Chemistry:Hydrazine sulfate

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Hydrazine sulfate
Hydrazine hydrogensulfate.png
Hydrazin siran.jpg
Names
IUPAC name
Hydrazinium hydrogen sulfate
Other names
  • Hydrazinium sulfate
  • Hydrazinium hydrogensulfate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 233-110-4
UNII
Properties
[N
2H
5]+
[HSO
4]−
Molar mass 130.12 g·mol−1
Appearance colourless crystals or white powder
Density 1.37 g/cm3
Melting point 254°C
Boiling point decomposes
30 g/L (20°C)
Hazards
Safety data sheet External MSDS
GHS pictograms GHS06: ToxicGHS09: Environmental hazardGHS05: Corrosive
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilHealth code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasReactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
1
3
0
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Hydrazine sulfate, more properly hydrazinium hydrogensulfate, is a salt of the cation hydrazinium and the anion bisulfate (hydrogensulfate), with the formula N
2H
6SO
4 or more properly [N
2H
5]+
[HSO
4]−
. It is a white, water-soluble solid at room temperature.

Hydrazine sulfate has a number of uses in chemical laboratories and in the chemical industry, including analytical chemistry and the synthesis of organic compounds. In those uses it is usually preferred to pure hydrazine, because it is not volatile and is less susceptible to atmospheric oxidation on storage.

Preparation

The compound can be prepared by treating an aqueous solution of hydrazine (N
2H
4) with sulfuric acid (H
2SO
4).[1]

Laboratory and industrial uses

Besides its general use as a safe source of hydrazine, the compound is used as a catalyst in making fibers out of acetate, in the analysis and synthesis of minerals, and testing for arsenic in metals.[2]

Medical uses

Hydrazine sulfate can be used as a fungicide and antiseptic.[2]

Hydrazine sulfate has been used as an alternative medical treatment for the loss of appetite (anorexia) and rapid weight loss (cachexia), which are often associated with cancer.[3][4][5]

Legal status

Although it has been marketed as a dietary supplement,[6][7] hydrazine sulfate has never been approved in the United States as safe and effective in treating any medical condition.

History

Hydrazine sulfate was first proposed as an anti-cancer agent by U.S. physician Joseph Gold in the mid-1970s.[8] Gold's arguments were based on the fact that cancer cells are often unusually dependent on glycolysis for energy (the Warburg effect). Gold proposed that the body might offset this increased glycolysis using gluconeogenesis, which is the pathway that is the reverse of glycolysis. Since this process would require a great deal of energy, Gold thought that inhibiting gluconeogenesis might reverse this energy requirement and be an effective treatment for cancer cachexia.[9] Hydrazine is a reactive chemical that in the test tube can inactivate one of the enzymes needed for gluconeogenesis, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEP-CK). It was also postulated that if tumor energy gain (glycolysis) and host-energy loss (gluconeogenesis) were functionally interrelated, inhibition of gluconeogenesis at PEP CK could result in actual tumor regression in addition to reversal or arrest of cancer cachexia.[10] In this model, hydrazine sulfate is therefore thought to act by irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.

The use of hydrazine sulfate as a cancer remedy was popularized by the magazine Penthouse in the mid-1990s, when Kathy Keeton, wife and business partner of the magazine's publisher Bob Guccione, used it in an attempt to treat her metastatic breast cancer.[11] Alternative medicine nutritionist Gary Null wrote three of the articles about alternative cancer treatments, including one titled "The Great Cancer Fraud."[12] Keeton (until her death in 1997) and other supporters of hydrazine sulfate treatment accused the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) of deliberately hiding the beneficial effects of the compound, and threatened to launch a class action lawsuit.[13][14] The NCI denied the claims,[15] and says that there is little to no evidence that hydrazine sulfate has any beneficial effects whatsoever.[6] The position of the NCI was supported by an inquiry held by the General Accounting Office.[16]

Clinical evaluation

A review of the clinical research concluded that hydrazine sulfate has never been shown to act as an anticancer agent; patients do not experience remissions or regressions of their cancer, and patients do not live longer than non-treated patients.[6][17][18] Some academic reviews of alternative cancer treatments have described the compound as a "disproved and ineffective treatment for cancer".[19][20]

Joseph Gold's claims[8] have been questioned by the American Cancer Society, and other investigators have been unable to repeat or confirm these results.[17][21] Gold is reported not to trust the motives or results of other investigators, with CNN quoting him as stating that "they've been out to get hydrazine sulfate, and I don't know why".[22]

In response to these results, an uncontrolled clinical trial was carried out at the Petrov Research Institute of Oncology in St. Petersburg over a period of 17 years,[17][23] and a controlled trial was carried out at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center in California over period of 10 years, respectively. The Russian trial reported complete tumor regression in about 1% of cases, a partial response in about 3% of cases and some subjective improvement of symptoms in about half of the patients.[23] The National Cancer Institute analysis of this trial notes that interpretation of these data is difficult, due to the absence of controls, the lack of information on prior treatment and the study's reliance on subjective assessments of symptoms (i.e. asking patients if the drug had made them feel any better).[24] Overall, the trials in California saw no statistically significant effect on survival from hydrazine sulfate treatment, but noted increased calorie intake in treated patients versus controls.[25] The authors also performed a post-hoc analysis on one or more subgroups of these patients, which they reported as suggesting a beneficial effect from treatment. The design and interpretation of this trial, and in particular the validity of this subgroup analysis, was criticized in detail in an editorial in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.[26]

Later randomized controlled trials failed to find any improvement in survival,[27][28] For example, in a trial of the treatment of advanced lung cancer, with either cisplatin and vinblastine or these drugs plus hydrazine sulfate, saw complete tumor regression in 4% of the hydrazine group, versus 3% in the control group, and tumor progression in 36% of the hydrazine group, versus 30% of the control group; however, none of these differences were statistically significant.[29] Some trials even found both significantly decreased survival and significantly poorer quality of life in those patients receiving hydrazine sulfate.[30] These consistently negative results have resulted in hydrazine sulfate being described as a "disproven cancer therapy" in a recent medical review.[20] Similarly, other reviews have concluded that there is "strong evidence" against the use of hydrazine sulfate to treat anorexia or weight loss in cancer patients.[31][32]

Side effects

Hydrazine sulfate is toxic and potentially carcinogenic.[33][34] Nevertheless, the short-term side effects reported in various clinical trials are relatively mild:[7] minor nausea and vomiting, dizziness and excitement, polyneuritis (inflammation of the nerves) and difficulties in fine muscle control (such as writing). However, more serious, even fatal side effects have been reported in rare cases: one patient developed fatal liver and kidney failure,[35] and another developed serious symptoms of neurotoxicity.[36] These side effects and other reports of hydrazine toxicity[25][26] are consistent with the hypothesis that hydrazine may play a role in the toxicity of the antibiotic isoniazid, which is thought to be metabolized to hydrazine in the body.[7]

Hydrazine sulfate is also a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI),[37] and is incompatible with alcohol, tranquilizers and sleeping pills (benzodiazepines and barbiturates), and other psycho-active drugs, with pethidine (meperidine, Demerol), and with foods containing significant amounts of the amino acid breakdown product tyramine, such as aged cheeses, raisins, avocados, processed and cured fish and meats, fermented products, and others.

References

  1. ↑ Adams, Roger; Brown, B. K. (1922). "Hydrazine Sulfate". Organic Syntheses 2: 37. http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=CV1P0309. ; Collective Volume, 1, pp. 309 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Milne, George W. A. (2005). Gardner's commercially important chemicals: synonyms, trade names, and properties. New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 325. ISBN 978-0-471-73518-2. 
  3. ↑ Chlebowski, R. T.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (1987), "Hydrazine Sulfate in Cancer Patients With Weight Loss. A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Experience", Cancer 59 (3): 406–10, doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19870201)59:3<406::AID-CNCR2820590309>3.0.CO;2-W, PMID 3791153, http://scri.ngen.com/article06.html, retrieved 2009-05-31 .
  4. ↑ Chlebowski, R. T.; Bulcavage, L.; Grosvenor, M.; Oktay, E.; Block, J. B.; Chlebowski, J. S.; Ali, I.; Elashoff, R. (1990), "Hydrazine Sulfate Influence on Nutritional Status and Survival in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer", Journal of Clinical Oncology 8 (1): 9–15, doi:10.1200/jco.1990.8.1.9, PMID 1688616, http://scri.ngen.com/article01.html, retrieved 2009-05-31 .
  5. ↑ Gold, J. (1999), "Long term complete response in patient with advanced, localized NSCLC with hydrazine sulfate, radiation and Carboplatin, refractory to combination chemotherapy", Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research (40): 642 . Abstract.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Questions and answers about hydrazine sulfate, National Cancer Institute, March 12, 2009, http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/hydrazinesulfate/Patient/page2 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Black, M.; Hussain, H. (2000), "Hydrazine, Cancer, the Internet, Isoniazid, and the Liver", Annals of Internal Medicine 133 (11): 911–13, doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-11-200012050-00016, PMID 11103062 .
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Gold J (1987), "Hydrazine sulfate: a current perspective", Nutr Cancer 9 (2–3): 59–66, doi:10.1080/01635588709513912, PMID 3104888 
  9. ↑ Gold, J. (1968), "Proposed Treatment of Cancer by Inhibition of Gluconeogenesis", Oncology 22 (2): 185–207, doi:10.1159/000224450, PMID 5688432 .
  10. ↑ Gold, J. (1974), "Cancer Cachexia and Gluconeogenesis", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 230 (1 Paraneoplasti): 103–10, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb14440.x, PMID 4522864, Bibcode: 1974NYASA.230..103G .
  11. ↑ London, William M. (July 23, 2006), Penthouse's promotion of hydrazine sulfate, http://www.cancertreatmentwatch.org/reports/hydrazine.shtml 
  12. ↑ Null's articles on alternative cancer therapies in Penthouse include:
    • Null, Gary; Robert Houston (1979). "The Great Cancer Fraud". Penthouse: 76–78, 82, 268, 270, 272, 274, 276–278. 
    • Null, Gary; A. Pitrone (1980). "Suppression of new cancer therapies: Dr. Joseph Gold and hydrazine sulfate". Penthouse: 97–98, 160, 162–163. 
    • Null, Gary; L. Steinman (1980). "The politics of cancer. Part five. Suppression of new cancer therapies: Dr. Lawrence Burton". Penthouse: 75–76, 188–194, 196–197. 
  13. ↑ Goldberg, Burton (June 12, 2000), Holding the National Cancer Institute Accountable for Cancer Deaths, http://www.burtongoldberg.com/health-articles/holding-the-national-cancer-institute-accountable-for-cancer-deaths.htm, retrieved May 30, 2009 
  14. ↑ Goldberg, Burton; Trivieri, Larry; Anderson, John W., eds. (2002), Alternative medicine: the definitive guide (2nd ed.), Celestial Arts, pp. 50–51, 598, ISBN 978-1-58761-141-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlijw00Gi8EC&pg=PA50 .
  15. ↑ Jenks, S. (1993), "Hydrazine Sulfate Ad Is "Offensive"", Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85 (7): 528–29, doi:10.1093/jnci/85.7.528, PMID 8455198, http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/85/7/528 .
  16. ↑ Nadel, M. V. (September 1995), "Cancer Drug Research—Contrary to Allegations, Hydrazine Sulfate Studies Were Not Flawed", Report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member, Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee, House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, Document No. HEHS-95-141, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/useftp.cgi?IPaddress=162.140.64.21&filename=he95141.pdf&directory=/diskb/wais/data/gao  .
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Kaegi, Elizabeth (1998), "Unconventional therapies for cancer: 4. Hydrazine sulfate. Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative", Canadian Medical Association Journal 158 (10): 1327–30, PMID 9614826 .
  18. ↑ Green, Saul (1997), "Hydrazine sulfate: is it an anticancer agent?", Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 1: 19–21, http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/hydrazine.html 
  19. ↑ Hydrazine sulfate / Hydrazine sulphate from the British Columbia Cancer Agency
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Vickers A (2004), "Alternative cancer cures: "unproven" or "disproven"?", CA Cancer J Clin 54 (2): 110–8, doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110, PMID 15061600 
  21. ↑ "Editorial: Unproven methods of cancer management: hydrazine sulfate", CA Cancer J Clin 26 (2): 108–10, 1976, doi:10.3322/canjclin.26.2.108, PMID 816429 
  22. ↑ Elizabeth Cohen Regulators warn about online cancer 'cures' CNN December 5, 2000
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Filov, V. A.; Gershanovich, M. L.; Danova, L. A.; Ivin, B. A. (1995), "Experience of the Treatment with Sehydrin (Hydrazine Sulfate, HS) in the Advanced Cancer Patients", Investigational New Drugs 13 (1): 89–97, doi:10.1007/BF02614227, PMID 7499115, http://scri.ngen.com/article10.html .
  24. ↑ Hydrazine sulfate:Human/Clinical Studies National Cancer Institute
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Hydrazine sulfate influence on nutritional status and survival in non-small-cell lung cancer", J. Clin. Oncol. 8 (1): 9–15, January 1990, doi:10.1200/jco.1990.8.1.9, PMID 1688616 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Piantadosi, S. (1990), "Hazards of small clinical trials" (PDF), Journal of Clinical Oncology 8 (1): 1–3, doi:10.1200/JCO.1990.8.1.1, PMID 2295901, https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.1990.8.1.1, retrieved 2009-06-03 
  27. ↑ "Placebo-controlled trial of hydrazine sulfate in patients with newly diagnosed non-small-cell lung cancer", J. Clin. Oncol. 12 (6): 1126–9, June 1994, doi:10.1200/JCO.1994.12.6.1126, PMID 8201374 
  28. ↑ "Cisplatin, vinblastine, and hydrazine sulfate in advanced, non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind phase III study of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B", J. Clin. Oncol. 12 (6): 1113–20, June 1994, doi:10.1200/JCO.1994.12.6.1113, PMID 8201372 
  29. ↑ "A longitudinal study of quality of life in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 8931", Controlled Clinical Trials 18 (4): 286–300, August 1997, doi:10.1016/0197-2456(96)00116-X, PMID 9257067 
  30. ↑ "Randomized placebo-controlled evaluation of hydrazine sulfate in patients with advanced colorectal cancer", J. Clin. Oncol. 12 (6): 1121–5, June 1994, doi:10.1200/JCO.1994.12.6.1121, PMID 8201373 
  31. ↑ "Systematic review of the treatment of cancer-associated anorexia and weight loss", J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (33): 8500–11, November 2005, doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.01.8010, PMID 16293879 
  32. ↑ "A review of the drug treatment of cachexia associated with cancer", Drugs 55 (5): 675–88, May 1998, doi:10.2165/00003495-199855050-00005, PMID 9585863 
  33. ↑ Hydrazine Hazard Summary, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, January 2000, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/hydrazin.html .
  34. ↑ Section 9.2.1, Environmental Health Criteria for Hydrazine, International Programme on Chemical Safety, 1987, http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc68.htm .
  35. ↑ Hainer, M. I. (2000), "Fatal hepatorenal failure associated with hydrazine sulfate", Annals of Internal Medicine 133 (11): 877–80, doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-11-200012050-00011, PMID 11103057 .
  36. ↑ Nagappan, R.; Riddell, T. (2000), "Pyridoxine therapy in a patient with severe hydrazine sulfate toxicity", Critical Care Medicine 28 (6): 2116–18, doi:10.1097/00003246-200006000-00076, PMID 10890675 .
  37. ↑ National Cancer Institute (October 1999), "Hydrazine Sulfate", PDQ Complementary/Alternative Medicine 

External links

Proponents
Critics
Governmental and medical
Physical and chemical hazards
Compounds containing the sulfate group
H2SO4 He
Li2SO4 BeSO4 B esters
ROSO3−
(RO)2SO2 		(NH4)2SO4
[N2H5]HSO4
(NH3OH)2SO4
NOHSO4 		HOSO4 F Ne
Na2SO4
NaHSO4 		MgSO4 Al2(SO4)3
Al2SO4(OAc)4 		Si P SO42−
HSO3HSO4
(HSO4)2 		Cl Ar
K2SO4
KHSO4 		CaSO4 Sc2(SO4)3 TiOSO4 VSO4
V2(SO4)3
VOSO4 		CrSO4
Cr2(SO4)3 		MnSO4 FeSO4
Fe2(SO4)3 		CoSO4 NiSO4 CuSO4
Cu2SO4
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)]SO4 		ZnSO4 Ga2(SO4)3 Ge As Se Br Kr
RbHSO4
Rb2SO4 		SrSO4 Y2(SO4)3 Zr(SO4)2 Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh2(SO4)3 PdSO4 Ag2SO4 CdSO4 In2(SO4)3 SnSO4
Sn(SO4)2 		Sb2(SO4)3 Te I Xe
Cs2SO4
CsHSO4 		BaSO4   Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt AuSO4
Au2(SO4)3 		Hg2SO4
HgSO4 		Tl2SO4
Tl2(SO4)3 		PbSO4 Bi2(SO4)3 Po At Rn
Fr Ra   Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
↓
La Ce2(SO4)3
Ce(SO4)2 		Pr2(SO4)3 Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb2(SO4)3 Lu
Ac Th Pa U(SO4)2
UO2SO4 		Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr



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