ralph B. (2005). The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healing Your Sinues. McGraw Hill. p. 68. ISBN 9780071444699.
- ↑ "Blepharitis : Information for patients leaflet". https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient-guide/leaflets/files/101028blepharitis.pdf.
- ↑ "Blepharitis. Treatment and Causes. Eyelid inflammation | Patient" (in en-GB). http://patient.info/health/blepharitis-leaflet.
- ↑ Paton, Laura J.; Beauchemin, Karen A.; Veira, Douglas M.; von Keyserlingk, Marina A. G. (2006). "Use of sodium bicarbonate, offered free choice or blended into the ration, to reduce the risk of ruminal acidosis in cattle". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86 (3): 429–437. doi:10.4141/A06-014.
- ↑ "Blast Away Grime With Baking Soda". Popular Mechanics. 5 August 2013. https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/tools/reviews/a9280/blast-away-grime-with-baking-soda-15773126/.
- ↑ Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2008). "Chapter 22: d-block metal chemistry: the first row elements". Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. Pearson. p. 716. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6.
- ↑ "Science Lab.com". sciencelab.com. http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927263.
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Finishing Techniques in Metalwork". Philadelphia Museum of Art. http://www.philamuseum.org/booklets/7_44_85_1.html?page=2.
- ↑ "Put a Shine on It". scifun.chem.wisc.edu. http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/homeexpts/TARNISH.html.
- ↑ "Depleted Uranium and Health: Facts and Helpful Suggestions". Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Compounds. McGraw-Hill. http://myweb.brooklyn.liu.edu/lawrence/duproject/duhealth.htm.
- ↑ Raymond, Jessica (10 June 2016). "Kitchen Odor Eliminating Candles, Products, and Tricks". cravedujour.com. http://cravedujour.com/kitchen-odor-eliminating-candles-products-tricks/#xxTICWbUEW5oLJeh.99.
- ↑ Vicki Lansky, Martha Campbell, Baking Soda: Over 500 Fabulous, Fun, and Frugal Uses You've Probably Never Thought Of, 2009, ISBN 1931863733, p. 28
- ↑ "A trusted solution for more than 170 years. Pure and simple.", Arm & Hammer "About Us" page
- ↑ Keith Sawyer, Group Genius: The Creative Power of Collaboration, 2017, ISBN 0465093582, "keep food tasting fresh"
- ↑ Clayton M. Christensen, Scott Cook, Taddy Hall, Marketing Malpractice: The Cause and the Cure, Harvard Business Review, December 2005, [1]
- ↑ "Myth #100: An Open Box of Baking Soda in the Fridge absorbs Odors", Bruce Weinstein, Mark Scarbrough, Lobsters Scream When You Boil Them; And 100 Other Myths About Food and Cooking, 2011, ISBN 1439195382, p. 312
- ↑ "Baking Soda as Odor Absorber | Cook's Illustrated". http://www.cooksillustrated.com/how_tos/5510-baking-soda-as-odor-absorber.
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 "Decomposition of Carbonates". General Chemistry Online. http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/carbonate-decomposition.shtml.
- ↑ PubChem. "Sodium bicarbonate" (in en). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/516892.
- ↑ "Sodium bicarbonate (S300) batch numbering and shelf life statement – Solvay Chemicals, Inc.". 31 January 2019. https://www.solvay.com/sites/g/files/srpend221/files/2019-06/SOLVAIR®%20S300%20BICAR%20Batch%20Numbering%20and%20Shelf%20Life%20Statement%20-%20Green%20River%20-%20US.pdf.
- ↑ "Re: Shelf Life – Sodium Bicarbonate (all grades) – Tronox Alkali Corporation". 1 April 2015. https://alkali.genesisenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/Shelf-Life-Sodium-Bicarbonate-1.pdf.
- ↑ "Does Baking Soda Go Bad? How to Know If It's Still Good" (in en). https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-tell-if-baking-soda-is-still-good-1388327.
- ↑ Renate Gerner: Instruments and substances used in mummification. In: Renate Gerner, Rosemarie Drenkhahn (ed.): Mumie und Computer. A multidisciplinary research project in Hanover. Special exhibition of the Kestner Museum Hanover from September 26, 1991 to January 19, 1992. Kestner Museum, Hanover 1991, ISBN:3-924029-17-2, p. 28 f.
- ↑ Franz Dornseiff: "The Greek words in German." Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin 1950, p. 44.
- ↑ Friedrich Kluge, Alfred Götze (Philologist): Etymological Dictionary of the German Language. 20th edition, ed. by Walther Mitzka, De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint (“21st unchanged edition”) ibid 1975, ISBN:3-11-005709-3, p. 504.
- ↑ "Company History". Church & Dwight Co.. http://www.churchdwight.com/Company/corp_history.asp.
- ↑ Kipling, Rudyard (1897). Captains Courageous. p. 25.
- ↑ Bristow, Nancy K. (2012), American Pandemic: The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic, Oxford University Press, p. 178, ISBN 978-0199811342
- ↑ Thieme, Christian (2000). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_299. ISBN 3527306730.
- ↑ Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
- ↑ Page 45, section 3.6.2.1 of "Process Best Practices Reference Document (BREF) for Soda Ash," report produced by the European Soda Ash Producer's Association , March 2004.
- ↑ "Duck Soup (1933)". IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0023969/trivia?tab=qt.
- ↑ "A Night at the Opera (1935)". IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0026778/trivia?tab=qt&ref_=tt_trv_qu.
Bibliography
- Haynes, William M., ed (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1439855119.
External links
H2CO3 | He | ||||||||||||||||
Li2CO3, LiHCO3 |
BeCO3 | B | C | (NH4)2CO3, NH4HCO3 |
O | F | Ne | ||||||||||
Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na3H(CO3)2 |
MgCO3, Mg(HCO3)2 |
Al2(CO3)3 | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | ||||||||||
K2CO3, KHCO3 |
CaCO3, Ca(HCO3)2 |
Sc | Ti | V | Cr | MnCO3 | FeCO3 | CoCO3 | NiCO3 | CuCO3 | ZnCO3 | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
Rb2CO3 | SrCO3 | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag2CO3 | CdCO3 | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
Cs2CO3, CsHCO3 |
BaCO3 | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl2CO3 | PbCO3 | (BiO)2CO3 | Po | At | Rn | |
Fr | Ra | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og | |
↓ | |||||||||||||||||
La2(CO3)3 | Ce2(CO3)3 | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
Ac | Th | Pa | UO2CO3 | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr |
Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium bicarbonate.
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