Engineering:Apple Silicon

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Short description: Processor chips designed by Apple Inc. for use in their product portfolio


Apple silicon[1][2][3] is the collective name for system-on-chip (SoC) and system-in-package (SiP) processors designed by Apple Inc. using ARM architecture. It is the basis of Apple's iPhone, iPad, and Apple Watch platforms, as well as products such as the HomePod, iPod touch, and Apple TV. Apple also designs a version of their A-series SoCs for their AirPods line of wireless headphones, called the Apple H1. On June 22, 2020, Apple announced plans to transition its Macintosh computers from Intel processors to as yet unannounced, ARM-based, Apple-designed processors.[1][2]

Although Apple outsources all of its manufacturing, including that of their own SoCs, they still design the processors themselves and fully control the integration across their hardware, software, and services. Johny Srouji is the executive in charge of Apple's silicon design.[4]

Early series

Apple first used SoCs in early versions of the iPhone and iPod touch. They combine in one package a single ARM-based processing core (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), and other electronics necessary for mobile computing.

The APL0098 (also 8900B[5] or S5L8900) is a package on package (PoP) system on a chip (SoC) that was introduced on June 29, 2007, at the launch of the original iPhone. It includes a 412 MHz single-core ARM11 CPU and a PowerVR MBX Lite GPU. It was manufactured by Samsung on a 90 nm process.[6] The iPhone 3G and the first-generation iPod touch also used it.[7]

The APL0278[8] (also S5L8720) is a PoP SoC introduced on September 9, 2008, at the launch of the second-generation iPod touch. It includes a 533 MHz single-core ARM11 CPU and a PowerVR MBX Lite GPU. It was manufactured by Samsung on a 65 nm process.[6][7]

The APL0298 (also S5L8920) is a PoP SoC introduced on June 8, 2009, at the launch of the iPhone 3GS. It includes a 600 MHz single-core Cortex-A8 CPU and a PowerVR SGX535 GPU. It was manufactured by Samsung on a 65 nm process.[9]

The APL2298 (also S5L8922) is a 45 nm die shrunk version of the iPhone 3GS SoC[6] and was introduced on September 9, 2009, at the launch of the third-generation iPod touch.

A series

The Apple "A" series is a family of SoCs used in certain models of the iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, and the Apple TV digital media player. They integrate one or more ARM-based processing cores (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), cache memory and other electronics necessary to provide mobile computing functions within a single physical package. They are designed by Apple and manufactured exclusively by TSMC as of the iPhone 7 released in 2016 and later.[10]

Apple A4

Main page: Engineering:Apple A4

The Apple A4 is a PoP SoC manufactured by Samsung.[11] It combines an ARM Cortex-A8 CPU with a PowerVR GPU, and emphasizes power efficiency.[12] The chip commercially debuted with the release of Apple's iPad tablet;[13] followed shortly by the iPhone 4 smartphone,[14] the 4th generation iPod touch and the 2nd generation Apple TV. It was superseded in the iPad 2, released the following year, by the Apple A5 processor.

Apple A4 is based on the ARM processor architecture.[15] The first version released ran at 1 GHz for the iPad[16] and contains an ARM Cortex-A8 CPU core paired with a PowerVR SGX 535 graphics processor (GPU)[13][17][18] built on Samsung's 45-nanometer (nm) silicon chip fabrication process.[6][19] The clock speed for the units used in the iPhone 4 and the iPod touch (4th generation) is 800 MHz. The clock speed for the unit used in the Apple TV has not been revealed.

The Cortex-A8 core used in the A4 is thought to use performance enhancements developed by chip designer Intrinsity, which was subsequently acquired by Apple,[20] in collaboration with Samsung.[21] The resulting core, dubbed "Hummingbird", is able to run at far higher clock rates than other implementations while remaining fully compatible with the Cortex-A8 design provided by ARM.[22] Other performance improvements include additional L2 cache. The same Cortex-A8 CPU core used in the A4 is also used in Samsung's S5PC110A01 SoC.[23][24] The SGX535 in the A4 could theoretically push 35 million polygons per second and 500 million pixels per second, although real world performance may be considerably less.[25]

The A4 processor package does not contain RAM, but supports PoP installation. Hence, there is a package with two low-power 128 MB DDR SDRAM chips (totaling 256 MB) mounted on top of the A4 used in the first-generation iPad, the fourth-generation iPod touch,[26] and the second-generation Apple TV.[27] The iPhone 4 has two 256 MB packages for a total of 512 MB.[28][29][30] The RAM is connected to the processor using ARM's 64-bit-wide AMBA 3 AXI bus. To support the iPad's demand for high graphics bandwidth, the width of the RAM data bus is double that used in previous ARM11 and ARM9 based Apple devices.[31]

Apple A5

Main page: Engineering:Apple A5

The Apple A5 is an SoC designed by Apple and manufactured by Samsung[32] that replaced the A4. The chip commercially debuted with the release of Apple's iPad 2 tablet in March 2011,[33] followed by its release in the iPhone 4S smartphone later that year. Apple claims that compared with its predecessor, the A4, the A5 CPU "can do twice the work" and the GPU has "up to nine times the graphics performance".[34]

The A5 contains a dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 CPU[35] with ARM's advanced SIMD extension, marketed as NEON, and a dual core PowerVR SGX543MP2 GPU. This GPU can push between 70 and 80 million polygons/second and has a pixel fill rate of 2 billion pixels/second. Apple lists the A5 to be clocked at 1 GHz on the iPad 2's technical specifications page,[36] though it can dynamically adjust its frequency to save battery life.[35][37] The clock speed of the unit used in the iPhone 4S is 800 MHz. Like the A4, the A5 process size is 45 nm.[38]

An updated 32 nm version of the A5 processor was used in the third generation Apple TV, the iPod touch (5th generation), the iPad Mini, and the new version of iPad 2 (version iPad2,4).[39] The chip in the Apple TV has one core locked.[40][41] The markings of the square package indicates that it is named APL2498, and in software, the chip is called S5L8942. The 32 nm variant of the A5 provides around 15% better battery life during web browsing, 30% better when playing 3D games and about 20% better battery life during video playback.[42]

In March 2013, Apple released an updated version of the third generation Apple TV (AppleTV3,2) containing a smaller, single-core version of the A5 processor. Unlike the other A5 variants, this version of the A5 is not a PoP, having no stacked RAM. The chip is very small, just 6.1×6.2 mm, but as the decrease in size is not due to a decrease in feature size (it is still on a 32 nm fabrication process), this indicates that this A5 revision is of a new design.[43] Markings tell that it is named APL7498, and in software, the chip is called S5L8947.[44][45]

Apple A5X

Main page: Engineering:Apple A5X

The Apple A5X is an SoC announced on March 7, 2012, at the launch of the third-generation iPad. It is a high-performance variant of the Apple A5; Apple claims it has twice the graphics performance of the A5.[46] It was superseded in the fourth-generation iPad by the Apple A6X processor.

The A5X has a quad-core graphics unit (PowerVR SGX543MP4) instead of the previous dual-core as well as a quad-channel memory controller that provides a memory bandwidth of 12.8 GB/s, roughly three times more than in the A5. The added graphics cores and extra memory channels add up to a very large die size of 165 mm²,[47] for example twice the size of Nvidia Tegra 3.[48] This is mainly due to the large PowerVR SGX543MP4 GPU. The clock frequency of the dual ARM Cortex-A9 cores have been shown to operate at the same 1 GHz frequency as in A5.[49] The RAM in A5X is separate from the main CPU package.[50]

Apple A6

Main page: Engineering:Apple A6

The Apple A6 is a PoP SoC introduced on September 12, 2012, at the launch of the iPhone 5, then a year later was inherited by its minor successor the iPhone 5C. Apple states that it is up to twice as fast and has up to twice the graphics power compared to its predecessor the Apple A5.[51] It is 22% smaller and draws less power than the 45 nm A5.[52]

The A6 is said to use a 1.3 GHz[53] custom[54] Apple-designed ARMv7 based dual-core CPU, called Swift,[55] rather than a licensed CPU from ARM like in previous designs, and an integrated 266 MHz triple-core PowerVR SGX 543MP3[56] graphics processing unit (GPU). The Swift core in the A6 uses a new tweaked instruction set, ARMv7s, featuring some elements of the ARM Cortex-A15 such as support for the Advanced SIMD v2, and VFPv4.[54] The A6 is manufactured by Samsung on a high-κ metal gate (HKMG) 32 nm process.[57]

Apple A6X

Main page: Engineering:Apple A6X

Apple A6X is an SoC introduced at the launch of the fourth-generation iPad on October 23, 2012. It is a high-performance variant of the Apple A6. Apple claims the A6X has twice the CPU performance and up to twice the graphics performance of its predecessor, the Apple A5X.[58]

Like the A6, this SoC continues to use the dual-core Swift CPU, but it has a new quad core GPU, quad channel memory and slightly higher 1.4 GHz CPU clock rate.[59] It uses an integrated quad-core PowerVR SGX 554MP4 graphics processing unit (GPU) running at 300 MHz and a quad-channel memory subsystem.[59][60] Compared to the A6 the A6X is 30% larger, but it continues to be manufactured by Samsung on a high-κ metal gate (HKMG) 32 nm process.[60]

Apple A7

Main page: Engineering:Apple A7

The Apple A7 is a 64-bit PoP SoC designed by Apple whose first appearance was in the iPhone 5S, which was introduced on September 10, 2013. The chip would also be used in the iPad Air, iPad Mini 2 and iPad Mini 3. Apple states that it is up to twice as fast and has up to twice the graphics power compared to its predecessor the Apple A6.[61] The Apple A7 chip is the first 64-bit chip to be used in a smartphone.[62]

The A7 features an Apple-designed 1.3[63]–1.4[64] GHz 64-bit[65] ARMv8-A[66][67] dual-core CPU,[63] called Cyclone,[66] and an integrated PowerVR G6430 GPU in a four cluster configuration.[68] The ARMv8-A architecture doubles the number of registers of the A7 compared to the A6.[69] It now has 31 general-purpose registers that are each 64-bits wide and 32 floating-point/NEON registers that are each 128-bits wide.[65] The A7 is manufactured by Samsung on a high-κ metal gate (HKMG) 28 nm process[70] and the chip includes over 1 billion transistors on a die 102 mm2 in size.[63]

Apple A8

Main page: Engineering:Apple A8

The Apple A8 is a 64-bit PoP SoC designed by Apple and manufactured by TSMC. Its first appearance was in the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, which were introduced on September 9, 2014.[71] A year later it would drive the iPad Mini 4. Apple states that it has 25% more CPU performance and 50% more graphics performance while drawing only 50% of the power compared to its predecessor, the Apple A7.[72] On February 9, 2018 Apple released the HomePod, which is powered by an Apple A8 with 1 GB of RAM.[73]

The A8 features an Apple-designed 1.4[74] GHz 64-bit[75] ARMv8-A[75] dual-core CPU, and an integrated custom PowerVR GX6450 GPU in a four cluster configuration.[74] The GPU features custom shader cores and compiler designed by Apple.[76] The A8 is manufactured on a 20 nm process[77] by TSMC,[78] which replaced Samsung as the manufacturer of Apple's mobile device processors. It contains 2 billion transistors. Despite that being double the number of transistors compared to the A7, its physical size has been reduced by 13% to 89 mm2 (consistent with a shrink only, not known to be a new microarchitecture).[79]

Apple A8X

Main page: Engineering:Apple A8X

The Apple A8X is a 64-bit SoC designed by Apple introduced at the launch of the iPad Air 2 on October 16, 2014.[80] It is a high performance variant of the Apple A8. Apple states that it has 40% more CPU performance and 2.5 times the graphics performance of its predecessor, the Apple A7.[80][81]

Unlike the A8, this SoC uses a triple-core CPU, a new octa-core GPU, dual channel memory and slightly higher 1.5 GHz CPU clock rate.[82] It uses an integrated custom octa-core PowerVR GXA6850 graphics processing unit (GPU) running at 450 MHz and a dual-channel memory subsystem.[82] It is manufactured by TSMC on their 20 nm fabrication process, and consists of 3 billion transistors.

Apple A9

Main page: Engineering:Apple A9

The Apple A9 is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC designed by Apple that first appeared in the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus, which were introduced on September 9, 2015.[83] Apple states that it has 70% more CPU performance and 90% more graphics performance compared to its predecessor, the Apple A8.[83] It is dual sourced, a first for an Apple SoC; it is manufactured by Samsung on their 14 nm FinFET LPE process and by TSMC on their 16 nm FinFET process. It was subsequently included in the first-generation iPhone SE, and the iPad (2017). The Apple A9 was the last CPU that Apple manufactured through a contract with Samsung, as all A-series chips after are manufactured by TSMC.

Apple A9X

Main page: Engineering:Apple A9X

The Apple A9X is a 64-bit SoC designed by Apple that was announced on September 9, 2015, and released on November 11, 2015, and first appeared in the iPad Pro.[84] It offers 80% more CPU performance and two times the GPU performance of its predecessor, the Apple A8X. It is manufactured by TSMC using a 16 nm FinFET process.[85]

Apple A10 Fusion

Main page: Engineering:Apple A10

The Apple A10 Fusion is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC designed by Apple that first appeared in the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which were introduced on September 7, 2016.[86] The A10 is also featured in the 2018 iPad, 2019 iPad and 7th generation iPod Touch.[87] It has a new ARM big.LITTLE quad core design with two high performance cores, and two smaller highly efficient cores. It is 40% faster than the A9, with 50% faster graphics. It is manufactured by TSMC on their 16 nm FinFET process.

Apple A10X Fusion

Main page: Engineering:Apple A10X

The Apple A10X Fusion is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC designed by Apple that first appeared in the 10.5" iPad Pro and the second generation of the 12.9" iPad Pro, which were both announced on June 5, 2017.[88] It is a variant of the A10 and Apple claims that it has 30 percent faster CPU performance and 40 percent faster GPU performance than its predecessor, the A9X.[88] On September 12, 2017, Apple announced that the Apple TV 4K would be powered by an A10X chip. It is made by TSMC on their 10 nm FinFET process.[89]

Apple A11 Bionic

Main page: Engineering:Apple A11

The Apple A11 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC [90] designed by Apple that first appeared in the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, and iPhone X which were introduced on September 12, 2017.[90] It has two high-performance cores which are 25% faster than the A10 Fusion and four high-efficiency cores which are 70% faster than the energy-efficient cores in the A10.[90][91] It is also the first A-series chip to feature Apple's "Neural Engine," which enhances artificial intelligence and machine learning processes.[92]

Apple A12 Bionic

Main page: Engineering:Apple A12

The Apple A12 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC designed by Apple that first appeared in the iPhone XS, XS Max and XR which were introduced on September 12, 2018. It is also within the 2019 models of the iPad Air and iPad Mini. It has two high-performance cores which are 15% faster than the A11 Bionic and four high-efficiency cores which are 50% lower power usage than the energy-efficient cores in the A11 Bionic.[93] The A12 is manufactured by TSMC[94] using a 7 nm[95] FinFET process, the first to ship in a smartphone.[96][94]

Apple A12X Bionic

Main page: Engineering:Apple A12X

The Apple A12X Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC designed by Apple that first appeared in the 11.0" iPad Pro and the third generation of the 12.9" iPad Pro, which were both announced on October 30, 2018.[97] It offers 35% faster single-core and 90% faster multi-core CPU performance than its predecessor, the A10X. It has four high-performance cores and four high-efficiency cores. The A12X is manufactured by TSMC using a 7 nm FinFET process, the first to ship in a tablet.

Apple A12Z Bionic

Main page: Engineering:Apple A12Z

The Apple A12Z Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC designed by Apple based on the A12X that first appeared in the second 11" and the fourth generation of the 12.9" iPad Pro, which were both announced on March 18, 2020.[98] The A12Z is also used in the Developer Transition Kit prototype computer that helps developers prepare their software for Macs based on Apple silicon.[99]

Apple A13 Bionic

The Apple A13 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC designed by Apple that first appeared in the iPhone 11, 11 Pro, and 11 Pro Max, which were introduced on September 10, 2019. It is also featured in the second-generation iPhone SE which was introduced on April 15, 2020.

S series

The Apple "S" series is a family of Systems in Package (SiP) used in the Apple Watch. It uses a customized application processor that together with memory, storage and support processors for wireless connectivity, sensors and I/O comprise a complete computer in a single package. They are designed by Apple, and manufactured by contract manufacturers such as Samsung.

Apple S1

The Apple S1 is an integrated computer designed by Apple. It includes memory, storage and support circuits like wireless modems and I/O controllers in a sealed integrated package. It was announced on September 9, 2014 as part of the "Wish we could say more" event. Its first appearance was in the original Apple Watch.[100]

Apple S1P

Used in Apple Watch Series 1. It has a dual-core processor almost identical to the S2, with the exception of the built-in GPS receiver.

Apple S2

Used in the Apple Watch Series 2. It has a dual-core processor and a built-in GPS receiver.

Apple S3

Used in the Apple Watch Series 3. It has a dual-core processor that is 70% faster than the Apple S2 and a built-in GPS receiver.[101] There is also an option for a cellular modem and an internal eSIM module.[101] It also includes the W2 chip.[101]

Apple S4

Used in the Apple Watch Series 4. It has an Apple designed custom 64-bit dual-core processor with up to 2× faster performance. It also contains the W3 wireless chip, which supports Bluetooth 5.

Apple S5

Used in the Apple Watch Series 5. It has the same Apple designed custom 64-bit dual-core processor and GPU as the S4,[102] with the exception of the built-in magnetometer.

T series

Apple T1

The Apple T1 chip is an ARMv7 SoC (derived from the processor in S2 SiP) from Apple driving the System Management Controller (SMC) and Touch ID sensor of the 2016 and 2017 MacBook Pro with Touch Bar.[103] This chip operates as a secure enclave for the processing and encryption of fingerprints as well as acting as a gatekeeper to the microphone and FaceTime HD camera protecting these possible targets from potential hacking attempts. The T1 runs bridgeOS,[104] a variant of watchOS,[104] separate from the Intel CPU running macOS.[104]

Apple T2

The Apple T2 chip is a SoC from Apple first released in the iMac Pro 2017. It is a 64-bit ARMv8 chip (a variant of the A10, or T8010), and runs a separate operating system called bridgeOS 2.0,[105] which is a watchOS derivative.[106] It provides a secure enclave for encrypted keys, gives users the ability to lock down the computer's boot process, handles system functions like the camera and audio control, and handles on-the-fly encryption and decryption for the solid-state drive.[107][108][109] T2 also delivers "enhanced imaging processing" for the iMac Pro's FaceTime HD camera.[110][111] On July 12, 2018, Apple released an updated MacBook Pro that includes the T2 chip, which among other things enables the "Hey Siri" feature.[112][113] On November 7, 2018, Apple released an updated Mac mini and MacBook Air with the T2 chip.[114][115]

W series

The Apple "W" series is a family of "System on Chip" (SoC) and wireless chips with a focus on Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity.

Apple W1

The Apple W1 is a SoC from Apple used in the 2016 AirPods and select Beats headphones.[116][117] It maintains a Bluetooth[118] Class 1 connection with a computer device and decodes the audio stream that is sent to it.[119]

Apple W2

The Apple W2 is used in the Apple Watch Series 3. It is integrated into the Apple S3 SiP. Apple released that the implementation of the chip makes Wi-Fi 85% faster and Bluetooth and Wi-Fi 50% more power efficient than the previous model's chip design.[101]

Apple W3

The Apple W3 is used in the Apple Watch Series 4[120] and Series 5.[121] It is integrated into the Apple S4 and Apple S5 SiPs. It supports Bluetooth 5.0.

H series

Apple H1

The Apple H1 chip was first used in the 2019 version of AirPods, and was later used in the Powerbeats Pro, the Beats Solo Pro, the AirPods Pro, and the 2020 Powerbeats.[122] Specifically designed for headphones, it has Bluetooth 5.0, supports hands-free "Hey Siri" commands, and offers 30 percent lower latency compared to the W1 chip in the prior version of AirPods.[123]

U series

Apple U1

The Apple U1 chip, introduced in the 2019 iPhones, uses Ultra Wideband technology for spatial awareness functions such as an improved, spatially-aware AirDrop.[124][125][126]

List of Apple processors

A series list

Name Model no. Image Semiconductor technology Die size Transistor count CPU ISA CPU CPU cache GPU AI accelerator Memory technology Introduced Utilizing devices Initial OS Terminal OS
APL0098 S5L8900.jpg 90 nm[9] 72 mm2[6] ARMv6 412 MHz single-core ARM11 L1i: 16 KB
L1d: 16 KB 		PowerVR MBX Lite @ 103 MHz N/A 16-bit Single-channel 133 MHz LPDDR (533 MB/s)[127] June 2007 iPhone OS 1.0 iOS 4.2.1
APL0278 S5L8720.jpg 65 nm[6] 36 mm2[6] ARMv6 412–533 MHz single-core ARM11 L1i: 16 KB
L1d: 16 KB 		PowerVR MBX Lite @ 133 MHz 32-bit Single-channel 133 MHz LPDDR (1066 MB/s) September 2008 iPhone OS 2.1.1
APL0298 S5L8920.jpg 65 nm[9] 71.8 mm2[19] ARMv7 600 MHz single-core Cortex-A8 L1i: 32 KB
L1d: 32 KB
L2: 256 KB 		PowerVR SGX535 32-bit Single-channel 200 MHz LPDDR (1.6 GB/s) June 2009 iPhone OS 3.0 iOS 6.1.6
APL2298 S5L8922.jpg 45 nm[6] 41.6 mm2[6] ARMv7 600–800 MHz single-core Cortex-A8 L1i: 32 KB
L1d: 32 KB
L2: 256 KB 		PowerVR SGX535 @ 200 MHz 32-bit Single-channel 200 MHz LPDDR (1.6 GB/s) September 2009 iPhone OS 3.1.1 iOS 5.1.1
A4 APL0398 Apple A4 Chip.jpg 45 nm[6][19] 53.3 mm2[6][19] ARMv7 0.8–1.0 GHz single-core Cortex-A8 L1i: 32 KB
L1d: 32 KB
L2: 512 KB 		PowerVR SGX535[128] 32-bit Dual-channel 200 MHz LPDDR (3.2 GB/s) March 2010 iPhone OS 3.2 iOS 5.1.1
iOS 6.1.6
iOS 7.1.2
A5 APL0498 Apple A5 Chip.jpg 45 nm[38] 122.2 mm2[38] ARMv7 0.8–1.0 GHz dual-core Cortex-A9 L1i: 32 KB
L1d: 32 KB
L2: 1 MB 		PowerVR SGX543MP2 (dual-core) @ 200 MHz (12.8 GFLOPS)[129] 32-bit Dual-channel 400 MHz LPDDR2-800 (6.4 GB/s) March 2011 iOS 4.3 iOS 9.3.5
iOS 9.3.6
APL2498 Apple-A5-APL2498.jpg 32 nm HK MG[39] 69.6 mm2[39] 0.8–1.0 GHz dual-core Cortex-A9 (one core locked in Apple TV) L1i: 32 KB
L1d: 32 KB
L2: 1 MB 		PowerVR SGX543MP2 (dual-core) @ 200 MHz (12.8 GFLOPS)[129] 32-bit Dual-channel 400 MHz LPDDR2-800 (6.4 GB/s) March 2012 iOS 5.1
APL7498 Apple-A5-APL7498.jpg 32 nm HKMG[45] 37.8 mm2[45] Single-core Cortex-A9 L1i: 32 KB
L1d: 32 KB
L2: 1 MB 		PowerVR SGX543MP2 (dual-core) @ 200 MHz (12.8 GFLOPS)[129] 32-bit Dual-channel 400 MHz LPDDR2-800 (6.4 GB/s) March 2013
A5X APL5498 Apple A5X Chip.jpg 45 nm[47] 165 mm2[47] ARMv7 1.0 GHz dual-core Cortex-A9 L1i: 32 KB
L1d: 32 KB
L2: 1 MB 		PowerVR SGX543MP4 (quad-core) @ 200 MHz (25 GFLOPS)[129] 32-bit Quad-channel 400 MHz LPDDR2-800[130] (12.8 GB/s) March 2012 iOS 5.1 iOS 9.3.5
iOS 9.3.6
A6 APL0598 Apple A6 Chip.jpg 32 nm HKMG[57][131] 96.71 mm2[57][131] ARMv7s[132] 1.3 GHz[133] dual-core Swift[54] L1i: 32 KB
L1d: 32 KB
L2: 1 MB[134] 		PowerVR SGX543MP3 (triple-core) @ 266 MHz (25.5 GFLOPS)[56] September 2012 iOS 6.0 iOS 10.3.3
iOS 10.3.4
A6X APL5598 Apple A6X chip.jpg 32 nm HKMG[60] 123 mm2[60] ARMv7s[132] 1.4 GHz dual-core Swift[59] L1i: 32 KB
L1d: 32 KB
L2: 1 MB 		PowerVR SGX554MP4 (quad-core) @ 266 MHz (68.1 GFLOPS)[59][135] 32-bit Quad-channel 533 MHz LPDDR2-1066 (17.1 GB/s)[136] October 2012
A7 APL0698 Apple A7 chip.jpg 28 nm HKMG[70] 102 mm2[65] ≈1 billion ARMv8.0-A[66] 1.3 GHz[63] dual-core Cyclone[66] L1i: 64 KB
L1d: 64 KB
L2: 1 MB
L3: 4 MB[66] (Inclusive)[137] 		PowerVR G6430 (quad-core) @ 450 MHz (115.2 GFLOPS)[68][135] 64-bit Single-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3-1600[75] (12.8 GB/s)[138] September 2013 iOS 7.0 iOS 12.4.7
APL5698 Apple A7 S5L9865 chip.jpg 28 nm HKMG[139] 102 mm2[65][139] ≈1 billion 1.4 GHz[64] dual-core Cyclone[66] L1i: 64 KB
L1d: 64 KB
L2: 1 MB
L3: 4 MB[64] (Inclusive)[137] 		PowerVR G6430 (quad-core) @ 450 MHz (115.2 GFLOPS)[135] 64-bit Single-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3-1600[75] (12.8 GB/s)[138] October 2013 iOS 7.0.3
A8 APL1011 Apple A8 system-on-a-chip.jpg 20 nm (TSMC)[75] 89 mm2[140] ~2 billion ARMv8.0-A[74] 1.1–1.5 GHz dual-core Typhoon[74][141] L1i: 64 KB
L1d: 64 KB
L2: 1 MB
L3: 4 MB[74] (Inclusive)[137] 		Custom PowerVR GXA6450 (quad-core)[76][142][143] @ ~533 MHz (136.5 GFLOPS) 64-bit Single-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3-1600[75] (12.8 GB/s)[138] September 2014 iOS 8.0

tvOS 9.0

iOS 12.4.7
iPadOS 13.5.1 (current)

tvOS 13.4.6 (current)

A8X APL1012 Apple A8X system-on-a-chip.jpg 20 nm (TSMC)[82][144] 128 mm2[82] ~3 billion ARMv8.0-A 1.5 GHz triple-core Typhoon[82][141] L1i: 64 KB
L1d: 64 KB
L2: 2 MB
L3: 4 MB[82] (Inclusive)[137] 		Custom PowerVR GXA6850 (octa-core)[76][82][144] @ ~450 MHz (230.4 GFLOPS) 128-bit Dual-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3-1600[82] (25.6 GB/s)[138] October 2014 iOS 8.1 iPadOS 13.5.1 (current)
A9 APL0898 Apple A9 APL0898.jpg 14 nm FinFET (Samsung)[145] 96 mm2[146] >2 billion ARMv8.0-A 1.85 GHz dual-core Twister[147][148] L1i: 64 KB
L1d: 64 KB
L2: 3 MB
L3: 4 MB (Victim)[137][149] 		Custom PowerVR GT7600 (hexa-core)[76][150] @ 650 MHz (249.6 GFLOPS) 64-bit Single-channel 1600 MHz LPDDR4-3200[148][149] (25.6 GB/s)[148] September 2015 iOS 9.0 iOS 13.5.1 (current)
iPadOS 13.5.1 (current)
APL1022 Apple A9 APL1022.jpg 16 nm FinFET (TSMC)[146] 104.5 mm2[146]
A9X APL1021 Apple A9X.jpg 16 nm FinFET (TSMC)[151] 143.9 mm2[151][89] >3 billion ARMv8.0-A 2.16–2.26 GHz dual-core Twister[152][153] L1i: 64 KB
L1d: 64 KB
L2: 3 MB
L3: none[137][151] 		Custom PowerVR GTA7850 (12-core)[76][151] @ 650 MHz (499.2 GFLOPS) 128-bit Dual-channel 1600 MHz LPDDR4-3200 (51.2 GB/s) November 2015 iOS 9.1 iPadOS 13.5.1 (current)
A10 Fusion APL1W24 Apple A10 Fusion APL1W24.jpg 16 nm FinFET (TSMC)[154] 125 mm2[154] 3.3 billion ARMv8.1-A 2.34 GHz quad-core (2× Hurricane + 2× Zephyr)[155] L1i: 64 KB
L1d: 64 KB
L2: 3 MB
L3: 4 MB 		Custom PowerVR GT7600 Plus (hexa-core)[76][156][157] @ 900 MHz (364.8 GFLOPS[158]) 64-bit Single-channel 1600 MHz LPDDR4 (25.6 GB/s) September 2016 iOS 10.0 Current
A10X Fusion APL1071[159] Apple A10X Fusion.jpg 10 nm FinFET (TSMC)[89] 96.4 mm2[89] >4 billion ARMv8.1-A 2.36 GHz hexa-core (3× Hurricane + 3× Zephyr)[160] L1i: 64 KB
L1d: 64 KB
L2: 8 MB
L3: none[160] 		Custom PowerVR GT7600 Plus (12-core)[76][88] 128-bit Dual-channel 1600 MHz LPDDR4[160][159] (51.2 GB/s) June 2017 iOS 10.3.2

tvOS 11.0

Current
A11 Bionic APL1W72 Apple A11.jpg 10 nm FinFET (TSMC) 87.66 mm2[161] 4.3 billion ARMv8.2-A[162] 2.39 GHz hexa-core (2× Monsoon + 4× Mistral) L1i: 64 KB
L1d: 64 KB
L2: 8 MB
L3: none[163] 		Custom design (triple-core) Neural Engine (dual-core) 64-bit Single-channel 2133 MHz LPDDR4X[164][165] (34.1 GB/s) September 2017 iOS 11.0 Current
A12 Bionic APL1W81 Apple A12.jpg 7 nm FinFET (TSMC N7) 83.27 mm2[166] 6.9 billion ARMv8.3-A[167] 2.49 GHz hexa-core (2× Vortex + 4× Tempest)[168] L1i: 128 KB
L1d: 128 KB
L2: 8 MB
L3: none[168] 		Custom design (quad-core) Neural Engine (octa-core) 64-bit Single-channel 2133 MHz LPDDR4X[169][170] (34.1 GB/s) September 2018 iOS 12.0 Current
A12X Bionic APL1083 Apple A12X.jpg 7 nm FinFET (TSMC N7) ≈135 mm2[171] 10 billion ARMv8.3-A[167] 2.49 GHz octa-core (4× Vortex + 4× Tempest) L1i: 128 KB
L1d: 128 KB
L2: 8 MB
L3: none[172] 		Custom design (hepta-core) Neural Engine (octa-core) 128-bit Dual-channel 2133 MHz LPDDR4X (68.2 GB/s) October 2018 iOS 12.1 Current
A12Z Bionic Apple A12Z.jpg Custom design (octa-core) March 2020 iPadOS 13.4 Current
June 2020
  • Developer Transition Kit
 macOS 11 "Big Sur" (Beta) Current
A13 Bionic APL1W85 Apple A13 Bionic.jpg 7 nm FinFET (TSMC N7P) 98.48 mm2[173] 8.5 billion ARMv8.4-A[174] 2.65 GHz hexa-core (2× Lightning + 4× Thunder) L1i: 128 KB
L1d: 128 KB
L2: 8 MB
L3: none[175] 		Custom design (quad-core) Neural Engine (octa-core) + AMX blocks (dual-core) 64-bit Single-channel 2133 MHz LPDDR4X (34.1 GB/s)[176] September 2019 iOS 13.0 Current
Name Model no. Image Semiconductor technology Die size Transistor count CPU ISA CPU CPU cache GPU AI accelerator Memory technology Introduced Utilizing devices Initial OS Terminal OS

S series list

Name Model no. Image Semiconductor technology Die size CPU ISA CPU CPU cache GPU Memory technology Modem Introduced Utilizing devices Initial OS Terminal OS
S1 APL0778[177] Apple S1 module.png 28 nm HK MG[178][179] 32 mm2[178] ARMv7k[179][180] 520 MHz single-core Cortex-A7[179] L1d: 32 KB[179]
L2: 256 KB[179] 		PowerVR Series 5[179][181] LPDDR3[182] April 2015 watchOS 1.0 watchOS 4.x
S1P TBC Apple S1P module.png TBC TBC ARMv7k[183][184][185] 520 MHz dual-core Cortex-A7 without GPS[183] L1d: 64 KB[citation needed]
L2: 1 MB[citation needed] 		PowerVR Series 6 'Rouge'[183] LPDDR3 September 2016 watchOS 3.0 watchOS 6.x
S2 TBC Apple S2 module.png TBC TBC ARMv7k[183][184][185] 520 MHz dual-core Cortex-A7 with GPS[183] L1d: 64 KB[citation needed]
L2: 1 MB[citation needed] 		PowerVR Series 6 'Rouge'[183] LPDDR3 September 2016 watchOS 3.0 watchOS 6.x
S3 Non-LTE and LTE TBC Apple S3 module.png TBC TBC ARMv7k[186] Dual-core TBC TBC LPDDR4 Qualcomm MDM9635M (Snapdragon X7 LTE) September 2017 watchOS 4.0 Current
S4 Non-LTE and LTE TBC Apple S4 module.png TBC TBC ARMv8-A ILP32[187][188] Dual-core TBC Apple G11M [188] TBC TBC September 2018 watchOS 5.0 Current
S5 Non-LTE and LTE TBC Apple S5 module.png TBC TBC ARMv8-A ILP32 Dual-core TBC Apple G11M TBC TBC September 2019 watchOS 6.0 Current

T series list

Name Model no. Image Semiconductor technology Die size CPU ISA CPU CPU cache GPU Memory technology Introduced Utilizing devices
T1 APL1023[189] Apple T1 Processor ARMv7 TBD October 2016
  • MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2016, Four Thunderbolt 3 Ports)
  • MacBook Pro (15-inch, 2016)
  • MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2017, Four Thunderbolt 3 Ports)
  • MacBook Pro (15-inch, 2017)
T2 APL1027[190] Apple T2 Processor ARMv8-A TBD LPDDR4 December 2017
  • iMac Pro 2017
  • MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2018, Four Thunderbolt 3 Ports)
  • MacBook Pro (15-inch, 2018)
  • Mac mini (2018)
  • MacBook Air (2018)
  • MacBook Pro (15-inch, 2019)
  • MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2019)
  • MacBook Air (2019)
  • MacBook Pro (16-inch, 2019)
  • Mac Pro (2019)
  • MacBook Air (2020)

W series list

Name Model no. Image Semiconductor technology Die size CPU ISA CPU CPU cache Memory technology Bluetooth Introduced Utilizing devices
W1 343S00130[191]
343S00131[191] 		Apple W1 chip TBC 14.3 mm2[191] TBC TBC TBC TBC 4.2 September 2016
  • AirPods (1st Gen.)
  • Beats Solo3
  • Powerbeats3
  • BeatsX
  • Beats Studio3
  • HomePod
W2 338S00348[192] Apple W2 chip TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC 4.2 September 2017
W3 338S00464[193] Apple W3 chip TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC 5.0 September 2018

H series list

Name Model no. Image Bluetooth Introduced Utilizing devices
H1 343S00289[194]

343S00290[195]

TBC 5.0 March 2019
  • AirPods (2nd gen.)
  • Powerbeats Pro
  • Beats Solo Pro[196]
  • AirPods Pro

U series list

Name Model no. Image Ultra-wideband Introduced Utilizing devices
U1 TBC Apple U1 chip TBC September 2019

See also

Similar platforms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Apple announces Mac transition to Apple silicon" (Press release). Apple. 2020-06-22. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Warren, Tom (2020-06-22). "Apple is switching Macs to its own processors starting later this year". https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/22/21295475/apple-mac-processors-arm-silicon-chips-wwdc-2020. 
  3. ↑ Krol, Jacob (2020-06-22). "Here's what Apple Silicon means for you" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/22/cnn-underscored/apple-silicon-processor-explainer-macos/index.html. 
  4. ↑ "The Most Important Apple Executive You’ve Never Heard Of". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-johny-srouji-apple-chief-chipmaker/. 
  5. ↑ "iPhone 1st Generation Teardown". June 29, 2007. Step 25. https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone+1st+Generation+Teardown/599#s3166. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 Choi, Young (May 10, 2010). "Analysis gives first look inside Apple's A4 processor". EETimes. Archived from the original on September 15, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130915010243/http://www.electronics-eetimes.com/en/analysis-gives-first-look-inside-apple-s-a4-processor.html?cmp_id=7&news_id=222901800. Retrieved September 15, 2013. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "That iPod touch runs at 533 MHz". TechHive. November 25, 2008. http://www.pcworld.com/article/154518/.html?tk=rss_news. 
  8. ↑ "iPod Touch 2nd Generation Teardown". September 10, 2008. Step 15. https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPod+Touch+2nd+Generation+Teardown/586#s2925. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Lal Shimpi, Anand (June 10, 2009). "The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed & Analyzed". AnandTech. http://www.anandtech.com/show/2782/2. Retrieved September 13, 2013. 
  10. ↑ Lovejoy, Ben (2016-07-18). "Apple reportedly dropping Samsung for not only A10 in iPhone 7 but also A11 in iPhone 8" (in en-US). https://9to5mac.com/2016/07/18/iphone-8-a11-tsmc/. 
  11. ↑ Clark, Don (April 5, 2010). "Apple iPad Taps Familiar Component Suppliers - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303912104575164112770784290?mod=rss_Today's_Most_Popular. Retrieved April 15, 2010. 
  12. ↑ "iPad - It's thin, light, powerful, and revolutionary". Apple. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100706061702/http://www.apple.com/ipad/design/. Retrieved July 7, 2010. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Apple Launches iPad" (Press release). Apple. January 27, 2010. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  14. ↑ "iPhone 4 design". Apple. July 6, 2010. https://www.apple.com/iphone/design/index.html. 
  15. ↑ Vance, Ashlee (February 21, 2010). "For Chip Makers, the Next Battle Is in Smartphones". New York Times. Archived from the original on February 25, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100225065617/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/22/technology/22chip.html. Retrieved February 25, 2010. 
  16. ↑ "iPad — Technical specifications". Apple. https://support.apple.com/kb/sp580. Retrieved October 16, 2016. 
  17. ↑ Wiens, Kyle (April 5, 2010). "Apple A4 Teardown". Step 20. https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Apple+A4+Teardown/2204#s11284. "It's clear from both hardware and software that this is a single core processor, so it must be the ARM Cortex A8, and NOT the rumored multicore A9." 
  18. ↑ Melanson, Donald (February 23, 2010). "iPad confirmed to use PowerVR SGX graphics". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2010/02/23/ipad-confirmed-to-use-powervr-sgx-graphics/. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Chipworks Confirms Apple A4 iPad chip is fabbed by Samsung in their 45-nm process". Chipworks. April 15, 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100921083904/http://chipworks.com/A4_is_Samsung_45nm.aspx. 
  20. ↑ Stokes, Jon (April 28, 2010). "Apple purchase of Intrinsity confirmed". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on April 28, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100428102017/http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/04/apple-purchase-of-intrinsity-confirmed.ars. Retrieved April 28, 2010. 
  21. ↑ Merritt, Rick. "Samsung, Intrinsity pump ARM to GHz rate". EETimes.com. http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=218600577. Retrieved April 23, 2010. 
  22. ↑ Keizer, Gregg (April 6, 2010). "Apple iPad smokes past the iPhone 3GS in speed". PC World. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100420062954/http://www.pcworld.com/article/193597/Apple_iPad_Smokes_Past_the_iPhone_3GS_in_Speed_Test.html. Retrieved April 11, 2010. 
  23. ↑ Boldt, Paul; Scansen, Don; Whibley, Tim (June 16, 2010). "Apple's A4 dissected, discussed...and tantalizing". EETimes.com. http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225700447. Retrieved July 7, 2010. 
  24. ↑ "Microsoft PowerPoint - Apple A4 vs SEC S5PC110A01" (PDF). Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100704204344/http://www.ubmtechinsights.com/uploadedFiles/Apple%20A4%20vs%20SEC%20S5PC110A01.pdf. Retrieved July 7, 2010. 
  25. ↑ "Apple iPad 2 GPU Performance Explored: PowerVR SGX543MP2 Benchmarked - AnandTech :: Your Source for Hardware Analysis and News". AnandTech. Archived from the original on March 18, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110318205852/http://www.anandtech.com/show/4216/apple-ipad-2-gpu-performance-explored-powervr-sgx543mp2-benchmarked. Retrieved March 15, 2011. 
  26. ↑ "Teardown of Apple's 4th-gen iPod touch finds 256MB of RAM". Appleinsider.com. September 8, 2010. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100911215136/http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/10/09/08/teardown_of_apples_4th_gen_ipod_touch_finds_256mb_of_ram.html. Retrieved September 10, 2010. 
  27. ↑ "Apple TV 2nd Generation Teardown". September 30, 2010. https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Apple+TV+2nd+Generation+Teardown/3625. Retrieved June 19, 2020. 
  28. ↑ "Apple reveals iPhone 4 has 512MB RAM, doubling iPad - report". AppleInsider. June 17, 2010. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100704124612/http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/10/06/17/apple_reveals_iphone_4_has_512mb_ram_doubling_ipad_report.html. Retrieved July 7, 2010. 
  29. ↑ "A Peek Inside Apple’s A4 Processor". April 5, 2010. https://www.ifixit.com/News/14223/a-peek-inside-apples-a4-processor. 
  30. ↑ Greenberg, Marc (April 9, 2010). "Apple iPad: no LPDDR2?". Denali. https://community.cadence.com/cadence_blogs_8/b/ip/posts/apple-ipad_3a00_-no-lpddr2_3f00_. 
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  32. ↑ "Updated: Samsung fabs Apple A5 processor". EETimes.com. March 12, 2011. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130509081929/http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4213981/Samsung-fabs-Apple-A5-processor. Retrieved March 15, 2011. 
  33. ↑ "Apple announces redesigned iPad 2: A5 CPU, 2 cameras, ships March 11". https://appleinsider.com/articles/11/03/02/apple_announces_ipad_2_with_new_design_faster_a5_processor. 
  34. ↑ "Apple iPad 2 feature page". Apple.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110316162215/http://www.apple.com/ipad/features/. Retrieved March 15, 2011. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Apple iPad 2 Preview - AnandTech :: Your Source for Hardware Analysis and News". AnandTech. http://www.anandtech.com/show/4215/apple-ipad-2-benchmarked-dualcore-cortex-a9-powervr-sgx-543mp2/2. Retrieved March 15, 2011. 
  36. ↑ "iPad 2 - Technical Specifications". Apple. https://support.apple.com/kb/sp622. Retrieved October 16, 2016. 
  37. ↑ "Inside Apple's iPad 2 A5: fast LPDDR2 RAM, costs 66% more than Tegra 2". AppleInsider. http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/03/13/inside_apples_ipad_2_a5_fast_lpddr2_ram_costs_66_more_than_tegra_2.html. Retrieved March 15, 2011. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "A First Look at Apple's A5 Processor". Chipworks. March 12, 2011. http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/blog/a-first-look-at-apples-a5-processor/. Retrieved September 15, 2013. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "Update – 32-nm Apple A5 in the Apple TV 3 – and an iPad 2!". Chipworks. April 11, 2012. http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/blog/apple-a5-from-the-apple-tv-3-surprise-surprise/. Retrieved September 15, 2013. 
  40. ↑ "Single-core A5 CPU in new 1080p Apple TV doubles RAM to 512MB". http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/12/03/18/single_core_a5_cpu_in_new_1080p_apple_tv_doubles_ram_to_512mb.html. 
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  42. ↑ "The iPad 2,4 Review: 32nm Brings Better Battery Life". AnandTech. http://www.anandtech.com/show/5789/the-ipad-24-review-32nm-a5-tested/2. Retrieved November 1, 2012. 
  43. ↑ "A5 Chip in Tweaked Apple TV Still Manufactured by Samsung at 32nm". http://www.macrumors.com/2013/03/12/a5-chip-in-tweaked-apple-tv-still-manufactured-by-samsung/. 
  44. ↑ "Tweaked Apple TV Contains Die-Shrunk A5 Chip, Not A5X". http://www.macrumors.com/2013/03/10/tweaked-apple-tv-contains-die-shrunk-a5-chip-not-a5x/. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 "Apple’s TV surprise – a new A5 chip!". Chipworks. March 12, 2013. http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/blog/inside-the-latest-apple-a5-from-a-new-apple-tv/. Retrieved September 15, 2013. 
  46. ↑ "Apple Launches New iPad". Apple. March 7, 2012. https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2012/03/07Apple-Launches-New-iPad.html. Retrieved September 17, 2013. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 "The Apple A5X versus the A5 and A4 – Big Is Beautiful". Chipworks. March 19, 2012. http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/blog/the-apple-a5x-versus-the-a5-and-a4-big-is-beautiful. Retrieved September 15, 2013. 
  48. ↑ "Apple A5X Die Size Measured: 162.94mm^2, Samsung 45nm LP Confirmed". AnandTech. http://www.anandtech.com/show/5685/apple-a5x-die-size-measured-16294mm2-likely-still-45nm. Retrieved November 1, 2012. 
  49. ↑ "The Frequency of Apple A5X in the New iPad Confirmed: Still Running at 1GHz". AnandTech. http://www.anandtech.com/show/5670/the-frequency-of-apple-a5x-in-the-new-ipad-confirmed-still-running-at-1ghz. Retrieved November 1, 2012. 
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  55. ↑ Lal Shimpi, Anand; Klug, Brian; Gowri, Vivek (October 16, 2012). "The iPhone 5 Review - Decoding Swift". AnandTech. http://www.anandtech.com/show/6330/the-iphone-5-review/5. Retrieved October 17, 2012. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Apple A6 Die Revealed: 3-core GPU, <100mm^2". AnandTech. September 21, 2012. http://www.anandtech.com/show/6323/apple-a6-die-revealed-3core-gpu-100mm2. Retrieved September 22, 2012. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 "Apple iPhone 5 – the A6 Application Processor". Chipworks. September 21, 2012. Archived from the original on September 22, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130922151159/http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/blog/apple-iphone-5-the-a6-application-processor/. Retrieved September 15, 2013. 
  58. ↑ "Apple Introduces iPad mini". Apple. October 23, 2012. https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2012/10/23Apple-Introduces-iPad-mini.html. Retrieved September 16, 2013. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 Lal Shimpi, Anand (November 2, 2012). "iPad 4 GPU Performance Analyzed: PowerVR SGX 554MP4 Under the Hood". AnandTech. http://www.anandtech.com/show/6426/ipad-4-gpu-performance-analyzed-powervr-sgx-554mp4-under-the-hood. Retrieved September 16, 2013. 
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  61. ↑ "Apple Announces iPhone 5s—The Most Forward-Thinking Smartphone in the World". Apple. September 10, 2013. https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2013/09/10Apple-Announces-iPhone-5s-The-Most-Forward-Thinking-Smartphone-in-the-World.html. Retrieved September 13, 2013. 
  62. ↑ Crothers, Brooke. "iPhone 5S' A7 chip is first 64-bit processor for smartphones" (in en). https://www.cnet.com/news/iphone-5s-a7-chip-is-first-64-bit-processor-for-smartphones/. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 Lal Shimpi, Anand (September 17, 2013). "The iPhone 5s Review: A7 SoC Explained". AnandTech. http://anandtech.com/show/7335/the-iphone-5s-review/2. Retrieved September 18, 2013. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Lai Shimpi, Anand (October 29, 2013). "The iPad Air Review: iPhone to iPad: CPU Changes". AnandTech. http://anandtech.com/show/7460/apple-ipad-air-review/3. Retrieved October 30, 2013. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Lal Shimpi, Anand (September 17, 2013). "The iPhone 5s Review: The Move to 64-bit". AnandTech. http://anandtech.com/show/7335/the-iphone-5s-review/4. Retrieved September 18, 2013. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 66.5 Lal Shimpi, Anand (September 17, 2013). "The iPhone 5s Review: After Swift Comes Cyclone". AnandTech. http://anandtech.com/show/7335/the-iphone-5s-review/3. Retrieved September 18, 2013. 
  67. ↑ Lattner, Chris (September 10, 2013). "[LLVMdev] A7 processor support?". llvm-dev (Mailing list). Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
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  69. ↑ Cunningham, Andrew (September 10, 2013). "Apple unveils 64-bit iPhone 5S with fingerprint scanner, $199 for 16GB". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/apple/2013/09/apple-unveils-64-bit-iphone-5s/. Retrieved September 12, 2013. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Tanner, Jason; Morrison, Jim; James, Dick; Fontaine, Ray; Gamache, Phil (September 20, 2013). "Inside the iPhone 5s". Chipworks. Archived from the original on August 3, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140803201521/http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/blog/inside-the-iphone-5s/. Retrieved September 20, 2013. 
  71. ↑ "Apple Announces iPhone 6 & iPhone 6 Plus—The Biggest Advancements in iPhone History" (Press release). Apple. September 9, 2014. Archived from the original on September 9, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
  72. ↑ Savov, Vlad (September 9, 2014). "iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus have a new faster A8 processor". The Verge (Vox Media). https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/9/6127111/iphone-6-and-iphone-6-plus-have-a-new-faster-a8-processor. Retrieved September 9, 2014. 
  73. ↑ "HomePod Teardown". February 12, 2018. https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/HomePod++Teardown/103133. 
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  191. ↑ 191.0 191.1 191.2 techinsights.com. "Apple W1 343S00131 Bluetooth Module". http://w2.techinsights.com/l/4202/2017-01-19/wpgz2. 
  192. ↑ techinsights.com. "Apple Watch Series 3 Teardown". http://techinsights.com/about-techinsights/overview/blog/apple-watch-series-3-teardown/. 
  193. ↑ techinsights.com. "Apple W3 338S00464 Wireless Combo SoC Basic Functional Analysis". https://www.techinsights.com/products/far-1810-808. 
  194. ↑ "AirPods 2 Teardown". March 28, 2019. https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/AirPods+2+Teardown/121471. 
  195. ↑ "H2 Audio AirPods 2 Teardown" (in en). April 26, 2019. http://www.52audio.com/archives/19716.html. 
  196. ↑ "Solo Pro". https://www.beatsbydre.com/headphones/solo-pro. 

Further reading




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