Medicine:Oculocutaneous albinism

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Short description: Form of albinism
Oculocutaneous albinism
Other namesOCA

Oculocutaneous albinism is a form of albinism involving the eyes (oculo-), the skin (-cutaneous), and the hair.[1] Overall, an estimated 1 in 20,000 people worldwide are born with oculocutaneous albinism.[1] OCA is caused by mutations in several genes that control the synthesis of melanin within the melanocytes.[2] Seven types of oculocutaneous albinism have been described, all caused by a disruption of melanin synthesis and all autosomal recessive disorders.[3][4][5]:864 Oculocutaneous albinism is also found in non-human animals.

Types

The following types of oculocutaneous albinism have been identified in humans.

Name OMIM Gene Description
OCA1 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 203100
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 606952		 TYR OCA1 is caused by mutations of the tyrosinase gene, and can occur in two variations. The first is OCA1a, and means that the organism cannot synthesize melanin whatsoever.[6] The hair is usually white (often translucent) and the skin is very pale. Vision usually ranges from 20/200 to 20/400. The second is OCA1b, which has several subtypes itself.[7][8] Some individuals with OCA1b can tan and also develop pigment in the hair.[9] One subtype of OCA1b is called OCA1b TS (temperature sensitive), where the tyrosinase can only function below a certain temperature, which causes the body hair in cooler body regions to develop pigment (i.e. get darker). (An equivalent mutation produces the points pattern in Siamese cats.[10]) Another variant of OCA1b, called Albinism, yellow mutant type, is more common among the Amish than in other populations. It results in blonde hair and the eventual development of skin pigmentation during infancy, though at birth is difficult to distinguish from other types.[7][11] About 1 in 40,000 people have some form of OCA1.[12]
OCA2 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 203200 OCA2 The most common type of albinism is caused by mutation of the P gene. People with OCA2 generally have more pigment and better vision than those with OCA1, but cannot tan like some with OCA1b. A little pigment can develop in freckles or moles.[9] People with OCA2 usually have fair skin, but are often not as pale as OCA1. They have pale blonde to golden, strawberry blonde, or even brown hair, and most commonly blue eyes. Affected people of African descent usually have a different phenotype (appearance): yellow hair, pale skin, and blue, gray or hazel eyes. About 1 in 15,000 people have OCA2.[13][12] The gene MC1R does not cause OCA2, but does affect its presentation.[1]
OCA3 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 203290 TYRP1 Has only been partially researched and documented. It is caused by mutation of the tyrosinase-related protein-1 (Tyrp1) gene. Cases have been reported in Africa and New Guinea. Affected individuals typically have red hair, reddish-brown skin and blue or gray eyes. Variants may include rufous oculocutaneous albinism (ROCA or xanthism). The incidence rate of OCA3 is unknown.[14][12]
OCA4 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 606574 SLC45A2 Is very rare outside Japan, where OCA4 accounts for 24% of albinism cases. OCA4 can only be distinguished from OCA2 through genetic testing, and is caused by mutation of this membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP) gene.[15][12] Several German patients were identified in 2004.[16]
OCA5 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 615312 OCA5 was identified in a Pakistani family with "golden-colored hair, white skin, nystagmus, photophobia, foveal hypoplasia, and impaired visual acuity, regardless of their sex and age". Genetic analysis localized the defect to human chromosome region 4q24, but failed to identify a candidate gene.[17][18]
OCA6 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 113750 SLC24A5 One of the rarest forms of OCA, OCA6 was detected in Chinese individuals but is not thought to be limited to this ethnicity. It is heterogeneous in its effect of hair color, and results from mutations in the SLC24A5 gene, a membrane transporter that plays a role in pigmentation in a range of vertebrate species.[18][19]
OCA7 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 615179 C10orf11 OCA7 was originally characterized in a family from the Faroe Islands, but was subsequently identified in a Lithuanian patient. It is characterized by lighter pigmentation and significant effects on the eye, including decreased visual acuity and misrouting of neuronal tracks through the optic chiasm. It is due to mutation of a gene of unknown function, C10orf11 (11th uncharacterized open reading frame on chromosome 10, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 614537).[18][20]

See also

  • Piebaldism
  • List of skin conditions
  • List of cutaneous conditions associated with increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Oculocutaneous albinism". U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/oculocutaneous-albinism. 
  2. ↑ "Orphanet: Oculocutaneous albinism". Orphanet. http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=EN&Expert=55. 
  3. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #615179 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE VII; OCA7". Johns Hopkins University. https://omim.org/entry/615179. 
  4. ↑ "Oculocutaneous albinism". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2: Article 43. 2007. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-43. PMID 17980020. 
  5. ↑ Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10 ed.). Saunders. 2005. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. 
  6. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #203100 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IA; OCA1A". Johns Hopkins University. https://omim.org/entry/203100. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "OMIM Entry - #606952 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IB; OCA1B". Johns Hopkins University. https://omim.org/entry/606952. 
  8. ↑ Mendez, Rodrigo; Iqbal, Sumaiya; Vishnopolska, Sebastián; Martinez, Cinthia; Dibner, Glenda; Aliano, Rocio; Zaiat, Jonathan; Biagioli, Germán et al. (18 February 2021). "Oculocutaneous albinism type 1B associated with a functionally significant tyrosinase gene polymorphism detected with Whole Exome Sequencing". Ophthalmic Genetics 42 (3): 291–295. doi:10.1080/13816810.2021.1888129. ISSN 1381-6810. PMID 33599182. https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Oculocutaneous_albinism_type_1B_associated_with_a_functionally_significant_tyrosinase_gene_polymorphism_detected_with_Whole_Exome_Sequencing/14054266. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Facts about Albinism". 2009. http://albinism.med.umn.edu/facts.htm. 
  10. ↑ "A tyrosinase gene missense mutation in temperature-sensitive type I oculocutaneous albinism. A human homologue to the Siamese cat and the Himalayan mouse". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 87 (3): 1119–1122. March 1991. doi:10.1172/JCI115075. PMID 1900309. 
  11. ↑ "Ocular Manifestations of Albinism". WebMD. 13 September 2005. http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic260.htm. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "Albinism". WebMD. 22 August 2005. http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic12.htm. 
  13. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #203200 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE II; OCA2". Johns Hopkins University. https://omim.org/entry/203200. 
  14. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #203290 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE III; OCA3". Johns Hopkins University. https://omim.org/entry/203290. 
  15. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #606574 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IV; OCA4". Johns Hopkins University. https://omim.org/entry/606574. 
  16. ↑ "Mutations in the MATP gene in five German patients affected by oculocutaneous albinism type 4". Human Mutation 23 (2): 106–110. February 2004. doi:10.1002/humu.10311. PMID 14722913. 
  17. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #615312 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE V; OCA5". Johns Hopkins University. https://omim.org/entry/615312. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Increasing the complexity: new genes and new types of albinism". Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 27 (1): 11–18. January 2014. doi:10.1111/pcmr.12167. PMID 24066960. 
  19. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #113750 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE VI; OCA6". Johns Hopkins University. https://omim.org/entry/113750. 
  20. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #615179 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE VII; OCA7". Johns Hopkins University. https://omim.org/entry/615179. 

External links

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