Engineering:List of Earth observation satellites

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Partial list of Earth observation satellites by series/program.

Commercial

Scientific research from NASA/ESA/JAXA

The invention of climate research through the use of satellite remote telemetry began in the 1960s through development of space probes to study other planets. During the U.S. economic decline in 1977, with much of NASA's money going toward the Shuttle program, the Reagan Administration proposed to reduce spending on planetary exploration. During this time, new scientific evidence emerged from ice and sediment cores that Earth's climate had experienced rapid changes in temperature, running contrary to the previously held belief that the climate changed on a geological time scale. These changes increased political interest in gathering remote-sensing data on the Earth itself and stimulated the science of climatology.[2]

Name Status Agency Launch Description
ACRIMSAT Contact lost in December 2013[3] NASA 1999 studies sun's infrared to ultraviolet output.[4]
Aqua Active NASA 2002 carries six instruments to observe interactions among the four sphere's for earth's systems: oceans, land, atmosphere, and biosphere.[5]
AQUARIUS Mission ended June 2015 due to satellite power supply failure[6] NASA & CONAE 2011 instrument on board SAC-D spacecraft measured salt concentrations in ocean surface needed to understand heat transport and storage in the ocean.[1]
AURA Active NASA 2004 studies earth's ozone, air quality, and climate though observation of composition, chemistry, and dynamics of the atmosphere.[7]
CALIPSO Active NASA 2006 studies thickness of clouds and aerosols for understanding of how much air pollution is present and changes in compositions in the atmosphere.[8]
CloudSat Active NASA/Canada 2006 monitors the state of earth's atmosphere and weather through radar, which can be used to predict which clouds produce rain, observe snowfall, and monitor the moisture content of clouds.[9]
Deep Space Climate Observatory Active NASA 2015[10] To study the Sun-lit side of Earth from the L1 Lagrange point
EarthCARE Planned ESA/JAXA 2023 EarthCARE - Study of clouds and aerosols.[11]
Earth Observing-1 (NMP) Retired NASA 2001 carrying land-imaging technology, used to demonstrate new instruments and spacecraft systems for future missions.[12] Retired on 30 March 2017.[13]
Global Precipitation Measurement Active NASA/JAXA 2014[14] studies global precipitation.[15]
GLORY Launch Failure[16] NASA 2011 studies aerosols, including black carbon, in addition to solar irradiance for the long-term effects.[17]
GOES-12, -13, -14, -15 Retired NASA 2001 monitors weather for NOAA.[18]
GOES-16, -17 Active NASA 2016 monitors weather for NOAA.
GRACE Retired[19] NASA and German Space Agency 2002 observes and measures earth's gravitational field, which may help determining the shape and composition of the planet's distribution of water and ice.[20]
GRACE-2 Retired[21] NASA 2002 Measures Earth's gravity field in order to track large scale water movement.[22]
GRACE-FO Active NASA 2018[23][24] Gravity and climate. The mission will track changes in global sea levels, glaciers, and ice sheets, as well as large lake and river water levels, and soil moisture.[25]
ICESat Retired NASA 2003 keeps track of size and thickness of earth's ice sheets.[26]
ICESat-2 Active NASA 2018 Measure ice sheet height changes for climate change diagnoses.[27][28]
Jason-1 Retired CNES/NASA 2001 uses a radar altimeter to monitor ocean surface height.[29]
Jason-2 Retired CNES/NASA 2008[30] uses a radar altimeter to monitor ocean surface height.[29]
Jason-3 Active CNES/NASA 2016[30] uses a radar altimeter to monitor ocean surface height.[29]
LAGEOS 1&2 Active NASA 1976 LAGEOS 1 launched in 1976, LAGEOS 2, launched in 1992 used for orbiting benchmark for geodynamical studies.[31]
Landsat-7 Active NASA 1999 takes digital images of earth's coastal areas with global coverage on a seasonal basis.[32]
Landsat 8 Active NASA 2013[33] takes digital images of earth's coastal areas with global coverage on a seasonal basis.[32]
Proba-V Active ESA 2013 V stands for Vegetation: to continue the traditional Vegetation products (1 km x 1 km) started with SPOT (free data for scientific purposes) [2]
QuikSCAT Retired NASA 1997 monitors weather using bursts of microwaves which measure wind speeds.[34]
SEASTAR (SEAWIFS) Retired NASA 1997 designed to monitor the color of earth's oceans.[35][36]
SMAP Active with partial failure NASA 2015 Measures soil moisture and its freeze/thaw state, which enhance understanding of processes that link water, energy, and carbon cycles to extend the capabilities of weather and climate models. Radar payload failed in July 2015, leaving a radiometer as the primary instrument of the mission.[37]
SORCE Active NASA 2003 monitors total output from the sun for understanding of earth's absorption of radiation energy.[27]
SWOT Planned NASA 2021 Measures sea surface heights and terrestrial water heights.[38][3]
TERRA Active NASA/Canada/Japan 1999 carries five instruments to observe the state of the atmosphere, land, and oceans, as well as their interactions with solar radiation and with one another.[39]
TRMM Retired NASA/JAXA 1997 carries five instruments which uses radar and sensors of visible infrared light to closely monitor precipitation.[40]
CLARREO Proposed NASA Measures spectrally resolved Earth's reflectance and emitted radiation, and radio occultation derived refractivity; establishes on-orbit calibration reference; benchmarks and attributes change of climate.[41]
DESDynI Proposed NASA Measures surface and ice sheet deformation to determine natural hazards of climate.[42]
HyspIRI Proposed NASA Monitors land surface composition for agriculture and mineral characterization for ecosystem health.[43]
ASCENDS Proposed NASA Measures the number density of CO2 in a column of beneath the craft in addition to ambient temperature and pressure.[44]
GEO-CAPE Proposed NASA Monitors atmospheric gas columns for air-quality forecasts.[45]
ACE Proposed NASA Using lidar, creates aerosol and cloud profiles.[46]
LIST Proposed NASA Measure surface topography to look for landslide hazard and water runoffs.[46]
PATH Proposed NASA Performs high-frequency, all-weather and humidity soundings for weather forecastings.[47]
SCLP Proposed NASA Measures snow accumulation for fresh water availability.[48]
GACM Proposed NASA Monitors ozone and related gases for intercontinental air quality and stratospheric ozone layer prediction.[49]
3D-Winds Proposed NASA Monitor tropospheric winds for weather forecasting and pollution transport.[50]

Weather observation and forecasting

GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)

17 Satellites, 2 in operation

  • GOES-16
  • GOES-17

Polar Operational Environmental Satellites

10 Satellites, 5 in operation.[51]

Joint Polar Satellite System

successor to planned National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) program

Japan Meteorological Agency

  • Himawari-8[52] (2014)
  • Himawari-9[52] (2016)

Historical

Landsat program

Landsat Data Continuity Mission Observatory testing

Misc

China National Space Administration (CNSA)

Brazilian Space Agency (AEB)

Argentina Space Agency (CONAE)

Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)

  • SPOT
  • Pléiades
  • TOPEX/Poseidon

European Space Agency (ESA)

A full-size model of an Earth observation satellite from ESA, ERS 2.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

  • SARAL 25 February 2013[56]
  • Cartosat-3 27 November 2019
  • Cartosat-2E 23 June 2017
  • RISAT-1 26 April 2012
  • RESOURCESAT-2 20 April 2011
  • Megha-Tropiques 12 October 2011
  • Oceansat-2 23 September 2009
  • IMS-1 28 April 2008
  • Cartosat-2A 28 April 2008
  • CARTOSAT-2 10 January 2007
  • IRS P5 (CARTOSAT-1) 5 May 2005
  • IRS P6 (Resourcesat 1) 17 October 2003
  • IRS-P4 27 May 1999[citation needed]
  • IRS-P3 21 March 1996[57]
  • IRS-P2 15 October 1994[58]
  • IRS P1 (also IE)(Crashed, due to launch failure of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, 20 September 1993)[citation needed]
  • IRS-1D 29 September 1997[59]
  • IRS-1C 28 December 1995[59]
  • IRS-1B 29 August 1991[60]
  • IRS-1A 17 March 1988[60]

JAXA (former NASDA)

  • MOS-1 (Momo-1)
  • MOS-1b (Momo-1b)
  • JERS-1 (Fuyo-1)
  • ADEOS (Midori)
  • ADEOS II (Midori II)
  • GOSAT (Ibuki)
  • ALOS (Daichi) PALSAR, AVNIR-2 and PRISM
  • ALOS-2 (Daichi-2) PALSAR-2

Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional (LAPAN INDONESIA)

Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC)

NASA

NOAA

Project Vanguard

National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Belarus

Nigeria

  • NigeriaSat-1 (2003)
  • NigeriaSat-2/X (2011)

Pakistan's SUPARCO (Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission)

Philippine Space Agency

Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos)

  • Elektro–L
  • Resurs-DK1
  • Resurs-P No.1
  • Resurs-P No.2
  • Kanopus-V
  • Meteor-M No.1
  • Meteor-M No.2

Swedish National Space Board

Venezuelan Agency for Space Activities

EUMETSAT

11 Geostationary Weather Satellites, 5 in operation:

3 Polar Orbiting Weather Satellites, all in operation:

  • Metop-A
  • Metop-B
  • Metop-C

RADARSAT series

South Korea

Taiwan

Thailand

Turkey

  • Göktürk-2 (2012) (IMINT), Turkish Armed Forces- Intelligence[64]
  • RASAT (2011), Mapping
  • BILSAT-1 (2003–2006), was part of Disaster Monitoring Constellation Project
  • Göktürk-1 (2013) (IMINT), Turkish Ministry of National Defence- Intelligence
  • Göktürk-3- (IMINT), High Resolution Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Earth observation satellite- Turkish Ministry of National Defence- Intelligence

Morocco

  • Mohammed VI-A

Pakistan

Weather

Meteor series

FY (Feng Yun) series

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Satellite Constellations from". http://www.sstl.co.uk/Divisions/Earth-Observation-Science/EO-Constellations. 
  2. ↑ Jackson, Randal (2007). "Climate Change: NASA's Role". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory\California Institute of Technology. https://climate.nasa.gov/NasaRole/. 
  3. ↑ "Sun sets for a NASA solar monitoring spacecraft." Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved: 9 August 2015.
  4. ↑ "Archived copy". http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/acrimsat/. 
  5. ↑ "qua Earth-observing satellite mission". http://aqua.nasa.gov/. 
  6. ↑ "Aquarius end of mission announcement". Gary Lagerloef and Sandra Torrusio. http://aquarius.umaine.edu/cgi/status_more.htm?id=116. 
  7. ↑ "The Aura Mission". http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html. 
  8. ↑ "NASA - Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations". http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/. 
  9. ↑ "CloudSat - Home". http://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/. 
  10. ↑ "DSCOVR Space Weather Sentinel Reaches Finish Line." Spaceflight Now. Retrieved: 21 December 2016.
  11. ↑ "ESA's cloud, aerosol and radiation mission". http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ASESMYNW9SC_LPearthcare_0.html. 
  12. ↑ "EO-1 Home - Earth Observing Mission 1". http://eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov/. 
  13. ↑ "Pioneering Earth Observation Satellite Retired by NASA". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved: 3 April 2017.
  14. ↑ "GPM Launch Information". NASA. Retrieved: 21 December 2016.
  15. ↑ "Precipitation Measurement Missions - An international partnership to understand precipitation and its impact on humankind.". http://gpm.gsfc.nasa.gov/. 
  16. ↑ "Loss of satellite is 'serious setback' for Earth climate research". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved: 21 December 2016.
  17. ↑ "Archived copy". http://glory.gsfc.nasa.gov/. 
  18. ↑ "Archived copy". http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/. 
  19. ↑ "Decay Data: GRACE-1". Space-Track. 10 March 2018. https://www.space-track.org/basicspacedata/query/class/tip/NORAD_CAT_ID/27391/orderby/ID%20DESC/format/html/. 
  20. ↑ "Home". http://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/. 
  21. ↑ "Decay Data: GRACE-2". Space-Track. 24 December 2017. https://www.space-track.org/basicspacedata/query/class/tip/NORAD_CAT_ID/27392/orderby/ID%20DESC/format/html/. 
  22. ↑ "Archived copy". http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=83. 
  23. ↑ "GRACE-FO Mission". NASA/JPL. https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/overview/. 
  24. ↑ Weitering, Hanneke (22 May 2018). "SpaceX Launches Twin NASA Probes to Track Earth's Water (and Satellites Hitch a Ride)". Space.com. https://www.space.com/40672-spacex-launches-grace-fo-iridium-satellites.html. 
  25. ↑ "GRACE Tellus: GRACE-FO". GRACE Tellus. https://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grace-fo/. 
  26. ↑ Neumann, Tom. "NASA: ICESat & ICESat-2". http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Home". http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/. 
  28. ↑ Neumann, Tom. "NASA: ICESat-2". http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/icesat2/index.php. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "OSTM: Home Page". http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Ocean Surface Topography from Space." Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved: 21 December 2016.
  31. ↑ "Satellite LAGEOS-1". 4 December 2009. http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/lag1_general.html. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Landsat Science". http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/. 
  33. ↑ "Landsat Science". NASA. Retrieved: 21 December 2016.
  34. ↑ "QuikSCAT". http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/index.cfm. 
  35. ↑ "Archived copy". http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/SEASTAR/SPACECRAFT.html. 
  36. ↑ "CLARREO". http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/. 
  37. ↑ "NASA Soil Moisture Radar Ends Operations, Mission Science Continues." NASA. Retrieved: 21 December 2016.
  38. ↑ "Laser Sounder for Measurements of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations for the ASCENDS Mission". http://esto.nasa.gov/conferences/estc2008/presentations/RirisB8P4.pdf. 
  39. ↑ "Welcome to the Home Page of the SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE)". http://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/index.htm. 
  40. ↑ "Terra: the EOS Flagship". http://terra.nasa.gov/. 
  41. ↑ "CLARREO". http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov. 
  42. ↑ "desdyni: Home". 25 January 2009. http://desdyni.jpl.nasa.gov/. 
  43. ↑ "Welcome to HyspIRI Mission Study Website — Hyperspectral Infrared Imager". http://hyspiri.jpl.nasa.gov/. 
  44. ↑ "NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Studies". http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/ascends.html. 
  45. ↑ "SWOT: Home Page". http://bprc.osu.edu/water/index.php. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystems (ACE) Technology Investments". http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/documents/ACE_Technology_Investments.pdf. 
  47. ↑ "Archived copy". http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=82. 
  48. ↑ "Archived copy". http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=84. 
  49. ↑ Livesey, N. J.; Santee, M. L.; Stek, P. C.; Waters, J. W.; Levelt, P.; Veefkind, P.; Kumer, J.; Roche, A. (1 December 2007). "A Future "Global Atmospheric Composition Mission" (GACM) Concept.". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 12. Bibcode: 2007AGUFM.A12A..08L. 
  50. ↑ "Archived copy". http://decadal.gsfc.nasa.gov/3dwinds.html. 
  51. ↑ "POES Status". http://www.oso.noaa.gov/poesstatus/. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Himawari-8/9". http://mscweb.kishou.go.jp/himawari89/index.html. 
  53. ↑ "MTSat 1, 1R (Himawari 6)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/mtsat-1.htm. 
  54. ↑ "Internal Waves in the Banda Sea « CIMSS Satellite Blog". http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/20152. 
  55. ↑ "Meteorological Satellites - Japan Meteorological Agency". http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/satellite/index.html. 
  56. ↑ "List of Earth Observation Satellites". http://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/list-of-earth-observation-satellites. 
  57. ↑ "IRS-P3". Earthnet Online. https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/3rd-party-missions/historical-missions/irs-p3. 
  58. ↑ "IRS-P2". Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre. VSSC. http://isrohq.vssc.gov.in/isr0dem0v2/index.php/research-oppor-menu/40-satellites-details/223-irs-p2. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "IRS-1C/1D (Indian Remote Sensing Satellites-1C/1D)". eoportal.com. https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/i/irs-1c-1d. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellites) - Overview and early LEO Program of ISRO". eoportal.org. https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/i/irs. 
  61. ↑ "Pakistan launches remote sensing satellite in China". DAWN. 9 July 2018. https://www.dawn.com/news/1418966/pakistan-launches-remote-sensing-satellite-in-china. 
  62. ↑ Tomasz Nowakowski (10 July 2018). "Long March 2C orbits two Earth-observing satellites for Pakistan". https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/china-national-space-administration/long-march-2c-orbits-two-earth-observing-satellites-for-pakistan/. 
  63. ↑ "FORMOSAT-5 - National Space Organization" (in zh-tw). https://www.nspo.narl.org.tw/inprogress.php?c=20030301&ln=en. 
  64. ↑ "Göktürk-2". 2012. https://www.tai.com.tr/en/project/gokturk-2. 
  65. ↑ NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive

Further reading

External links



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