Biology:Β-Thromboglobulin
β-Thromboglobulin | |
---|---|
Identifiers | |
Symbol | CXCL7 |
Alt. symbols | CTAP3, CXCL7, SCYB7, TGB1, THBGB1 |
NCBI gene | 5473 |
HGNC | 9240 |
OMIM | 121010 |
RefSeq | NP_002695 |
UniProt | P02775 |
Other data | |
Locus | Chr. 4 q13.3 |
β-Thromboglobulin (β-TG), or beta-thromboglobulin, is a chemokine protein secreted by platelets.[1][2] It is a type of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7.[3] Along with platelet factor 4 (PF4), β-TG is one of the best-characterized platelet-specific proteins.[4] β-TG and PF4 are stored in platelet alpha granules and are released during platelet activation.[1][4][5] As a result, they are useful markers of platelet activation.[1][4] β-TG also has multiple biological activities, for instance being involved in maturation of megakaryocytes.[6]
Biological actions
β-TG is a chemoattractant, strongly for fibroblasts and weakly for neutrophils. It is a stimulator of mitogenesis, extracellular matrix synthesis, glucose metabolism, and plasminogen activator synthesis in human fibroblasts.[5]
β-TG also affects megakaryocyte maturation, and thus helps in regulating platelet production.[5]
Clinical uses
Levels of β-TG is used to index platelet activation. It is measured by ELISA in blood plasma or urine, and often in conjunction with PF4.[5]
Influences
β-TG levels may increase with age.[7] It is elevated in diabetes mellitus.[8]
β-TG levels have been found to be increased by treatment with the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol, though were not significantly increased by the natural estrogen estradiol valerate.[9][10][11][12] Levels of β-TG have also been found to be increased or unchanged during normal pregnancy.[13]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Platelet activity and cardiovascular risk in apparently healthy individuals: a review of the data". J Thromb Thrombolysis 32 (2): 201–8. August 2011. doi:10.1007/s11239-011-0590-9. PMID 21562837.
- ↑ "Plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 as indices of platelet activation in vivo". Blood 57 (2): 199–202. February 1981. doi:10.1182/blood.V57.2.199.199. PMID 6160890.
- ↑ "Monocyte-derived CXCL7 peptides in the marrow microenvironment". Blood 107 (9): 3520–6. May 2006. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-10-4285. PMID 16391012.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Are platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin markers of cardiovascular disorders?". Ric Clin Lab 14 (1): 9–18. 1984. doi:10.1007/BF02905035. PMID 6203164.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Cytokines & Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia --> Beta-Thromboglobulin Retrieved on August 17, 2009
- ↑ Chung-Eun Ha; N. V. Bhagavan (24 April 2015). Essentials of Medical Biochemistry: With Clinical Cases (2 ed.). Academic Press. pp. 652–. ISBN 978-0-12-416697-4. OCLC 1006915388. https://books.google.com/books?id=cNKcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA652.
- ↑ "Thrombotic risk factors: basic pathophysiology". Crit Care Med 38 (2 Suppl): S3–9. February 2010. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c9cbd9. PMID 20083911.
- ↑ Page 121 in: Sterne, Jonathan; Kirkwood, Betty R. (2003). Essential medical statistics. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-871-9. https://archive.org/details/essentialmedical00kirk.
- ↑ "Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: 2. effects on hemostasis". Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 10 (10): 1129–1144. October 2017. doi:10.1080/17512433.2017.1356718. PMID 28712325.
- ↑ "Effect of oral contraceptives on haemostasis variables". Thromb Haemost 78 (1): 315–26. July 1997. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657546. PMID 9198173.
- ↑ Kuhl, H (1998). "Adverse effects of estrogen treatment: natural vs. synthetic estrogens". in Lippert, T. H.; Mueck, A. O.; Ginsburg, J.. Sex Steroids and the Cardiovascular System: The Proceedings of the 1st Interdisciplinary Workshop, Tuebingen, Germany, October 1996. London/New York: Parthenon. pp. 201–210. ISBN 9781850709565. https://books.google.com/books?id=rfT4wAEACAAJ.
- ↑ "A comparison between effects of estradiol valerate and low dose ethinyl estradiol on haemostasis parameters". Thromb Haemost 61 (1): 65–9. February 1989. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1646528. PMID 2526387.
- ↑ "Hemostasis during normal pregnancy and puerperium". Semin Thromb Hemost 29 (2): 125–30. April 2003. doi:10.1055/s-2003-38897. PMID 12709915.
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