List of quantum processors

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Short description: List of quantum computer components


This list contains quantum processors, also known as quantum processing units (QPUs). Some devices listed below have only been announced at press conferences so far, with no actual demonstrations or scientific publications characterizing the performance.

Quantum processors are difficult to compare due to the different architectures and approaches. Due to this, published qubit numbers do not reflect the performance levels of the processor. This is instead achieved through benchmarking metrics such as quantum volume, randomized benchmarking or circuit layer operations per second (CLOPS).[1]

Circuit-based quantum processors

These QPUs are based on the quantum circuit and quantum logic gate-based model of computing.

Manufacturer Name/codename

designation

Architecture Layout Fidelity (%) Qubits (physical) Release date Quantum volume
Alpine Quantum Technologies PINE System[2] Trapped ion 24[3] June 7, 2021 128[4]
Atom Computing Phoenix Neutral atoms in optical lattices 100[5] August 10, 2021
Atom Computing N/A Neutral atoms in optical lattices 1180[6][7] October 2023
Google N/A Superconducting N/A 99.5[8] 20 2017
Google N/A Superconducting 7×7 lattice 99.7[8] 49[9] Q4 2017 (planned)
Google Bristlecone Superconducting transmon 6×12 lattice 99 (readout)
99.9 (1 qubit)
99.4 (2 qubits)		 72[10][11] March 5, 2018
Google Sycamore Superconducting transmon 9×6 lattice N/A 53 effective (54 total) 2019
IBM IBM Q 5 Tenerife Superconducting bow tie 99.897 (average gate)
98.64 (readout) 		5 2016[8]
IBM IBM Q 5 Yorktown Superconducting bow tie 99.545 (average gate)
94.2 (readout) 		5
IBM IBM Q 14 Melbourne Superconducting N/A 99.735 (average gate)
97.13 (readout) 		14
IBM IBM Q 16 Rüschlikon Superconducting 2×8 lattice 99.779 (average gate)
94.24 (readout) 		16[12] May 17, 2017
(Retired: 26 September 2018)[13]
IBM IBM Q 17 Superconducting N/A N/A 17[12] May 17, 2017
IBM IBM Q 20 Tokyo Superconducting 5×4 lattice 99.812 (average gate)
93.21 (readout) 		20[14] November 10, 2017
IBM IBM Q 20 Austin Superconducting 5×4 lattice N/A 20 (Retired: 4 July 2018)[13]
IBM IBM Q 50 prototype Superconducting transmon N/A N/A 50[14]
IBM IBM Q 53 Superconducting N/A N/A 53 October 2019
IBM IBM Eagle Superconducting N/A N/A 127[15] November 2021
IBM IBM Osprey[6][7] Superconducting N/A N/A 433[15] November 2022
IBM IBM Condor[16][6] Superconducting N/A N/A 1121[15] December 2023
IBM IBM Heron[16][6] Superconducting N/A N/A 133 December 2023
IBM IBM Armonk[17] Superconducting Single Qubit N/A 1 October 16, 2019
IBM IBM Ourense[17] Superconducting T N/A 5 July 3, 2019
IBM IBM Vigo[17] Superconducting T N/A 5 July 3, 2019
IBM IBM London[17] Superconducting T N/A 5 September 13, 2019
IBM IBM Burlington[17] Superconducting T N/A 5 September 13, 2019
IBM IBM Essex[17] Superconducting T N/A 5 September 13, 2019
IBM IBM Athens[18] Superconducting N/A 5 32[19]
IBM IBM Belem[18] Superconducting Falcon r4T[20] N/A 5 16[20]
IBM IBM Bogotá[18] Superconducting Falcon r4L[20] N/A 5 32[20]
IBM IBM Casablanca[18] Superconducting Falcon r4H[20] N/A 7 (Retired – March 2022) 32[20]
IBM IBM Dublin[18] Superconducting N/A 27 64
IBM IBM Guadalupe[18] Superconducting Falcon r4P[20] N/A 16 32[20]
IBM IBM Kolkata Superconducting N/A 27 128
IBM IBM Lima[18] Superconducting Falcon r4T[20] N/A 5 8[20]
IBM IBM Manhattan[18] Superconducting N/A 65 32[19]
IBM IBM Montreal[18] Superconducting Falcon r4[20] N/A 27 128[20]
IBM IBM Mumbai[18] Superconducting Falcon r5.1[20] N/A 27 128[20]
IBM IBM Paris[18] Superconducting N/A 27 32[19]
IBM IBM Quito[18] Superconducting Falcon r4T[20] N/A 5 16[20]
IBM IBM Rome[18] Superconducting N/A 5 32[19]
IBM IBM Santiago[18] Superconducting N/A 5 32[19]
IBM IBM Sydney[18] Superconducting Falcon r4[20] N/A 27 32[20]
IBM IBM Toronto[18] Superconducting Falcon r4[20] N/A 27 32[20]
Intel 17-Qubit Superconducting Test Chip Superconducting 40-pin cross gap N/A 17[21][22] October 10, 2017
Intel Tangle Lake Superconducting 108-pin cross gap N/A 49[23] January 9, 2018
Intel Tunnel Falls Semiconductor spin qubits 12[24] June 15, 2023
IonQ Harmony Trapped ion All-to-All[20] 11[25] 2022 8[20]
IonQ Aria Trapped ion All-to-All[20] 25[25] 2022
IonQ Forte Trapped ion 32x1 chain[26] All-to-All[20] 99.98 (1 qubit)
98.5-99.3 (2 qubit)[26] 		32[25] 2022
IQM - Superconducting Star 99.91 (1 qubit)
99.14 (2 qubits)		 5[27] November 30, 2021[28] N/A
IQM - Superconducting Square lattice 99.91 (1 qubit median)
99.944 (1 qubit max)
98.25 (2 qubits median)
99.1 (2 qubits max) 		20 October 9, 2023[29] 16[30]
M Squared Lasers Maxwell Neutral atoms in optical lattices 99.5 (3-qubit gate), 99.1 (4-qubit gate)[31] 200[32] November 2022
Oxford Quantum Circuits Lucy[33] Superconducting 8 2022
Oxford Quantum Circuits OQC Toshiko[34] Superconducting 32 2023
Quandela Ascella Photonics N/A 98.8 (1 qubit)
88.1 (2 qubits)
86.0 (3 qubits) 		6[35] 2022[36]
QuTech at TU Delft Spin-2 Semiconductor spin qubits 99 (average gate)
85(readout)[37] 		2 2020
QuTech at TU Delft - Semiconductor spin qubits 6[38] September 2022
QuTech at TU Delft Starmon-5 Superconducting X configuration 97 (readout)[39] 5 2020
Quantinuum H2[40] Trapped ion Racetrack, All-to-All 99.997 (1 qubit)
99.8 (2 qubit) 		32 May 9, 2023 65,536[41]
Quantinuum H1-1[42] Trapped ion 15×15 (Circuit Size) 99.996 (1 qubit)
99.8 (2 qubit) 		20 2022 524,288[43]
Quantinuum H1-2 [42] Trapped ion All-to-All[20] 99.996 (1 qubit)
99.7 (2 qubit) 		12 2022 4096[44]
Quantware Soprano[45] Superconducting 99.9 (single-qubit gates) 5 July 2021
Quantware Contralto[46] Superconducting 99.9 (single-qubit gates) 25 March 7, 2022[47]
Quantware Tenor[48] Superconducting 64 February 23, 2023
Rigetti Agave Superconducting N/A 96 (Single-qubit gates)

87 (Two-qubit gates)

8 June 4, 2018[49]
Rigetti Acorn Superconducting transmon N/A 98.63 (Single-qubit gates)

87.5 (Two-qubit gates)

19[50] December 17, 2017
Rigetti Aspen-1 Superconducting N/A 93.23 (Single-qubit gates)

90.84 (Two-qubit gates)

16 November 30, 2018[49]
Rigetti Aspen-4 Superconducting 99.88 (Single-qubit gates)

94.42 (Two-qubit gates)

13 March 10, 2019
Rigetti Aspen-7 Superconducting 99.23 (Single-qubit gates)

95.2 (Two-qubit gates)

28 November 15, 2019
Rigetti Aspen-8 Superconducting 99.22 (Single-qubit gates)

94.34 (Two-qubit gates)

31 May 5, 2020
Rigetti Aspen-9 Superconducting 99.39 (Single-qubit gates)

94.28 (Two-qubit gates)

32 February 6, 2021
Rigetti Aspen-10 Superconducting 99.37 (Single-qubit gates)

94.66 (Two-qubit gates)

32 November 4, 2021
Rigetti Aspen-11 Superconducting Octagonal[20] 99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 92.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 91.0 (Two-qubit gates XY) 40 December 15, 2021
Rigetti Aspen-M-1 Superconducting transmon Octagonal[20] 99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 93.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 94.6 (Two-qubit gates XY) 80 February 15, 2022 8[20]
Rigetti Aspen-M-2 Superconducting transmon 99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 91.3 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 90.0 (Two-qubit gates XY) 80 August 1, 2022
Rigetti Aspen-M-3 Superconducting transmon N/A 99.9 (Single-qubit gates) 94.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 95.1 (Two-qubit gates XY) 80[51] December 2, 2022
Rigetti Ankaa-2 Superconducting transmon N/A 98 (Two-qubit gates) 84[52] December 20, 2023
RIKEN RIKEN[53] Superconducting N/A N/A 53 effective (64 total)[54][55] March 27, 2023 N/A
SpinQ Triangulum Nuclear magnetic resonance 3[56] September 2021
USTC Jiuzhang Photonics N/A N/A 76[57][58] 2020
USTC Zuchongzhi Superconducting N/A N/A 62[59] 2020
USTC Zuchongzhi 2.1 Superconducting lattice[60] 99.86 (Single-qubit gates) 99.41 (Two-qubit gates) 95.48 (Readout) 66[61] 2021
Xanadu Borealis[62] Photonics N/A N/A 216[62] 2022[62]
Xanadu X8 [63] Photonics N/A N/A 8 2020
Xanadu X12 Photonics N/A N/A 12 2020[63]
Xanadu X24 Photonics N/A N/A 24 2020[63]

Annealing quantum processors

These QPUs are based on quantum annealing, not to be confused with digital annealing.[64]

Manufacturer Name/Codename

/Designation

Architecture Layout Fidelity (%) Qubits Release date
D-Wave D-Wave One (Rainier) Superconducting C4 = Chimera(4,4,4)[65] = 4×4 K4,4 N/A 128 May 11, 2011
D-Wave D-Wave Two Superconducting C8 = Chimera(8,8,4)[65] = 8×8 K4,4 N/A 512 2013
D-Wave D-Wave 2X Superconducting C12 = Chimera(12,12,4)[65] = 12×12 K4,4 N/A 1152 2015
D-Wave D-Wave 2000Q Superconducting C16 = Chimera(16,16,4)[65] = 16×16 K4,4 N/A 2048 2017
D-Wave D-Wave Advantage Superconducting Pegasus P16[66] N/A 5760 2020

Analog quantum processors

These QPUs are based on analog Hamiltonian simulation.

Manufacturer Name/Codename/Designation Architecture Layout Fidelity (%) Qubits Release date
QuEra Aquila Neutral atoms N/A N/A 256[67] November 2022

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wack, Andrew; Paik, Hanhee; Javadi-Abhari, Ali; Jurcevic, Petar; Faro, Ismael; Gambetta, Jay M.; Johnson, Blake R. (29 Oct 2021). "A practical heuristic for finding graph minors". arXiv:2110.14108 [quant-ph].
  2. ↑ "THE SYSTEM IS THE FIRST COMMERCIAL 19-INCH RACK-MOUNTED ROOM-TEMPERATURE QUANTUM COMPUTER". https://www.aqt.eu/pine-system-19-rack-mounted-quantum-computer/. 
  3. ↑ Pogorelov, I.; Feldker, T.; Et, al. (2021-06-07). "Compact Ion-Trap Quantum Computing Demonstrator". PRX Quantum 2 (2): 020343. doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.020343. Bibcode: 2021PRXQ....2b0343P. 
  4. ↑ "STATE OF QUANTUM COMPUTING IN EUROPE: AQT PUSHING PERFORMANCE WITH A QUANTUM VOLUME OF 128". 8 February 2023. https://www.aqt.eu/aqt-pushing-performance-with-a-quantum-volume-of-128/. 
  5. ↑ Barnes, Katrina; Battaglino, Peter; Et, al. (2022). "Assembly and coherent control of a register of nuclear spin qubits". Nature Communications 13 (1): 2779. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29977-z. PMID 35589685. Bibcode: 2022NatCo..13.2779B. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Padavic-Callaghan, Karmela (December 9, 2023). "IBM unveils 1000-qubit computer" (in en). New Scientist: pp. 13. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wilkins, Alex (October 24, 2023). "Record-breaking quantum computer has more than 1000 qubits" (in en-US). https://www.newscientist.com/article/2399246-record-breaking-quantum-computer-has-more-than-1000-qubits/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Lant, Karla (2017-06-23). "Google is Closer Than Ever to a Quantum Computer Breakthrough". Futurism. https://futurism.com/google-is-closer-than-ever-to-a-quantum-computer-breakthrough/. Retrieved 2017-10-18. 
  9. ↑ Simonite, Tom (2017-04-21). "Google's New Chip Is a Stepping Stone to Quantum Computing Supremacy". MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604242/googles-new-chip-is-a-stepping-stone-to-quantum-computing-supremacy/. Retrieved 2017-10-18. 
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  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Quantum devices & simulators" (in en-US). 2018-06-05. https://www.research.ibm.com/ibm-q/technology/devices/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "IBM Announces Advances to IBM Quantum Systems & Ecosystem". 10 November 2017. https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/53374.wss. Retrieved 10 November 2017. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Brooks, Michael (January–February 2024). "Bring on the noise". MIT Technology Review (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 127 (1): p. 50. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "IBM’s 'Condor' quantum computer has more than 1000 qubits" (in en-US). https://www.newscientist.com/article/2405789-ibms-condor-quantum-computer-has-more-than-1000-qubits/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 "IBM Q Experience" (in en). https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/. 
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 "IBM Quantum" (in en). https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 "IBM Blog" (in en-US). https://admin01.prod.blogs.cis.ibm.net/blog/. 
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20 20.21 20.22 20.23 20.24 20.25 20.26 20.27 Pelofske, Elijah; Bärtschi, Andreas; Eidenbenz, Stephan (2022). "Quantum Volume in Practice: What Users Can Expect from NISQ Devices". IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering 3: 1–19. doi:10.1109/TQE.2022.3184764. ISSN 2689-1808. 
  21. ↑ "Intel Delivers 17-Qubit Superconducting Chip with Advanced Packaging to QuTech". 2017-10-10. https://newsroom.intel.com/news/intel-delivers-17-qubit-superconducting-chip-advanced-packaging-qutech/. Retrieved 2017-10-18. 
  22. ↑ Novet, Jordan (2017-10-10). "Intel shows off its latest chip for quantum computing as it looks past Moore's Law". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/10/intel-delivers-17-qubit-quantum-computing-chip-to-qutech.html. Retrieved 2017-10-18. 
  23. ↑ "CES 2018: Intel's 49-Qubit Chip Shoots for Quantum Supremacy". 2018-01-09. https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/hardware/intels-49qubit-chip-aims-for-quantum-supremacy. Retrieved 2018-01-14. 
  24. ↑ "Intel's New Chip to Advance Silicon Spin Qubit Research for Quantum Computing". https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/quantum-computing-chip-to-advance-research.html. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "IonQ | Trapped Ion Quantum Computing" (in en). https://ionq.com/. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Egan, Laird; Debroy, Dripto M.; Noel, Crystal; Risinger, Andrew; Zhu, Daiwei; Biswas, Debopriyo; Newman, Michael; Li, Muyuan; Brown, Kenneth R. (2021-01-07), Fault-Tolerant Operation of a Quantum Error-Correction Code, doi:10.48550/arXiv.2009.11482, retrieved 2024-01-25.
  27. ↑ "The Power of Co-Design, Hermanni Heimonen, IQM". 2022-12-08. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLlUIkIsFig. 
  28. ↑ "Finland's first 5-qubit quantum computer is now operational". 2022-12-08. https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/finlands-first-5-qubit-quantum-computer-now-operational. 
  29. ↑ "Finland launches a 20-qubit quantum computer – development towards more powerful quantum computers continues". 2023-10-09. https://meetiqm.com/resources/press-releases/finland-launches-a-20-qubit-quantum-computer/. 
  30. ↑ "Finland Unveils Second Quantum Computer with 20 Qubits, Aims for 50-Qubit Device by 2024". 2023-10-10. https://quantumzeitgeist.com/finland-unveils-second-quantum-computer-with-20-qubits-aims-for-50-qubit-device-by-2024/. 
  31. ↑ Pelegrí, G.; Daley, A. J.; Pritchard, J. D. (2022). "High-fidelity multiqubit Rydberg gates via two-photon adiabatic rapid passage". Quantum Science and Technology 7 (4): 045020. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ac823a. Bibcode: 2022QS&T....7d5020P. 
  32. ↑ "MAXWELL: NEUTRAL ATOM QUANTUM PROCESSOR". https://www.m2lasers.com/quantum-datasheet.html?file=Maxwell_Explainer.pdf. 
  33. ↑ "Lucy". 30 November 2021. https://oxfordquantumcircuits.com/oqc-on-aws. 
  34. ↑ "OQC Toshiko". 24 November 2023. https://oxfordquantumcircuits.com/toshiko-the-worlds-first-enterprise-ready-quantum-platform. 
  35. ↑ Pont, M.; Corrielli, G.; Fyrillas, A.; et, al. (2022-11-29). "High-fidelity generation of four-photon GHZ states on-chip". arXiv:2211.15626 [quant-ph].
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  37. ↑ "Spin-2". https://www.quantum-inspire.com/backends/spin-2/. 
  38. ↑ "Six-qubit silicon quantum processor sets a record". 19 October 2022. https://physicsworld.com/a/six-qubit-silicon-quantum-processor-sets-a-record/. 
  39. ↑ "Starmon-5". https://www.quantum-inspire.com/backends/starmon-5. 
  40. ↑ "Quantinuum H2 Product Data Sheet". https://assets.website-files.com/62b9d45fb3f64842a96c9686/6459acc9b999bb7fb526c4bf_Quantinuum%20H2%20Product%20Data%20Sheet.pdf. 
  41. ↑ "Quantinuum | Hardware | System Model H2" (in en). https://www.quantinuum.com/hardware/h2. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Quantinuum System Model H1 Product Data Sheet". https://assets.website-files.com/62b9d45fb3f64842a96c9686/648c742dd3e744dfeeb7cd06_Quantinuum%20H1%20Product%20Data%20Sheet%20v5.4%2015Jun23.pdf. 
  43. ↑ "Quantinuum H-Series quantum computer accelerates through 3 more performance records for quantum volume: 217, 218, and 219". https://www.quantinuum.com/news/quantinuum-h-series-quantum-computer-accelerates-through-3-more-performance-records-for-quantum-volume-217-218-and-219. 
  44. ↑ "Quantinuum Announces Quantum Volume 4096 Achievement". https://www.quantinuum.com/news/quantum-volume-reaches-5-digits-for-the-first-time-5-perspectives-on-what-it-means-for-quantum-computing. 
  45. ↑ "Soprano specs". https://www.quantware.eu/product/soprano. 
  46. ↑ "Contralto specs". https://www.quantware.eu/product/contralto. 
  47. ↑ "QUANTWARE RELEASES 25-QUBIT CONTRALTO QPU". https://www.quantware.eu/press/quantware-releases-25-qubit-contralto-qpu. 
  48. ↑ "Tenor specs". https://www.quantware.eu/product/tenor. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "QPU". https://rigetti.com/qpu. 
  50. ↑ "Unsupervised Machine Learning on Rigetti 19Q with Forest 1.2". 2017-12-18. https://medium.com/rigetti/unsupervised-machine-learning-on-rigetti-19q-with-forest-1-2-39021339699. Retrieved 2018-03-21. 
  51. ↑ "Aspen-M-3 Quantum Processor". https://qcs.rigetti.com/qpus. Retrieved 2023-02-20. 
  52. ↑ Rigetti & Company LLC (2024-01-04). "Rigetti Announces Public Availability of Ankaa-2 System with a 2.5x Performance Improvement Compared to Previous QPUs" (in en). https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/01/04/2804006/0/en/Rigetti-Announces-Public-Availability-of-Ankaa-2-System-with-a-2-5x-Performance-Improvement-Compared-to-Previous-QPUs.html. 
  53. ↑ "Japan’s first homemade quantum computer goes online" (in en). https://www.riken.jp/en/news_pubs/news/2023/20230921_3/index.html. 
  54. ↑ "Japanese joint research group launches quantum computing cloud service" (in en). https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press-releases/2023/0324-01.html. 
  55. ↑ "RIKEN and Fujitsu develop 64-qubit quantum computer" (in en). https://www.riken.jp/en/news_pubs/news/2023/20231005_2/index.html. 
  56. ↑ "Triangulum3 qubits desktop NMR quantum computer". https://www.spinquanta.com/products-solutions/Triangulum. 
  57. ↑ Ball, Philip (2020-12-03). "Physicists in China challenge Google's 'quantum advantage'" (in en). Nature 588 (7838): 380. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03434-7. PMID 33273711. Bibcode: 2020Natur.588..380B. 
  58. ↑ Letzter, Rafi – Staff Writer 07 (7 December 2020). "China claims fastest quantum computer in the world" (in en). https://www.livescience.com/china-quantum-supremacy.html. 
  59. ↑ Ball, Philip (2020-12-03). "Strong Quantum Computational Advantage Using a Superconducting Quantum Processor". Physical Review Letters 127 (18): 180501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.180501. PMID 34767433. Bibcode: 2021PhRvL.127r0501W. 
  60. ↑ Zhu, Qingling et al. (2021). "Quantum Computational Advantage via 60-Qubit 24-Cycle Random Circuit Sampling". Science Bulletin 67 (3): 240–245. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2021.10.017. PMID 36546072. 
  61. ↑ Wu, Yulin; Bao, Wan-Su; Cao, Sirui; Chen, Fusheng; Chen, Ming-Cheng; Chen, Xiawei; Chung, Tung-Hsun; Deng, Hui et al. (2021-10-25). "Strong Quantum Computational Advantage Using a Superconducting Quantum Processor" (in en). Physical Review Letters 127 (18): 180501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.180501. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34767433. Bibcode: 2021PhRvL.127r0501W. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.180501. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Madsen, Lars S.; Laudenbach, Fabian; Askarani, Mohsen Falamarzi; Rortais, Fabien; Vincent, Trevor; Bulmer, Jacob F. F.; Miatto, Filippo M.; Neuhaus, Leonhard et al. (June 2022). "Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor" (in en). Nature 606 (7912): 75–81. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04725-x. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 35650354. Bibcode: 2022Natur.606...75M. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 "A new kind of quantum". https://spie.org/news/photonics-focus/novdec-2020/a-new-kind-of-quantum. 
  64. ↑ "Digital Annealer – Quantum Computing Technology". https://www.fujitsu.com/global/services/business-services/digital-annealer/. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Cai, Jun; Macready, Bill; Roy, Aidan (10 Jun 2014). "A practical heuristic for finding graph minors". arXiv:1406.2741 [quant-ph].
  66. ↑ Boothby, Kelly; Bunyk, Paul; Raymond, Jack; Roy, Aidan (29 Feb 2020). "Next-Generation Topology of D-Wave Quantum Processors". arXiv:2003.00133 [quant-ph].
  67. ↑ Lee, Jane (2 November 2022). "Boston-based quantum computer QuEra joins Amazon's cloud for public access". Reuters. 



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