Medicine:Dysphoria
Dysphoria (from grc δύσφορος (dúsphoros) 'grievous'; from δυσ- (dus-) 'bad, difficult', and φέρω (phérō) 'to bear') is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. It is the semantic opposite of euphoria. In a psychiatric context, dysphoria may accompany depression, anxiety, or agitation.[1]
In psychiatry
Intense states of distress and unease increase the risk of suicide, as well as being unpleasant in themselves. Relieving dysphoria is therefore a priority of psychiatric treatment. One may treat underlying causes such as depression (especially dysthymia or major depressive disorder) or bipolar disorder as well as the dysphoric symptoms themselves.[citation needed]
The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) defines dysphoria as "an unpleasant mood state, which can include feelings of depression, anxiety, discontent, irritability, and unhappiness."[2]
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) categorizes specific dysphorias in the obsessive–compulsive spectrum.
Dissatisfaction with being able-bodied can be diagnosed as body integrity dysphoria in the ICD-11.[3]
Gender dysphoria
Gender dysphoria is discomfort, unhappiness or distress due to the primary and secondary sex characteristics of one's sex assigned at birth. The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5, uses the term "gender dysphoria" where it previously referred to "gender identity disorder."
Related conditions
The following conditions may include dysphoria as a symptom:
- Major depressive disorder (unipolar) and dysthymia
- Bipolar disorder[4] and cyclothymia
- Borderline personality disorder
- Premenstrual syndrome
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- Dysphoric milk ejection reflex
- Stress
- Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
- Anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder
- Dysphoric rumination[5]
- Dissociative disorders such as dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia and depersonalization disorder.
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, defined as emotional deregulation or unbearable RSD "rejection sensitivity dysphoria"
- Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder
- Gender dysphoria
- Personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder
- Substance withdrawal
- Body dysmorphic disorder
- Akathisia
- Schizophrenia
- Sexual dysfunction
- Body integrity dysphoria
- Insomnia[6]
- Chronic pain[7]
Drug-induced (dysphoriants)
Some drugs can produce dysphoria, including κ-opioid receptor agonists like salvinorin A (the active constituent of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum), butorphanol and pentazocine,[8] μ-opioid receptor antagonists such as naltrexone and nalmefene,[9] and antipsychotics like haloperidol and chlorpromazine (via blockade of dopamine receptors),[10] among others. Depressogenic and/or anxiogenic drugs may also be associated with dysphoria.
In popular culture
Against Me! released the album Transgender Dysphoria Blues in which the lead singer Laura Jane Grace shares her experiences of gender dysphoria.[11]
Shane Neilson released a book of poetry entitled Dysphoria (Erin, ON: The Porcupine's Quill, 2017) in which he explores the experience of dysphoria.[12]
References
- ↑ "Dysphoria definition | Psychology Glossary". https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Dysphoria.
- ↑ "MB24.7 Dysphoria". World Health Organization (WHO). https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1979628747. "An unpleasant mood state, which can include feelings of depression, anxiety, discontent, irritability, and unhappiness"
- ↑ "ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics" (in en). https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/256572629.
- ↑ Abbess, John F. "Glossary of terms in the field of psychiatry and neurology". http://www.abess.com/glossary.html.
- ↑ Lyubomirsky, S.; Kasri, F.; Zehm, K. (2003). "Dysphoric rumination impairs concentration on academic tasks". Cognitive Therapy and Research 27 (3): 309–330. doi:10.1023/A:1023918517378.
- ↑ Rosa RR, Bonnet MH (2000). "Reported chronic insomnia is independent of poor sleep as measured by electroencephalography". Psychosom Med 62 (4): 474–82. doi:10.1097/00006842-200007000-00004. PMID 10949091.
- ↑ Chapman CR, Gavrin J (June 1999). "Suffering: the contributions of persistent pain". Lancet 353 (9171): 2233–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01308-2. PMID 10393002.
- ↑ Lemke, Thomas L.; Williams, David A. (24 January 2012). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 682–683. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6ot9ul-bUC&pg=PA682.
- ↑ Lowinson, Joyce H. (2005). Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 648–. ISBN 978-0-7817-3474-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=HtGb2wNsgn4C&pg=PA648.
- ↑ Wu, Hanjing Emily; Okusaga, Olaoluwa O. (2014). "Antipsychotic Medication-Induced Dysphoria: Its Meaning, Association with Typical vs. Atypical Medications and Impact on Adherence". Psychiatric Quarterly 86 (2): 199–205. doi:10.1007/s11126-014-9319-1. ISSN 0033-2720. PMID 25164199.
- ↑ Thompson, Stephen. "First Listen: Against Me!, 'Transgender Dysphoria Blues'" NPR. NPR, 12 Jan. 2014. Web. 27 May 2014
- ↑ "Dysphoria". The Porcupine's Quill. http://porcupinesquill.ca/bookinfo6.php?index=323.
External links
- Read, Kimberly (2006). "What is dysphoria?". Your Guide to Bipolar Disorder. About.com. http://bipolar.about.com/cs/faqs/f/faq_dysphoria.htm.
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