Biology:Β-Thromboglobulin

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β-Thromboglobulin
Identifiers
SymbolCXCL7
Alt. symbolsCTAP3, CXCL7, SCYB7, TGB1, THBGB1
NCBI gene5473
HGNC9240
OMIM121010
RefSeqNP_002695
UniProtP02775
Other data
LocusChr. 4 q13.3
Short description: Protein


β-Thromboglobulin (β-TG), or beta-thromboglobulin, is a chemokine protein secreted by platelets.[1][2] It is a type of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7.[3] Along with platelet factor 4 (PF4), β-TG is one of the best-characterized platelet-specific proteins.[4] β-TG and PF4 are stored in platelet alpha granules and are released during platelet activation.[1][4][5] As a result, they are useful markers of platelet activation.[1][4] β-TG also has multiple biological activities, for instance being involved in maturation of megakaryocytes.[6]

Biological actions

β-TG is a chemoattractant, strongly for fibroblasts and weakly for neutrophils. It is a stimulator of mitogenesis, extracellular matrix synthesis, glucose metabolism, and plasminogen activator synthesis in human fibroblasts.[5]

β-TG also affects megakaryocyte maturation, and thus helps in regulating platelet production.[5]

Clinical uses

Levels of β-TG is used to index platelet activation. It is measured by ELISA in blood plasma or urine, and often in conjunction with PF4.[5]

Influences

β-TG levels may increase with age.[7] It is elevated in diabetes mellitus.[8]

β-TG levels have been found to be increased by treatment with the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol, though were not significantly increased by the natural estrogen estradiol valerate.[9][10][11][12] Levels of β-TG have also been found to be increased or unchanged during normal pregnancy.[13]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Platelet activity and cardiovascular risk in apparently healthy individuals: a review of the data". J Thromb Thrombolysis 32 (2): 201–8. August 2011. doi:10.1007/s11239-011-0590-9. PMID 21562837. 
  2. ↑ "Plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 as indices of platelet activation in vivo". Blood 57 (2): 199–202. February 1981. doi:10.1182/blood.V57.2.199.199. PMID 6160890. 
  3. ↑ "Monocyte-derived CXCL7 peptides in the marrow microenvironment". Blood 107 (9): 3520–6. May 2006. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-10-4285. PMID 16391012. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Are platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin markers of cardiovascular disorders?". Ric Clin Lab 14 (1): 9–18. 1984. doi:10.1007/BF02905035. PMID 6203164. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Cytokines & Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia --> Beta-Thromboglobulin Retrieved on August 17, 2009
  6. ↑ Chung-Eun Ha; N. V. Bhagavan (24 April 2015). Essentials of Medical Biochemistry: With Clinical Cases (2 ed.). Academic Press. pp. 652–. ISBN 978-0-12-416697-4. OCLC 1006915388. https://books.google.com/books?id=cNKcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA652. 
  7. ↑ "Thrombotic risk factors: basic pathophysiology". Crit Care Med 38 (2 Suppl): S3–9. February 2010. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c9cbd9. PMID 20083911. 
  8. ↑ Page 121 in: Sterne, Jonathan; Kirkwood, Betty R. (2003). Essential medical statistics. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-871-9. https://archive.org/details/essentialmedical00kirk. 
  9. ↑ "Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: 2. effects on hemostasis". Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 10 (10): 1129–1144. October 2017. doi:10.1080/17512433.2017.1356718. PMID 28712325. 
  10. ↑ "Effect of oral contraceptives on haemostasis variables". Thromb Haemost 78 (1): 315–26. July 1997. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657546. PMID 9198173. 
  11. ↑ Kuhl, H (1998). "Adverse effects of estrogen treatment: natural vs. synthetic estrogens". in Lippert, T. H.; Mueck, A. O.; Ginsburg, J.. Sex Steroids and the Cardiovascular System: The Proceedings of the 1st Interdisciplinary Workshop, Tuebingen, Germany, October 1996. London/New York: Parthenon. pp. 201–210. ISBN 9781850709565. https://books.google.com/books?id=rfT4wAEACAAJ. 
  12. ↑ "A comparison between effects of estradiol valerate and low dose ethinyl estradiol on haemostasis parameters". Thromb Haemost 61 (1): 65–9. February 1989. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1646528. PMID 2526387. 
  13. ↑ "Hemostasis during normal pregnancy and puerperium". Semin Thromb Hemost 29 (2): 125–30. April 2003. doi:10.1055/s-2003-38897. PMID 12709915. 





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